Albert Einstein was born in Germany on 1879. He has made outstanding achievements in scientific research all his life, the most outstanding of which is that he proved the existence of atoms by experiments, founded the theory of relativity and developed the quantum hypothesis put forward by Planck. Einstein, a famous German physicist, made outstanding contributions to the development of modern physics all his life. His most outstanding achievement is to break through the framework of Newton's classical physics and create the theory of relativity suitable for the field of microscopic high-speed motion.
Einstein's relationship with nuclear bomb politics is well known: he signed a famous letter to President franklin roosevelt to persuade the United States to seriously consider his ideas, and he made various efforts to prevent nuclear war after the war. However, these are not just isolated actions in which a scientist is dragged into politics. In fact, in his own words, Einstein's life was "indecisive between politics and equations". Einstein first engaged in political activities during World War I, when he was a professor in Berlin. He took part in the anti-war demonstration because he was disgusted with the disregard for human life. He is unpopular among his colleagues because he supports domestic resistance and openly encourages people to refuse conscription. Later, in wartime, he devoted himself to mediating and improving international relations. This is also unpopular, and his political attitude soon made it difficult for him to visit the United States and even make a speech.
Einstein's second great cause was Zionism. Although he is a Jew, he refuses to accept the statement about God in the Bible. However, before and during the First World War, he became more and more aware of anti-Semitism, which led him to gradually identify with the Jewish community and then become an outspoken advocate of Zionism. Being unpopular again didn't stop him from expressing his views. As soon as his theory was published, he was attacked and even set up an anti-Einstein organization. A man was convicted of abetting the murder of Einstein (only fined $6). But Einstein was very calm: when a book entitled "100 anti-Einstein writers" was published, he retorted: "If I am really wrong, then one person is enough to oppose me!" 1933, Hitler came to power and Einstein was in the United States. He declared that he would never return to Germany. Later, Nazi volunteers searched his house and confiscated his bank account. The headline of a newspaper in Berlin was: "Good news from Einstein-he won't come back." Faced with the threat of Nazi, Einstein gave up pacifism, and finally worried that German scientists would build a nuclear bomb, so he suggested that the United States develop its own nuclear bomb. However, even before the first atomic bomb exploded, he publicly warned of the danger of nuclear war and proposed international control of nuclear weapons. Throughout Einstein's life, his efforts for peace may have little effect-he must have only persuaded a few friends. However, his verbal support for the Zionist cause was recognized in time in 1952, when he was recommended as the president of Israel. But he refused. He said he thought he was too naive politically. However, perhaps the real reason is not so. To quote himself again: "The equation is more important to me, because politics is present, but the equation is eternal."
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These help me a lot. Salute! Martin 1900 ~ 1904, Einstein writes a paper every year and publishes it in the german journal of physics. The first two articles are about the thermodynamics of liquid level and electrolysis, trying to give chemistry a mechanical basis. Later, it was found that this road was not feasible, and the mechanical basis of thermodynamics was studied instead. 190 1 put forward some basic theories of statistical mechanics, and three papers from 1902 to 1904 all belong to this field. 1904 seriously discusses the fluctuation phenomenon predicted by statistical mechanics and finds that energy fluctuation depends on Boltzmann constant. It not only applies this result to mechanical systems and thermal phenomena, but also boldly applies it to radiation phenomena, and obtains the fluctuation formula of radiation energy, thus deducing Wien's displacement law. The study of fluctuation phenomenon made him make a major breakthrough in both radiation theory and molecular motion theory in 1905. 1905 miracle 1905, Einstein created an unprecedented miracle in the history of science. This year, he wrote six papers. During the half year from March to September, he made four epoch-making contributions in three fields in his spare time besides working eight hours a day in the patent office. He published four important papers on quantum theory of light, molecular size measurement, Brownian motion theory and special relativity. 1905 In March, Einstein sent the paper he thought was correct to the editorial department of the German Journal of Physics. He said shyly to the editor, "I will be very happy if you can find room for me to publish this paper in your annual report." This "embarrassing" paper is called "a speculative view on the generation and transformation of light". In this paper, the quantum concept put forward by Planck in 1900 is extended to the propagation of light in space, and the optical quantum hypothesis is put forward. It is considered that: for time average, light behaves as fluctuation; For instantaneous values, light appears as particles. This is the first time in history to reveal the unity of fluctuation of microscopic objects and particles, that is, wave-particle duality. At the end of this article, he explained the photoelectric effect with the concept of optical quantum, and deduced the relationship between the maximum energy of photoelectrons and the frequency of incident light. This relationship was not confirmed by Millikan's experiment until 10 years later. 