[Sima's territory]
Hanoi County, southwest of Wuzhi County, Henan Province.
【 Sima's Life 】
Sima's family originated from the ancient official name. "Tongzhi Genealogy Taking Officials as the Family Name" says: "After emphasizing Lebanon, Tang Yu and Xia Shang were in charge of heaven and earth. Born in Sun divorced from his father Sima, Ke Fang and He were an official family and used to be Sima. Its later generations were either in Wei, Zhao or Qin. " According to legend, Shao Hao began to set up the post of Sima, in charge of military affairs and military taxes. In the Zhou Dynasty, he was called Xia Guanfu. In Zhou Xuanwang, Cheng Boxiu, the descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu, was appointed as Sima. Because he defeated Xu Rong (also known as Xu Fang and Xu Yi) who distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River today, he made a great contribution and gave it to Sima. Since then, the grandson of divorced father is proud of this official position, so some people take Sima as their surname and call it Sima's. In addition, Xu and Hao also changed their surnames to Sima, such as Hao Yun, and their descendants also took Sima as their surnames.
[Fame of Sima]
Although Sima's surname is not among the hundreds of surnames, it is also a famous compound surname in China, and its family is full of talented people. Such as Sima Tan and Sima Qian, famous historians of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Qian, in particular, was jailed and rotted because he defended Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. However, he endured humiliation and completed the earliest biographical history book in China in prison, and was praised as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme"; Sima Xiangru, a poet in the Western Han Dynasty, was especially appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty because of his works Zi Xufu and Shang Fu Lin, and his romantic love story with Zhuo Wenjun was dropped. Another example is Sima Yi, Sima Shi and Si Mazhao, three important ministers of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. Sima Yi is a general of Wei State. Cao Fang acceded to the throne, with testamentary edict for the royal family Cao Shuang. Later, he killed Cao Shuang, who was in charge of state affairs. Sima Shi is his son. After his death, he became a general, killed Cao Fang and established Cao Mao. After Sima Shi, Si Mazhao was also a general of Wei. "Everyone knows the heart of Si Mazhao", this famous saying comes from the mouth of Wei Emperor Cao Pi. Xelloss was killed by Si Mazhao and changed its name to Cao Ying. Later, Si Mazhao claimed to be Gong Jin. After his death, his son Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty. Another example is Sima Guang, a minister and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, who wrote Tongzhi, which was later called "Tong Zhi Jian" by Zongshen. The story of "Sima Guang smashed a jar to save people" is even more well known. In addition to the above figures, there are Confucius disciples Sima Niu in the Spring and Autumn Period, Sima Xin and Sima Chan in the late Qin Dynasty, and Si Mahui, the "Mr. Water Mirror" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
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Famous Sima in history
Although Sima Shi has always been a nickname in the history of China, the number is small, but there are many talented people.
1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Sima Niu, a disciple of Confucius, was once named Hou of Chu Qiu.
Second, the late Qin dynasty famous Sima Xin
Thirdly, in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were famous historian Sima Qian, writer Sima Xiangru and "Mr. Water Mirror" Si Mahui.
Sima Tan and Sima Qian were famous historians in the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Qian, in particular, was jailed and corrupted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. However, he endured humiliation and completed the earliest biographical history book in China in prison, and was praised as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme"; Sima Xiangru, a poet in the Western Han Dynasty, was especially appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty because of his works Zi Xufu and Shang Fu Lin, and his romantic love story with Zhuo Wenjun was dropped.
4. Sima Yi, Sima Shi and Si Mazhao, three important ministers of Wei in the Three Kingdoms Period.
Sima Yi is a general of Wei State. Cao Fang acceded to the throne, with testamentary edict for the royal family Cao Shuang. Later, he killed Cao Shuang, who was in charge of state affairs. Sima Shi is his son. After his death, he became a general, killed Cao Fang and established Cao Mao. After Sima Shi, Si Mazhao was also a general of Wei. "Everyone knows the heart of Si Mazhao", this famous saying comes from the mouth of Wei Emperor Cao Pi. Xelloss was killed by Si Mazhao and changed its name to Cao Ying. Later, Si Mazhao claimed to be Gong Jin. After his death, his son Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty.
Five, Jin dynasty, Sima family expensive for the royal family, Sima Yi, Si Marui, Sima Yan.
6. Sima Weizi was born in Taizhou in the Tang Dynasty.
There was a famous historian Sima Guang in the Song Dynasty.
Sima Guang, a minister and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, compiled Tongzhi, which was later named Zi Tongzhi Jian by Zongshen. The story of "Sima Guang smashed a jar to save people" is even more well known.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Sima Niu was a disciple of Confucius in the Song State. It was once named Chu Qiuhou.
