In the first edition of Ming History, Fang Xiaoru and others only used the fifteen words "Ding Chou, killed Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and Fang Xiaoru, and subdued their families".

In the "Si" edition of Ming History, it was changed to this narrative: "Ding Chou called Fang Xiaoru Cao to the throne and wrote a letter. His filial piety threw a pen and cried and cursed. The emperor was furious, and Taihe Zicheng pleaded unyielding. ⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰ.

Obviously, there is no record of Fang Xiaoru's ancestors in the Ming Dynasty in either the original or Sikuben's History of Ming Dynasty.

(Guan Guan interjects here: Emperor Yongle ascended the throne four days ago, followed by Gengwu, Xin Wei, Ren Shen, Gui You, Jia Xu, Yihai and Bingzi. Ding Chou was emperor for seven days, and Yongle Imperial Capital was emperor for seven days. How could he force Fang Xiaoru, the first person on his list of adulterers, to write an imperial edict for him seven days later? Is the plot added to the previous edition of the Four Treasures of Ming History suspicious? )

The history of the Ming Dynasty was decided by the Manchu emperor from beginning to end. Emperors in Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the compilation of Ming history. Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong carefully reviewed every part of the history of the Ming Dynasty, and even put forward their own "suggestions" for every detail they "cared about", requiring the writers to follow them.

It only took Zhu Yuanzhang more than two years to compile the History of Yuan Dynasty, and it also took Meng Yuan's time to compile the History of Song Dynasty (the largest historical book in the twenty-four histories). In the Qing dynasty alone, several generations of emperors spent nearly a hundred years compiling a history of Ming dynasty, which shows its deliberate depth.

After finishing the history of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing people destroyed a large number of historical materials of the Ming Dynasty. Forty years after Qianlong (1775), Qianlong ordered the revision of Ming history again. In this process, the emperors and personnel of the Ming Dynasty were adapted and vilified, and the evaluation of the Ming Dynasty emperors was deliberately belittled.

For example, Yingzong Zan in the original Ming Dynasty said that Yingzong "reigned for twenty-four years before and after, with little political support", while the revised Yingzong Zan commented on Yingzong in this way: "During the twenty-four years of reign, Wei Fu moved, the punishment was too heavy, and he lost too much, or he thought that his merits were not much.

For another example, Ming Shizong's original evaluation was "a master of talents in China", but the revised evaluation became: "And relying on power to rape and directly kill ministers, in order to speed up their ambitions, what is the only thing!"

In this way, the history of the black, Ming and Qing dynasties was constantly revised, and there was no such thing as killing ten families. Ming history was compiled by Qing people. For some political needs, it was derogatory to the Ming emperor. But there is no record that Fang Xiaoru was killed by ten families in such history books. Imagine, if Fang Xiaoru was really killed by ten scholars, how could the editor of Ming history give up such a plot describing the "tyranny" and "cruelty" of the Ming emperor?

There are two official histories about the Ming Dynasty. One is the History of the Ming Dynasty compiled by the Qing people, and the other is the Record of the Ming Dynasty compiled by the Ming officials themselves. According to Records of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, Ming officials compiled history: Ding Chou, Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and Fang Xiaoru. , to the que, count its crimes, succumb to its disaster, was slaughtered.

Just as there is no record in Ming History that Fang Xiaoru was punished by ten schools. Imagine that Chengzu had just captured Nanjing. If Fang Xiaoru is really punished by the top ten families, it is time to write a book to deter the demotion and consolidate the rule. However, the official history of the Ming Dynasty, like that of the Ming Dynasty, was speechless in the record of Fang Xiaoru being punished by ten schools.

Let's analyze it. According to the records in Chronicle of Cheng Zu, the date of Fang Xiaoru's death can be accurate to the date of Ding Chou, but the Biography of Fang Xiaoru does not have such an accurate concept of time, which can only be determined according to what happened, that is, after the fall of Nanjing and before Yongle ascended the throne.

Look at these two paragraphs again. Cheng Zu's biography is simple, direct and clear, even close to the running account. Fang Xiaoru's life is tortuous and vivid. Compared with the other two, Fang Xiaoru's biographies are obviously more literary, regardless of words or colors. For example, first, Yao confessed and paved the way. Then the conflict between Fang Xiaoru and Emperor Yongle is described positively, which is very dramatic.

So it is not difficult for us to find problems from it. First, why can Chronology of Groups accurately locate the time in 60 days, while Biography of Fang Xiaoru is ambiguous? Second, since Yao told me not to kill Fang Xiaoru, but also to be nice to him, and the prince agreed, why did Yongle make him a traitor? The traitor appointed by the king did not kill him, but was kind to him and let him draw up the imperial edict. This is unreasonable. So, if Yao really confessed and the prince agreed, then Fang Xiaoru wouldn't have been appointed as a traitor as soon as he entered Nanjing and demanded it.

