In the1970s, the scheme it designed for franklin delano roosevelt Memorial Hall broke the tradition of only commemorating great men with stone tablets and replaced it with a landscape that people could perceive and experience.
However, Chaplin and his company will always be remembered for their pioneering work in this city. In an era when most architects and planners deeply feel that "reconstruction" can only be realized by bulldozers, it shows the potential to reposition the existing urban structure by adapting to local conditions and using an old factory in San Francisco. The company's design of Philharmonic Square rekindled the attention of the whole United States to the square and public fountains. Chaplin's idea of integrating expressways into cities is also reflected in many of his projects, the most famous of which is the expressway park.
Chaplin is by no means a lonely artist. Teamwork throughout the company. Providing talented young designers with opportunities to develop new ideas and concepts is part of the reason why their company's works are always innovative. Chaplin's concern and interest in promoting "collective creativity" extends to the public itself. At a time when many people were indifferent or even strongly opposed to public participation in the planning process, Chaplin developed a series of creative workshops, so different groups got together and worked for a common goal.
It is almost impossible to describe all Chaplin's contributions in an article. This article lists the highlights of his life, including Chaplin's own works and his career. July 1, 19 16: lawrence halprin was born in the Bronx and grew up in Brooklyn. His father is the manager of a scientific instrument company, and his mother is the leader of Zionism.
Chaplin helped to establish a collective farm in Haifa (now Israel).
1935- 1939: After living in a group for two years, he came back to the United States, hoping to learn some skills and run a farm in the desert. Chaplin was later admitted to the architecture department of Cornell University, and obtained a bachelor's degree in plant science, studying ecological theory.
1940: While studying for a master's degree in agriculture at the University of Wisconsin, he met the dancer Anna Ashuma, and then they fell in love and got married, becoming innovators in their respective fields. In the following years, the two often applied each other's knowledge in the research field to explore the boundaries of their respective disciplines.
1940: After visiting Talison Studio in Frank Lloyd Wright and reading Donald's Modern Landscape Architecture, Chaplin decided to study landscape architecture.
1942: Received a scholarship to study at Harvard School of Design, and studied under the avant-garde modernism at that time, including walter gropius, Donald and laszlo moholy nagy. His classmates include I.M. Pei, paul rudolph paul rudolph and philip johnson. Gropius, the founder of the German Bauhaus, had a great influence on Chaplin. "After studying under Gropius, I soon realized the basic idea of Bauhaus: art is not divorced from existence."
-Chaplin wrote in Inner Landscape (document 199 1 published by KQED in San Francisco).
1943 65438+February to1945 April: Chaplin served in the Pacific theater of the US Navy during World War II. 1945 In April, during the invasion of Okinawa, his destroyer was sunk by a Japanese Kamikaze plane, and he was evacuated as a survivor and transferred back to San Francisco.
1945- 1949: thomas church hired Chaplin to work in his San Francisco studio. Here, Chaplin and a group of landscape architects redefine the residential gardens in California.
1948: Chaplin participated in the design of Dewey Downer Garden, one of thomas church's landmark works. Bionic curves-including a kidney-shaped pool-are described in the book "Gardens for People" published by 1955 church.
September 1949: Chaplin opened his own company-lawrence halprin Company in San Francisco. Although the company's business focused on suburban gardens, it quickly accepted the design tasks entrusted by hospitals, universities, shopping centers and residential development. In the next few years, Jean Wharton, Donald Carter, Satoru Sita of Sartor and Richard Vigil Venero of ASLA were hired one after another. These people later became the main partners of lawrence halprin United Company. -Chaplin, master collaborator), written by J. William thomason, Landscape Architecture 1992, July.
195 1: the residential landscape in olinda, California. Chaplin was the first person to include fountain design.
1952: Chaplin's family moved to their new home in Kentfield, California, near the foot of Tamal Pass. On this four-acre land, Chaplin designed a series of spaces with dance elements, and finally produced the design of "dance deck"-a performance space designed for his wife Anna. This design had a great influence on Anna's career as a dance artist and the development of their later studio.
1953: William Worcester and Chaplin collaborated to design the Greenwood Park at the University of California, Berkeley. This 2.5-mu site is planned as 12 private land, with half an acre of open space, from which you can see the scenery of the Golden Gate Bridge.