Kong Qiu's disciple Sima Geng was named Niuzi. Cattle and cultivated land are linked as names, which shows the important position of cattle cultivated land in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The Analects of Confucius published The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan (Spring and Autumn Period): "Sima Niu said sadly,' Everyone has brothers, and I die alone.' Xia Zi said, "business has heard, life and death have life, wealth in the sky.
Sima Niu asked the gentleman, and Confucius said, "A gentleman is not worried or afraid." . In Confucius' view, a gentleman does all kinds of evil, so "introspection is innocent (sick), why worry and fear!"
Sima Niu asked Ren. Confucius said, "Benevolent people are also deceitful." He said, "His words are also false, so what do you mean by kindness?"
Second, Sima Xin at the end of Qin Dynasty
Sima Xin, a famous soldier at the end of Qin Dynasty, was a veritable fierce general at the end of Qin Dynasty. He was surprised but not confused, but he was able to cope with it calmly and change his tactics quickly. . .
Sima Xin, an expert at the end of Qin Dynasty, still thinks that their strength is not top-notch and not enough to pose a threat.
At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Chu and Han contended, and Xiang Yu divided Guanzhong into three parts, making Sima Xin the king of the tournament and Li Yang the capital.
Countries at the end of Qin Dynasty: Xianyang West Zhang Han, Xianyang East Sima Xin, Shangdu Dongyun, Hedong Weibao, Dai Zhaoxie, Jiujiang Yingbu, Yan Zangcha, Henan Shenyang, Zhang Zhaoer, Hengshan Wu Rui, Hanoi Sima Yin, Linjiang Gong 'ao, Liaodong Hanguang, Jiaodong Tiancheng, Linzi Tiandu and Jilun Tianan, all were kings of Xiang Yu.
At the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu was divided into three parts. Liyang was once the capital of Sima Xin, the King of Sai, and Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu, also used Liyang as the capital. Yangcheng Oak Site has a rectangular plane and a long east-west direction ... It is the place where Xiang Yu stationed troops and entertained Liu Bang at the end of Qin Dynasty.
Sima Xin and People's Republic of China (PRC) at the end of Qin Dynasty
In July, Chen Sheng, the garrison soldier, turned to his old place and became "Zhang Chu". Winning self-reliance as the king of Chu, living in Chen, and sending generals to the ground. Young officials in Shandong counties who suffered from Qin all killed the guards and rebelled against Wei Lingcheng. In response, they became princes and joined Xixiang, which is called cutting Qin, and the list goes on. Those who bow to the east will come, and those who oppose will smell the second. The second generation got angry and went down to the official. When the messenger arrived, he asked him, "The thieves have been caught one by one by Wei. Now we have everything, so don't worry." "Shang yue. Chen Wu became the king of Zhao, Wei was blamed on Wang Wei, and Tian Xian was the king of Qi. Pei Gong started from Pei. Huiji County Diaobing City, Xiang Liang.
In the winter of two years, Chen She sent Zhang Zhou and others to the Western Expedition, with hundreds of thousands of troops. The second master was frightened and consulted with his ministers, saying, "Why? Zhang Han, the petty official, said, "The thief has arrived. Although all the troops are strong, they are not near the county now. There are many disciples in Lishan, please forgive me and give soldiers to attack them. " The second is an amnesty for the whole world, making Zhou break away and then kill him. Second Yi sent Shi Simaxin and Dong Kun to help attack thieves, kill their father, break the way of Xiang Liang, and destroy the blame of Wei. Chu thief star is dead, Zhang Han crosses the river in the north, killing Zhao Wangxie is equal to a giant deer.
In Han Dynasty, there were famous historian Sima Qian, writer Sima Xiangru and "Mr. Water Mirror" Si Mahui in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Sima Tan and Sima Qian were famous historians in the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Qian, in particular, was jailed and corrupted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. However, he endured humiliation and completed the earliest biographical history "Historical Records" in prison, and was praised as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme".
After Sima Qian went to Beijing, Sima Tan told his son to "read thousands of books" and "take Wan Li Road", so he ordered him to go south to Jianghuai to investigate anecdotes of ancient events. When I traveled south to Jianghuai, I was once moved by the sweet voice of a singer.
Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), the date of death is unknown. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), he signed a calendar with Luo to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu.
After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.
The Image of Sima Xiangru in Kunqu Opera
Sima Xiangru, a poet in the Western Han Dynasty, was especially appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty because of his works Zi Xufu and Shang Fu Lin, and his romantic love story with Zhuo Wenjun was dropped.