192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for his achievement of "the discovery of the law of photoelectric effect". But this is really just the beginning. Albert Einstein went hand in hand in the fields of light, heat and electrophysics, and it was out of control. 1905 In April, Einstein completed a new method to determine the molecular size, and in May, he completed the movement of suspended particles in still liquid required by the theory of thermomolecular motion. These are two papers about Brownian motion. Einstein's purpose at that time was to determine the actual size of molecules by observing the irregular motion of suspended particles caused by the fluctuation of molecular motion, thus solving the problem of whether atoms exist in scientific and philosophical circles for more than half a century. Three years later, French physicist Perrin confirmed Einstein's theoretical prediction with accurate experiments. This justifies the objective existence of atoms and molecules, which also makes ostwald, the German chemist who is most firmly opposed to the founder of atomism and energy theory, take the initiative to announce in 1908 that "the atomic hypothesis has become a scientific theory with a solid foundation". 1In June, 905, Einstein finished his long paper "On Electrodynamics of Transport Bodies" which initiated a new era in physics, and put forward the special theory of relativity completely. This is the result of Einstein's brewing and exploration in 10, which largely solved the crisis of classical physics at the end of 19, changed the space-time view of Newtonian mechanics, exposed the equivalence of matter and energy, and created a brand-new world of physics, which is the greatest revolution in the field of modern physics. Special relativity can not only explain all phenomena that classical physics can explain, but also explain some physical phenomena that classical physics can't, and predict many new effects. The most important conclusion of the special theory of relativity is that the principle of conservation of mass has lost its independence and merged with the law of conservation of energy, so that mass and energy can be transformed into each other. Others include the slow scale of the clock, the constant speed of light, the zero rest mass of photons and so on. Classical mechanics has become the limit case of relativistic mechanics at low speed. So mechanics and electromagnetism are unified on the basis of kinematics. 1905 In September, Einstein wrote a short article, is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains? ",as an inference of relativity. Mass-energy equivalence is the theoretical basis of nuclear physics and particle physics, and it also paved the way for the release and utilization of nuclear energy in the 1940s. In this short period of six months, Einstein's breakthrough achievements in science can be said to be "unprecedented". Even if he gave up physics research, even if he only accomplished any of the above three achievements, Einstein would leave an extremely important mark on the history of physics development. Einstein dispelled the "dark clouds in the clear sky of physics" and ushered in a more brilliant new era of physics. Exploration of General Relativity After the establishment of special relativity, Einstein was not satisfied and tried to extend the application of the principle of relativity to non-inertial systems. He found a breakthrough from Galileo's discovery that the acceleration of objects in the gravitational field is the same, and put forward the equivalence principle in 1907. This year, Minkowski, his university teacher and famous geometer, put forward the four-dimensional spatial representation of special relativity, which provided a useful mathematical tool for the further development of relativity. Unfortunately, Einstein didn't realize its value at that time. The discovery of the principle of equivalence was regarded by Einstein as the happiest thought in his life, but his later work was very hard and he took a big detour. 19 1 1 year, he analyzed the rigid rotating disk and realized that Euclidean geometry in the gravitational field was not strictly effective. At the same time, it is found that Lorentz variation is not universal, and the equivalence principle is only effective in an infinitesimal region. At this time, Einstein already had the idea of general relativity, but he still lacked the necessary mathematical foundation to establish it. 19 12, Einstein returned to his alma mater in Zurich. With the help of his classmate Grossman, a professor of mathematics at his alma mater, he found a mathematical tool to establish general relativity in Riemannian geometry and tensor analysis. After a year of hard cooperation, they published an important paper "Outline of General Relativity and Gravity Theory" in 19 13, and put forward the gauge field gravity theory. This is the first time to combine gravity with scale, which makes Riemann geometry have real physical significance. However, the