As soon as the Opium War ended, western missionaries flooded into China by means of unequal treaties, and set up missionary schools which were completely out of the jurisdiction of China authorities. The new schools run by China people did not appear until 20 years later, that is, after the Second Opium War. These new schools are professional and technical schools, only to train professionals in certain fields, mainly military and diplomatic talents. Schools are approved on a case-by-case basis, with limited influence and no threat to the traditional education system. So in China, on the one hand, there are a few new missionary schools and Westernization schools, on the other hand, there are still traditional official schools, private schools and imperial examinations. This parallel situation lasted more than 30 years, that is, a whole generation.
The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 thoroughly exposed the decay and backwardness of the Qing Dynasty, and the rise of Japan also greatly shocked China. The wave of calling for political reform to save the country surged, and the development of modern education entered a new stage, that is, it entered the field of general education, and new schools, colleges and universities began to be held, and the real education reform began.
Sheng Xuanhuai, a bureaucratic industrialist, was the first person to establish a new type of ordinary school. 1895, in charge of Tianjin Customs Road, reported to the court, and opened Tianjin Chinese and Western School. It is divided into two levels: a first-class school and a second-class school, with a schooling period of four years each. The second type of school is a primary school, which mainly studies English, mathematics, geography and the history of various countries, which is equivalent to primary school, but recruits children aged 13- 15 who have studied four books; The first-level school is an advanced department, which divides five majors: science, electricity, mining, machinery and law (that is, law) in addition to ordinary courses. Sheng Xuanhuai said that it is equivalent to a university, and it can only be regarded as a technical secondary school according to current standards. This is the constitution of Tianjin Chinese and Western School. Students in second-class schools receive 1 a month and two and a half meals, which is a temporary measure to encourage admission at the beginning. 1903, the school building was expanded and officially named Beiyang University, which is now the predecessor of Tianjin University.
After Sheng Xuanhuai was transferred to Shanghai Customs Road on 1896, he devoted himself to organizing Nanyang Public School. This is his report to the court on the establishment of Nanyang Public School. In view of the teaching difficulties caused by the different learning bases between teachers and students when running Tianjin Chinese and Western School, he decided to establish Nanyang Public School from two aspects: normal school and primary school. 1in April, 897, teachers' colleges and other schools were established, that is, primary schools, so that normal students can teach in different classes. A year later, the Intermediate People's Court was established, that is, the middle school, and the upper house was the University Hall, which was built in 1900. Since then, it has been expanded. Nanyang Public School is the first comprehensive school in China that integrates primary school, middle school, university and normal education. The school's funds mainly come from the donations of businessmen from China Merchants Bureau and Telegraph Bureau under the jurisdiction of Sheng Xuanhuai, which is different from government-funded official schools, but different from ordinary private schools, so it is called "public schools". Sheng Xuanhuai personally served as the inspector of Nanyang Public School, and the Prime Minister and the principal were responsible for the daily school affairs. The first prime minister was He Sikun. This is the constitution of Nanyang Public College promulgated by 1898. All four schools adopt the class teaching system. Each school has four classes, that is, four grades, with 30 students in each class. They pass the exam every year and are promoted one after another. Because the upper house didn't enroll students at the beginning, 190 1 set up a special class for Nanyang public school in the college building, mainly to train senior talents in economy and politics. The head teacher of the special class was Cai Yuanpei, a famous educator in modern times, and Huang Yanpei, a pioneer of modern vocational education in China, was a special class student at this time. 1904 Nanyang public college was changed to the Ministry of commerce to establish a business school, and later changed to engineering. After the Revolution of 1911, Nanyang University Hall was established and changed to the Ministry of Communications. 192 1 was officially named jiaotong university.
Except Shi Jing Wentong Museum, almost all the early new schools were established in other provinces. With the deepening of education reform, the desire to establish the highest institution of higher learning in Beijing is becoming stronger and stronger. 1896 Li Duanfen, assistant minister of punishments, played in the imperial court and proposed to establish Shi Jing University for the first time. With the upsurge of the political reform movement, on June 1898, 1 1 day, Emperor Guangxu wrote a letter "Ming made the country an imperial edict", emphasizing: "Shi Jing University Hall is advocated by all provinces, and it is especially appropriate to go first." Shi Jing University Hall was finally established in the Reform Movement of 1898.