1953: Chaplin was assigned by the University of California, Berkeley to make a master plan for him, and then he took over a series of campus projects. Including the renovation of proll Square, Student Union Activity Square and a Greek theater. Spauer Square played an important role in the freedom of speech movement in 1964. Before that, college students were usually not allowed to talk about campus political events in public. Of course, this rule seems a little pale after a series of arguments. And this square has since become an important place to protest against the Vietnam War demonstrations.
1955: Chaplin participated in the planning of the old orchard shopping center in Sarkozy, Illinois. This kind of shopping center design around open streets was all the rage in the postwar period.
1957: Invited to participate in a design committee to inspect and supervise the planning of the Seattle Expo Plaza.
1960 65438+1October: Chaplin Company was reorganized to form "Lawrence Halprin Joint Company"-an interdisciplinary team composed of landscape architects, architects, planners, ecologists and photographers. With the promotion of the company's business to urban landscape, it has also promoted the industry's attention to the concept of "design for the people" and made it penetrate into California Institute of Landscape Design.
1960: Chaplin and Marquis stahle (Marquis &; Stoller) Co., Ltd. has planned and designed the St. Francis Square project-an "affordable" residential planning for 300 apartments facing public open space. According to Claire Cooper Marcus' Post-use Evaluation Survey, this land is very popular because it provides many places for children to play.
1962: In the design of Ghilardelli Square, Chaplin boldly endowed an old district in San Francisco with a new use. "In a small country like Israel, every square meter of land has its irreplaceable value. The land occupied by the community is carefully guarded, and urban expansion and suburban land waste cannot be tolerated, because land is the most precious commodity here ... Observing people build, choose, plant, reserve parks and protected areas and develop agriculture is a far-reaching and exciting research in ecological and landscape value assessment-it helps all of us rationally evaluate our profligate attitude in' designing and using the land on which we live'. "
-Chaplin said in Israel: A New Life in an Ancient Land (Landscape Architecture1April 962).
April 1962: Chaplin edited a special issue for Landscape Architecture magazine, focusing on the efforts of Israelis to "turn the desert into a garden" and criticizing the attitude of the United States towards development.
1963: Chaplin's first book, The City, was published. In the same year, Chaplin joined the Sierra Club with the concept of "keeping the original ecology". This concept is accompanied by many later works.
"After being appointed by the marine real estate company, the first thing Chaplin did was to go to the beach to sleep for a few nights. In the following two years, Chaplin Company drew charts of wind force and direction, soil quality, geological conditions of the site and life cycle of animals and plants living here. As a landscape architect, he dances at the balance point between all the above site conditions and the wishes of developers. " -David Roy Jones wrote in lawrence halprin: Ecological Architect (Horizon Magazine, Volume 7, No.3, 1970 Summer).
1964: Chaplin participated in the design of marine ranch in northern California holiday community. Here, its concept of "ecological planning" was put into practice for the first time. The planning requires that the original contour lines of the cluster housing be developed, and the coastal site be reserved, so that everyone can enjoy the open space by the sea.
1May, 965: Chaplin was invited to attend the White House meeting with the theme of "the beauty of nature". The meeting put forward the "National Environmental Policy Law" and its requirements for environmental impact assessment.
1966: Expressway has been released. With the "Road Uprising" in San Francisco, California Highway Department hired Lawrence Halprin Associates as its consultant in the early stage of 1960. Chaplin's second book is based on this work.
1966 Summer: "Feel the natural environment"-the first of a series of summer workshops initiated by Anna and Lawrence. A collection of nearly 50 young dancers and designers. The purpose of this workshop is to let designers go out of the studio and understand people's feelings about a place in the natural environment.
July 1966: Philharmonic Square, the first interactive fountain, became the symbol project of Chaplin, which was completed in Poland, Oregon.
1966 65438+February: President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Chaplin as a member of the National Arts Committee, and Chaplin was also appointed as a member of the first historical statement advisory committee.
1967: Nicoller Mall closed the main street in Minneapolis, only for buses (and pedestrians), and along the winding sidewalks in the city center, it created the first public transportation and pedestrian zone in China.
1March, 968: In new york, a report focused on improving the open space generated by urban renewal, lawrence halprin United Company promoted a more humane and people-oriented urban redevelopment method-defining space by architecture. The preparation for this study was completed by the consultants Edward T Hall, Jane Jacobs and psychologist Paul Baum.