gravitational field equation they got at that time was covariant only for linear transformation, and it was not covariant under any coordinate transformation required by the principle of general relativity. This is because Einstein was not familiar with tensor operation at that time, and mistakenly thought that as long as the conservation law was observed, the choice of coordinate system would be limited, and in order to maintain causality, the requirement of universal covariation would be abandoned. The second peak of Einstein's scientific achievements was from 19 15 to 19 17, which was similar to 1905. He also made historic achievements in three different fields. Except for the general theory of relativity, which is recognized as one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought, it was finally established in 19 15. 19 16 put forward gravitational wave theory in radiation quantum, and 19 17 started modern cosmology. 19 15 After July, Einstein returned to the requirement of covariation after more than two years of detours. From June 19 15 to June 1 10, he concentrated on exploring new gravitational field equations. On June 165438+ 10/0/4,1kloc. In the first paper, he obtained the universal covariant gravitational field equation satisfying the conservation law, but added an unnecessary restriction. In the third paper, according to the new gravitational field equation, the deflection of light passing through the surface of the sun is calculated to be 1.7 arc seconds, and the precession of Mercury's perihelion is calculated to be 43 seconds every 100 years, which completely solves a major problem in astronomy for more than 60 years. In his paper Gravitational Field Equation on 19 1 15125 October, he gave up unnecessary restrictions on transformation groups, established a truly universal covariant gravitational field equation, and declared that general relativity was finally completed as a logical structure. 19 16 In the spring, Einstein wrote a summary paper "The Basis of General Relativity"; At the end of the same year, a popular booklet "On Special and General Relativity" came out. 19 16 In June, when Einstein was studying the approximate integral of the gravitational field equation, he found that a mechanical system would inevitably emit gravitational waves propagating at the speed of light when it changed, and thus put forward the gravitational wave theory. 1979, 24 years after Einstein's death, the existence of gravitational waves was indirectly proved. 19 17 years, Einstein used the achievements of general relativity to study the space-time structure of the universe and published a groundbreaking paper, "A Survey of the Universe Based on General Relativity". This paper analyzes the traditional concept of "the universe is infinite in space" and points out that it is incompatible with Newton's theory of gravity and general relativity. In his view, the possible way out is to regard the universe as a closed continuous area with limited space volume and infer that the universe is infinite in space with scientific arguments. This is a bold pioneering work in human history, which makes cosmology get rid of pure speculation and enter the field of modern science. After a long and difficult exploration of general relativity, Einstein was still not satisfied, so he wanted to extend general relativity to include not only gravitational field, but also electromagnetic field. He believes that this is the third stage of the development of relativity, namely the unified field theory. After 1925, Einstein went all out to explore the unified field theory In the first few years, he was optimistic that victory was in sight; It turned out to be a lot more difficult. He thinks that the existing mathematical tools are not enough. Exploration of 1928 to pure mathematics. He tried various methods, but he didn't get any results with real physical significance. During the 30 years from 1925 to 1955, except for the completeness of quantum mechanics, gravitational waves and general relativity, Einstein devoted almost all his scientific creative energy to the exploration of unified field theory. 1937, with the cooperation of two assistants, he deduced the equation of motion from the gravitational field equation of general relativity, further revealing the unity of time and space, matter and motion, which was a major development of general relativity and the last major achievement Einstein made in scientific creation activities. He never succeeded in the same theory. He never gets discouraged and always starts from scratch with confidence. Because he was far away from the mainstream of physics research at that time, he went alone to overcome the problems that could not be solved at that time. So contrary to the situation in the 1920s, he was very isolated in physics in his later years. However, he is still fearless and unswervingly follows his own path. Until the day before his death, he was still in his hospital bed preparing to continue his mathematical calculation of the unified field theory. Einstein, the greatest scientist, has won many awards and honorary doctorates for his achievements in science. If the average person would hang these things high. But Einstein put everything on it, including the Nobel Prize certificate, in a messy box without looking. Neifield said that he sometimes felt that Einstein might not even know what the Nobel Prize meant. It is said that on the day of receiving the award, his expression was as calm as usual, and