"Tianfu Bashu, beautiful scenery, outstanding people. For thousands of years, unique Bashu literature has been formed here. A number of famous literary masters have emerged. One of the earliest is Sima Xiangru, a representative writer of Han Fu. Sima Xiangru was born in Chengdu (now Chengdu, Sichuan) in the Western Han Dynasty. He is a little dog, and he was renamed Xiangru because he admired Lin Xiangru, who was famous for returning to Zhao in perfect condition during the Warring States Period. The three generations of Wendi, Jingdi and Wudi, where he lived, were the times when the unified multi-ethnic feudal empire was increasingly consolidated and developed. " "In some people's minds, Sima Xiangru is an elegant and charming romantic genius. It is true that Sima Xiangru is an outstanding talent with handsome appearance, natural and unrestrained manner and versatility. And the story that he picked Zhuo Wenjun and won this beautiful woman's heart is even more beautiful. However, if we only regard him as a "romantic genius", it is superficial. As a matter of fact, Sima Xiangru is not only handsome and rich in poetry, but also courageous and can be called a great husband. It is certainly a shocking move to associate freely with the widowed Zhuo Wenjun; Life was tight after marriage, and the husband and wife opened a shop to sell wine. He asked Zhuo Wenjun to be a waiter and dressed himself as a bartender. Nobody watches the washing machine market, which is beyond the reach of ordinary Confucian scholars. What's more, as a master of Han Fu, he has been around Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty for more than ten years, but he never regards offering Fu as a means to flatter the supreme ruler, never associates with those flattering, fresh and shameless people, and is unwilling to be a soulless royal scholar. It's about trying to make a difference when conditions permit. If I can't make a difference, I will try to maintain my ethics. " Therefore, I am an official, and I have never been willing to cooperate with the government. I often say that I am sick and don't admire my official position. "("Han Sima Xiangru Biography ") Therefore, he is politically depressed. "
"The most important style in Han Dynasty is Fu, and Sima Xiangru is recognized as the representative writer of Han Fu. According to the Records of Han Yi Wen Zhi, he wrote 29 poems, but only a few of them have been handed down so far, such as The Son of Heaven (generally called Shang, inappropriate), Ai, Changmen Fu, Adult Fu and so on. These works won him several "firsts" in the history of China literature.
First of all, as Sima Xiangru's most important masterpiece, The Ode to the Emperor's Hunting is the first great fu in the history of literature that fully embodies the characteristics of Han Fu. In terms of content, the theme is palaces, gardens and hunting, and the purpose is to safeguard national unity and oppose imperial extravagance. It not only praised the incomparable dignity of the unified empire, but also satirized the supreme ruler, creating a basic theme of the great fu in Han Dynasty. Formally, it got rid of the stereotype of imitating Chu Ci, and took Zixu, Mr. Wu and Wu Gong as false words, which were set as questions and answers, with a grand structure, strict levels, gorgeous language and diverse sentence patterns, which made the whole article look magnificent, formed a sprawling style and laid a foundation for the great fu of the Han Dynasty. Mr. Lu Xun pointed out: "Gai Han is fond of Chu Sheng, and Emperor Wudi's left and right cronies are like this. They often advance with Chu Ci, but the similarity never changes. Thanks to the strange meaning, they are decorated with beautiful words, and the sentences are short and not arbitrary, which is very different from that at that time." (Outline of China Literature History) This summarizes Sima Xiangru's extraordinary achievements in stylistic innovation. It is this achievement that makes Sima Xiangru a well-deserved founder of Han Fu. Secondly, Elson is the first work in the whole history of Fu that directly denounces the tyranny of Qin, which has a distinct ideological tendency and strong practical significance. The full text is only 158 words. It is written with profound feelings and concise warning strategies, which is in sharp contrast with the exaggeration and grandeur of the layout of Tian Zi's Ode to Wandering Soul, and opens a precedent for later generations to express their feelings. Thirdly, Changmen Fu is the first work in the history of Fu to describe a locked woman in a deep palace. By expressing their loneliness and sadness, they exposed the gloomy darkness of the feudal court, which can be described as the origin of court resentment in the history of literature. His works are good at describing the scenery, setting off the atmosphere, and writing the ups and downs of the characters' feelings vividly, euphemistically and moving with the brushwork of blending scenes, which has had a considerable influence on the later palace resentment poems. Together, these "firsts" are enough to make Sima Xiangru the first master of Han Fu.
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Sima, the second-ranked surname in the Song Dynasty, was originally from Hanoi County (west of Jixian County, Henan Province).
According to the surname code, when Zhou Xuanwang was in office, Cheng Boxiu once worshipped Sima, and later people took the official name as their surname.
Sima's family began in the Spring and Autumn Period and went through Zhou, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties and even five dynasties. During this period, great men appeared one after another, and the family had the reputation of "history is unique and endowed with Lingyun". The Historical Records, which is hailed as Sima Qian, is "a masterpiece of historians, and Li Sao has no rhyme". Sima Xiangru's palace poems, such as Zi Xu and Shang Lin, were famous for a while. Sima Guang, a famous figure in the Northern Song Dynasty, carried forward the four cases and made them famous for later generations.
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