1968: Interior Minister Stewart Udall appointed Chaplin Company to make an unprecedented ecological plan for the US Virgin Islands. The plan is not limited to its original environmental protection zone, but also covers all present and future planning and development. The company was told to consider everything from industrial production to waste management, zoning, transportation and even population planning. However, after Nixon took office, the plan changed.
1March, 969: 10 turn 15 Young "rebels" came to Chaplin and asked psychologists to help discuss between new and old employees of the company because they were disappointed with their position in the company and the projects assigned to them. They are also interested in expanding Chaplin's studio in the company. The disclosure of the results caused internal contradictions in the firm and led to the major reorganization of lawrence halprin United Company. This "attempt" of the company was later recorded in the annual history by Innovation magazine and Landscape Architecture (1974 May).
April 1969: Chaplin was arrested for protesting the flood control project of Temapa Creek in Meilin County, California. Although Chaplin tried to come up with another solution, the stream was finally paved.
June 1969: Chaplin was appointed as the director of American Association of Landscape Architects.
1969 10: in the book RSVP cycle-the creative process of people in the environment, Chaplin specially put forward the idea of bringing different people together to define the design goal in the previous creative seminar. These seminar plans are carefully formulated and named "scores".
In the 1960s, Chaplin worked on some Israeli projects. Through this work, he got to know Teddy Collec, the mayor of Jerusalem from 1965 to 1993. 1969, Kolek appointed Chaplin as a member of the Jerusalem Committee, which promoted the dialogue between different religious groups on the problems facing the city. Chaplin has been an important adviser to the mayor for nearly 20 years. He persuaded the mayor to take public participation as part of the planning process.
1969- 1980: Chaplin's "RSVP Cycle System" and "Participatory Workshop" were first applied to the company's project-the master plan of Fort Worth business district. These discussions eventually led to the construction of heritage parks.
June 1970: The waterscape square in Ira Keller, Poland, which is completely integrated with the waterfall fountain, has been well received. A young designer named Angela Danadjieva played a leading role in this project and the expressway park project.
1970 Summer: When Chaplin dramatically broadened the definition of landscape architect, the media didn't know what to call him. In a major biography of Chaplin published by Horizon magazine, Chaplin was called "ecological architect".
1972: Jim Burns, the former editor of Architecture in Progress magazine, selected some works from Chaplin's sketches and published them. After reporting on one of Chaplin's workshops, Kim Bence joined lawrence halprin United Company, and he played an important role in the expansion and development of the joint company's workshops.
August, 1973: Chaplin United Company opened a branch in new york, led by Jim Coleman.
1975: Chaplin cooperated with Sue Yung Li Ikeda, a long-time employee of lawrence halprin United Company, to establish the "Round House", a studio that tries to bring people from different fields together and also a think tank. During its four-year operation, the company's greatest achievement was the documentary Le Pink Grapefruit about salvador dali.
July 4th, 1976: Expressway Park opens in Seattle.
1976: Main Street Mall, the most successful pedestrian mall in China, opened in Charlottesville, Virginia.
1976: lawrence halprin terminates "lawrence halprin United Company".
June 1978: Chaplin returns to lawrence halprin's office.
ASLA presented Chaplin with a gold medal.
1982: Levi's Plaza is completed in San Francisco-as a more intimate part of the renovation of Levi's City Park. Compared with the previous waterscape, this design echoes the mountainous areas of Siara more intuitively. Chaplin did not use ordinary concrete materials, but directly used large pieces of granite from the mountains in the main waterfall.
1986: The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art held a retrospective exhibition of Chaplin's works. The exhibition was designed by architect Frank Gehry, and Chaplin cooperated with him to build an art park, although it was never implemented.
1987: The Alice Haas Promenade on the Water, co-authored by Chaplin and shlomo aronson, was completed in Jerusalem. The design is located in the "no man's land" between 1947 and 1968, which separates Jordan from Israel and provides a place where Arabs and Israelis can have fun together.
1996: According to the master plan of Chaplin Company, some Chicago lakeside lanes were relocated.
1may 2, 997: after 23 years of design, the Roosevelt presidential memorial was completed in Washington, DC. This is the work of Chaplin, sculptor Leonard baskin, Neil Esteban, Robert Graham, Tom Hardy, george segal, landscape architect Dean Abbott and others. This is the first unstructured landscape monument of the President of the United States. This in turn led to the innovation of the monument.