he did not show any special happiness or excitement. Einstein lived in Switzerland as a teenager and lived as a poor student. He doesn't ask much about material life. He was satisfied with a plate of spaghetti with a little sauce. After becoming famous, he became a professor and later immigrated to the United States to escape Nazi persecution. He has the conditions to live a good material life, but he still lives a simple and simple life like a poor student. When Einstein came to work at the Institute of Advanced Science in Princeton, the authorities offered him a fairly high salary-annual salary 16000 US dollars, but he said, "Can you give me less money?" "Give me three thousand dollars is enough." Einstein didn't pay attention to his clothes either. He wore a black leather coat, and for many years he didn't wear socks or a tie. His trousers sometimes wore neither belts nor suspenders. When he was discussing with others in front of the blackboard, he wrote on the blackboard and pulled his pants with his hands as if they were going to slide down. This situation is a bit funny, but his hair is long and unadorned. This is amazing for students of such an aristocratic institution as Princeton University. No wonder they want God to tell him to cut his hair. Einstein was a thrifty man. He writes on both sides of the calculation paper, and he cuts open many envelopes sent to him as calculation draft paper to prevent them from losing their reusable value before entering the wastebasket. Einstein often sits second and third class when he goes out, and usually only eats some simple food. 1In July, 909, Einstein was invited to attend the 350th anniversary celebration of the University of Geneva and the celebration in memory of Calvin, the founder of the University, and accepted the honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Geneva. In the celebration parade, school dignitaries and government officials all wore tuxedos, top hats, or medieval rusty golden robes and flat silk hats, while Einstein wore a suit he usually wore in the street and a straw hat. Einstein was very dissatisfied with the grand banquet held in this celebration. He said to the person sitting next to him, "If Calvin were alive, he would make a lot of firewood, because such a luxurious feast would burn us all to death." Einstein himself once said, "Comfort and happiness have never been an end for me. I call these ethical foundations the ideal of swineherd ... ". He even refused to be placed in the upper class, but lived in a different position and was angry at the special care given to him by society. Einstein is a person who cherishes time very much. He doesn't like social activities and parties. He once sarcastically said, "This is feeding time to the zoo." He is absorbed in his studies and doesn't want to waste precious time on meaningless social conversations. He doesn't want to hear flattery and praise. He believes: "A person who benefits the whole world with great creative ideas does not need to be praised by future generations. His achievements themselves have given him higher returns. " 1929 In March, in order to avoid celebrating his 50th birthday, a few days before his birthday, he secretly went to a gardener's farmhouse in the suburbs of Berlin to live in seclusion. As a great master of science in the physics revolution, Einstein never considered himself a superman. He realized that the road he took was an extension of the road taken by his predecessors, and the new era of science was a reasonable development based on the work of his predecessors, so he always appreciated the contributions of his predecessors with gratitude and admiration. When talking about the establishment of the theory of relativity, he said: "Relativity can really be said to be the last stroke of Maxwell and Lorenz's great thoughts, because it tries to extend field physics to all phenomena including gravity." Einstein wrote several times in his letters to friends who praised his achievements: "I am fully aware that I have no special talents: interest, single-mindedness, tenacious work and self-criticism have enabled me to reach my ideal state." Lu Einstein (1879 ~ 1955) was born in Ulm, Wü rttemberg, Germany, to Jewish parents. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, he read Euclid's Elements of Geometry and was deeply attracted. /kloc-wrote his first paper at the age of 0/6, entitled "Research Status of Ether in Magnetic Field". /kloc-in the summer of 0/896, he was admitted to Zurich Institute of Technology, Switzerland, and graduated from 0/900. 1902 entered the federal patent office in Bern, Switzerland, and was responsible for the technical examination of patents until 1909. He was the most scientific and creative in those years. 1from March to June, 905, he published four important papers in succession, founded the special theory of relativity, and made outstanding achievements in radiation quantum theory, molecular motion theory and Brownian motion theory, which caused great changes in the theoretical basis of physics. 1909 was recommended by the famous physicist Planck as an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 19 13 returned to Germany to teach at the University of Berlin and became an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1933 emigrated to the United States because of persecution by Nazi regime, settled in Princeton, New Jersey, and applied for a professorship at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. 