It is generally believed that from 1824 to 1828, Heine traveled to many places in the motherland, Britain, Italy and other countries. Because of his extensive contact with the society, he deepened his understanding of the real society and wrote four prose travel notes. It is the completion of these four travel notes that Heine has grown into a revolutionary Democrat ideologically. In art, Heine turned from describing personal experiences and feelings of youth to discussing social reality, from romanticism to realism, and Textile Workers in Silesia belongs to realism. However, there are also different views. The following article is for your reference! !

What genre do Silesia textile workers belong to?

Shaochangkun Jiangsu Xiangshui High School

I recently saw such a topic on a test paper. Silesia Textile Worker is the work of Heine, a famous German poet: "There are no tears in melancholy eyes. They sat by the loom, gnashing their teeth: Germany, we are knitting your shroud, we are knitting three-layer curse-we weave, we weave! " What kind of literary genre should this belong to?

A. Romantic B. Realism C. Modernism D. Absurdity

The answer is "b realism".

I doubt this answer, so I looked it up on the Internet. This problem first appeared in the history test 19 of the first semester of senior three in Xuzhou in the 2008-2009 school year, and then appeared in the history test 19 of senior three in Beijing College Entrance Examination Network, which was adopted by many schools.

Romanticism and realism are the most easily confused schools. In terms of time, the romantic literary movement lasted from the end of18th century to the beginning of19th century until the end of 1940s, while the realistic literary movement rose in 1930s and became the mainstream of European literature in the middle of19th century. The influence of two literary trends of thought has always existed so far. From the content, both literary schools are dissatisfied with the social reality and criticize the capitalist order.

To distinguish romanticism from realism, we must start with their own style characteristics.

The style characteristics of "Romanticism" are: emphasizing the free expression of personal feelings, with strong subjectivity; Accustomed to comparison and exaggeration, rich in imagination; Most of them are melancholy and sentimental. The characteristics of "realism" style are: trying to reproduce real life, typically reproducing social features, deeply analyzing contradictions in real society, and exposing and criticizing social darkness and ugliness.

Romanticism does not pay attention to the true description of life objects, but tries to express ideals, subjective wishes and passion for ideals, and follows the principle of idealization. The artistic world created by romantic literature is an imaginary, surreal and subjective world, which expresses one's feelings and subjective wishes. Realism emphasizes the loyalty and responsibility of literature to reality. Realistic literature hopes to truly present the real state of social existence, pursue objectivity and sympathize with the bottom people.

In contrast to the above analysis, let's take a look at the poem Silesia textile worker. Rhetorically, the "triple curse" embodies parallelism. Sentences such as "the flowers here are destroyed before they bloom, and carrion dung feeds maggots" are obviously metaphors and exaggerations. "Rotten meat" and "excrement" are metaphors of feudal autocracy in Germany, and "maggots" are metaphors of various exploiters and parasites. "No Tears" and "Gnashing Teeth" depict the workers' hatred of social oppression and exploitation. With the rhythmic operation of the loom, the feelings of textile workers rush out. Twelve "weaves" are used in the poem, which appear repeatedly, followed by the word "weave", so that the cursed feelings are always at the end. The whole poem expresses the author's curse on the reactionary rulers of Germany and his desire to bury those ugly people and create a beautiful motherland that truly belongs to the working class. In this poem, the author expresses his strong indignation through the mouth of textile workers, and uses various rhetorical devices such as metaphor, exaggeration and metaphor. This situation is not the real situation of society. On this basis, it can be concluded that this poem belongs to the romantic school.

Why do proposers think the answer is realism? A possible mistake is that realistic literature rose after the 1930s in 19, and poetry was written in 1844. In fact, these two schools are overlapping, parallel and even combined in time. Heine is a representative figure who turned from romanticism to realism. German fairy tales written in the same year adopted the method of combining romanticism with realism, and were classified as "romanticism" in the textbooks of People's Education Edition. The second possible mistake is that this poem was written after the uprising of Silesia textile workers, whose struggle was against German capitalists, so it conforms to the background of the rise of realism. In fact, romanticism not only "opposes the feudal factors remaining in capitalist society, but also exposes all kinds of evil phenomena caused by the bourgeoisie itself" (page 3 18 of the compulsory three reference books of People's Education Publishing House). Instead of directly criticizing capitalists, the poem cursed "God", "King", "Motherland" and "Old Germany" and criticized the dark and decadent social reality at that time as a whole.

To judge the genre of literary works, we must attach importance to these viewpoints. 1. There may be one literary genre in a certain historical period, but it does not mean that there is only one genre, and many genres often coexist. 2. A certain literary genre may occupy the mainstream in a certain historical period, but it does not mean that this literary style only exists in this historical period. 3. A literary work itself can blend several genres. 4. A writer's writing style is often not single. Judging the genre of a literary work can only be based on the content itself, but not on other factors.