Shi Jing University Hall was originally located in Mashan Temple in Jingshan, Beijing, and Jingshan is faintly visible behind the photo. This used to be the former residence of the fourth daughter of Qianlong and Princess Jia. The main hall of Princess House is the lecture hall of the former University Hall. At that time, because of the eagerness to start school, only 340 original rooms were temporarily repaired, and 130 rooms were newly built, which can be said to be so crude that some people ridiculed it as "equal to a school". However, it was built as the highest institution of learning in China.
This is the Constitution of Shi Jing University drafted by the Military Department and Liang Qichao entrusted by the yamen. The full text is divided into eight chapters and fifty-four sections. The purpose of learning is to "use both Chinese and western, see if it works, and don't neglect it." Courses are divided into general studies and specialized studies: general studies include Confucian classics, Neo-Confucianism, Chinese and foreign anecdotes, philosophers, elementary arithmetic, elementary geography, literature and gymnastics, and there are ten kinds, as well as English, French, Russian, German and Japanese. Each student chooses one. Specialized in advanced mathematics, advanced geography, advanced politics (including law), advanced geography (including surveying and mapping), agronomy, mining, engineering, business, military science, hygiene (including medicine), and there are also ten kinds. After entering the school, students are first placed in Class Two to study general subjects, and then promoted to Class One, where each student studies one or two specialized courses. The school also has normal schools and primary and secondary schools. The articles of association also stipulate that "schools in all provinces shall be under the jurisdiction of the University Hall", which makes Shi Jing University Hall not only the highest institution of learning, but also the function of an educational administrative organ. The imperial court appointed the minister of management as the highest leader and hired the chief teacher to preside over educational affairs. The first management minister was Sun Jianai, the first Chinese teacher was Xu Jingcheng, and the western language teacher was American Ding Weiliang, who had presided over the Shi Jing Wentong Museum for many years.
The Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing, and the Imperial University Hall was closed. At the beginning of 1902, the Qing government ordered the restoration of Shi Jing University Hall and appointed Zhang Baixi as the minister of management. Cecilia Cheung vigorously advocated learning, expanded many school buildings and established libraries. This is the plaque of Imperial University Hall at that time. In the same year, Shi Jing University Normal School was formally established, and its site was Liulichang outside Heping Gate. 65438+1October 65438+February enrolled students for the first time. Normal candidates were selected and sent by provinces, including 7 from big provinces, 5 from middle provinces and 3 from small provinces. The first batch of 56 students were admitted. Since then, specialized colleges such as Medical Industry Museum and Law School have been established, and Shi Jing University has truly become a comprehensive university. After the Revolution of 1911, Shi Jing University Hall was renamed Peking University. This is the famous Red Mansion of Peking University, which was built in 19 18. The headquarters of Peking University and the liberal arts department immediately moved from Ma Temple. The Medical Museum of Shi Jing University became the later Medical College of Peking University, and the Teachers College was the predecessor of Beijing Normal University.
The Reform Movement of 1898 was stifled by the die-hards, but the general trend of reform was unstoppable. 1900 Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, and the Treaty of Xin Chou was signed. In the case of internal troubles and foreign invasion, in 190 1 year, the Qing government had to announce the implementation of the "New Deal" in a hurry, and Zhang Baixi, the minister of management, was responsible for drafting the new academic system. Zhang Baixi submitted the academic system plan in the following year, which is called the Constitution of the King James School. However, there are still some controversies about this constitution, so Cecilia Cheung, Zhang Zhidong and Rong Qing revised it again, and it was called "Playing School Charter", which was officially promulgated and implemented in 1904+ 10. This is the last year of the lunar calendar, so it is also called the Guimao academic system.
This is the system diagram of Guimao's educational system, which is divided into three parts: primary education, secondary education and higher education, among which primary education has three levels, including foster families, namely preschool education institutions; 5 years in primary school, 4 years in primary school. Secondary education is only at the secondary school level and lasts for five years. Higher education is divided into three levels: 3-year junior college and 3-4-year university. Confucianism above the university is a research institute, which does not arrange courses and hours, and mainly engages in academic research. The whole academic system adds up to 7 levels. In this way, children enter primary school at the age of 7 and graduate from college 20 years later. In fact, it is difficult for ordinary people to complete. Horizontally, parallel to the main line of general education are industrial schools and normal schools, which provide specific professional skills for those who cannot continue their studies in general education series in order to engage in corresponding occupations.