1940 became an American citizen, and has been engaged in theoretical physics research in Princeton since then until his death. Einstein made great contributions in many fields of physics. Among them, the most important thing is the establishment of the theory of relativity and its contribution to the development of quantum theory. In1on electrodynamics of moving objects, which was completed in June, 905, he put forward the special theory of relativity. This theory tells us that if we admit that the propagation rate of light in vacuum is constant (that is, it does not change with the motion state of luminous objects) and the laws of nature are the same in all inertial reference frames, then we can determine that time and motion are relative to the observer. The establishment of the theory of relativity has revolutionized human understanding of space, time and material movement, which is of epoch-making historical significance. 19 16 published the paper "Fundamentals of General Relativity" to establish general relativity. Special relativity mainly discusses electromagnetic phenomena and his propagation in time and space; General relativity mainly studies the theory of gravity. The central idea of this theory is that the essence of gravity is the bending of space-time continuous field caused by the existence of mass. According to the general theory of relativity, he made three predictions that light will bend under the action of gravitational field, mercury perihelion will precess, and the spectral lines in gravitational field will move to the red end. These predictions were later confirmed by experimental observation. 19 19, British physicist Thomson said excitedly that Einstein's theory of relativity was "one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought". 1905 published an enlightening view on the generation and transformation of light in March. Inspired by Planck's quantum theory, the light quantum theory is put forward, which explains the photoelectric effect, radiation process and specific heat of solids, and reveals the wave-particle duality of microscopic objects for the first time in the history of science. In September of the same year, Einstein published a book entitled "Is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains? The famous mass-energy relationship E=mc2 is put forward, and it is clarified that an object with mass m contains energy of mc2, which provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of atomic energy. 1922, 1 1 In June, 2006, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics, but the main reason for awarding the prize was his contribution to the theory of light quantum, because the theory of relativity was controversial at that time. 1February, 929, Einstein published a paper "unified field theory". From then on, he devoted almost all his energy in the second half of his life to this research, trying to unify the electromagnetic field and gravitational field. Although he has not achieved any results in this research, he has opened up a brand-new field, which is of great significance. The French physicist Langevin said in 193 1: "In the history of physics of our generation, Einstein will be at the forefront. He is, and will be, a brilliant superstar in the human universe. " Einstein was not satisfied with the present conclusion, nor did he stick to the old rules. He once said, "I don't have any special talent, but I like to get to the bottom of it." "I just retained the ability of nature to express' surprise' (or translate' surprise'). When most physicists continue to follow Newton's path, I try to take another path. " This is the most precious quality that makes him a great innovator in the field of natural science. Einstein left a will when he died: no public funeral, no tomb, no monument. After cremation, the ashes were scattered on the ground. 1April 1955 18, he died in Princeton at the age of 76. Einstein learned to speak when he was four years old! Fd Albert Einstein was born in Germany on 1879. He has made outstanding achievements in scientific research all his life, the most outstanding of which is that he proved the existence of atoms by experiments, founded the theory of relativity and developed the quantum hypothesis put forward by Planck. Einstein, a famous German physicist, made outstanding contributions to the development of modern physics all his life. His most outstanding achievement is to break through the framework of Newton's classical physics and create the theory of relativity suitable for the field of microscopic high-speed motion. Einstein's relationship with nuclear bomb politics is well known: he signed a famous letter to President franklin roosevelt to persuade the United States to seriously consider his ideas, and he made various efforts to prevent nuclear war after the war. However, these are not just isolated actions in which a scientist is dragged into politics. In fact, in his own words, Einstein's life was "indecisive between politics and equations". Einstein first engaged in political activities during World War I, when he was a professor in Berlin. He took part in the anti-war demonstration because he was disgusted with the disregard for human life. He is unpopular among his colleagues because he supports domestic resistance and openly encourages people to refuse conscription. Later, in wartime, he devoted himself to mediating and improving international relations. This is also unpopular, and his political attitude soon made it difficult for him to visit the United States and even make a speech. Einstein's second great cause was Zionism. Although he is a Jew, he refuses to accept the statement about God in the Bible. However, before and during the First World War, he became more and more aware of anti-Semitism, which led him to gradually identify with the Jewish community and then become an outspoken advocate of Zionism. Being unpopular again didn't stop him from expressing his views. As soon as his theory was published, he was attacked and even set up an anti-Einstein organization. A man was convicted of abetting the murder of Einstein (only fined $6). But Einstein was very calm: when a book entitled "100 anti-Einstein writers" was published, he retorted: "If I am really wrong, then one person is enough to oppose me!" 1933, Hitler came to power and Einstein was in the United States. He declared that he would never return to Germany. Later, Nazi volunteers searched his house and confiscated his bank account. The headline of a newspaper in Berlin was: "Good news from Einstein-he won't come back." Faced with the threat of Nazi, Einstein gave up pacifism, and finally worried that German scientists would build a nuclear bomb, so he suggested that the United States develop its own nuclear bomb. However, even before the first atomic bomb exploded, he publicly warned of the danger of nuclear war and proposed international control of nuclear weapons. Throughout Einstein's life, his efforts for peace may have little effect-he must have only persuaded a few friends. However, his verbal support for the Zionist cause was recognized in time in 1952, when he was recommended as the president of Israel. But he refused. He said he thought he was too naive politically. However, perhaps the real reason is not so. To quote himself again: "The equation is more important to me, because politics is present, but the equation is eternal." Albert Einstein was born in Germany on 1879. He has made outstanding achievements in scientific research all his life, the most outstanding of which is that he proved the existence of atoms by experiments, founded the theory of relativity and developed the quantum hypothesis put forward by Planck. Einstein, a famous German physicist, made outstanding contributions to the development of modern physics all his life. His most outstanding achievement is to break through the framework of Newton's classical physics and create the theory of relativity suitable for the field of microscopic high-speed motion. Einstein's relationship with nuclear bomb politics is well known: he signed a famous letter to President franklin roosevelt to persuade the United States to seriously consider his ideas, and he made various efforts to prevent nuclear war after the war. However, these are not just isolated actions in which a scientist is dragged into politics. In fact, in his own words, Einstein's life was "indecisive between politics and equations". Einstein first engaged in political activities during World War I, when he was a professor in Berlin. He took part in the anti-war demonstration because he was disgusted with the disregard for human life. He is unpopular among his colleagues because he supports domestic resistance and openly encourages people to refuse conscription. Later, in wartime, he devoted himself to mediating and improving international relations. This is also unpopular, and his political attitude soon made it difficult for him to visit the United States and even make a speech. Einstein's second great cause was Zionism. Although he is a Jew, he refuses to accept the statement about God in the Bible. However, before and during the First World War, he became more and more aware of anti-Semitism, which led him to gradually identify with the Jewish community and then become an outspoken advocate of Zionism. Being unpopular again didn't stop him from expressing his views. As soon as his theory was published, he was attacked and even set up an anti-Einstein organization. A man was convicted of abetting the murder of Einstein (only fined $6). But Einstein was very calm: when a book entitled "100 anti-Einstein writers" was published, he retorted: "If I am really wrong, then one person is enough to oppose me!" 1933, Hitler came to power and Einstein was in the United States. He declared that he would never return to Germany. Later, Nazi volunteers searched his house and confiscated his bank account. The headline of a newspaper in Berlin was: "Good news from Einstein-he won't come back." Faced with the threat of Nazi, Einstein gave up pacifism, and finally worried that German scientists would build a nuclear bomb, so he suggested that the United States develop its own nuclear bomb. However, even before the first atomic bomb exploded, he publicly warned of the danger of nuclear war and proposed international control of nuclear weapons. Throughout Einstein's life, his efforts for peace may have little effect-he must have only persuaded a few friends. However, his verbal support for the Zionist cause was recognized in time in 1952, when he was recommended as the president of Israel. But he refused. He said he thought he was too naive politically. However, perhaps the real reason is not so. To quote himself again: "The equation is more important to me, because politics is present, but the equation is eternal." Albert Einstein was born in Germany on 1879. He has made outstanding achievements in scientific research all his life, the most outstanding of which is that he proved the atomic theory by experiments.