It doesn't matter much that Fang Xiaoru died for Yongle Imperial City. In short, he is just a traitor appointed by the king. It doesn't matter whether he dies early or late. But for Fang Xiaoru, it has a great influence. Because there were not many ministers who committed suicide, and there was more than one, but none of them was Fang Xiaoru. Then, as the spiritual leader of Jiangnan scholars, Fang Xiaoru is so heavy, how can he not be martyred? In some people's ideology, he should not live until after Emperor Yongle ascended the throne. They can't tolerate this fact.

In addition, in folk materials, in "Yu Cong in Jade Hall", only Fang Xiaoru was written "unyielding to death", and there was no such dialogue. Wang Cheng An Zai does exist, but it was written by Lian Zining. Fang Xiaoru, who was wiped out by the "ten clans", was still alive and kicking in the local chronicles of Yongle period and later, and Fang Jia and his nephew also appeared gorgeous in Renzong Dynasty! Forgiveness is an official document! The Historical Records says that Fang Kehao is exempt from changing his mother's surname. (It's really puzzling. If ten households are punished, isn't his mother's uncle's house counted among the ten households? )

Later, in Ming history, there was a saying that "filial piety has a brother's filial piety, the mechanic is practical, and filial piety dies first". Brother, filial friend and son were killed together and died with a poem. His wife Zheng He's two sons Zhong Xian and Zhong Yue died first, and two women died in Qinhuai River. ",only said that a native of Fang Xiaoru was killed, and did not mention any news that Fang Xiaoru's mother's family, wife's family and others were killed.

What's even more funny is that there are even messages from Fang Xiaoru's top ten relatives-disciples and friends: "In Yongle, those who hide filial piety and Confucianism are extremely guilty. Master Wang Ganqian recorded it as "After Ji Cheng", so he will go to earth in the future. " It can be seen that Fang Xiaoru's master and friends were not killed during the Yongle period, at least in the official-Ming history, there is no record that Fang Xiaoru was killed by ten families.

Also, "during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Wanli wrote a letter to rehabilitate Fang Xiaoru and presented it to the sacrifice field, and later generations of filial piety and filial piety were recovered from Huating County, Songjiang Prefecture, and they have lived in Ninghai, Zhejiang Province since then. The ancestor of this branch is Keqin Gong (filial father), which has been passed down for about 25 generations and has about 500 descendants. This matter was recorded in the Records of Ninghai County in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

According to the Records of Songjiang Prefecture, Fang Xiaoru's best friend and former minister of punishments, Wei Ze, was not killed, but took in Fang Xiaoru's nine-year-old son Fang.

Fang Xiaoru just died. After his disciples Liao Yong, Liao Ming and Wang Gan were killed in Fang Xiaoru, Fang Xiaoru's remains were secretly collected and buried in the mountain outside Jubaomen (now at the east foot of Yuhuatai outside Nanjing Zhonghua Gate).

According to the Records of Yinxian County in the Republic of China, Fang Xiaoru's eldest son moved from Cixi to Yinxian County in Wanli, and lived in Fangjia, Baiyue Township. Zhu in Cixi, Fang in Yinxian, Fang Jiucheng Zu.

There was a junior uncle in Fang Xiaoru named Fang Kejia, and his son Fu Xiao was exiled to Qingyuan (now Yishan, Guangxi) in the 25th year of Hongwu, so he was exempted from joining the army. Wan Fang, son of Xiao Fang Fu, was later released to the people.

In that case, where did the record of Fang Xiaoru being punished by ten families come from? According to my textual research, the earliest recorded works of Fang Xiaoru's ten clans were not written by ministers during Yongle period, nor were they written by literati after Emperor Renzong Xuanzong overthrew Jing Nan's judgment, but appeared for the first time in the period when Jing Nan occurred 100 years ago!

First of all, from the name of Ji Ye, we can know that this book mainly records some essays unofficial history through folk channels, and the contents recorded in it are also very consistent with unofficial history's definition. There are often immortals coming down to earth, emperors visiting incognito and so on, which have no historical value, but have a strong gossip record.

The most ridiculous thing is that Zhu Yunming said at the beginning of his book "In the Wild": "Young people are allowed to keep the knees of their ancestors at home and abroad, serve female staff for a long time, and be friends with teachers. They are full of praise and knowledgeable. Be brave if you forget. The article describes it. New reasons will exist and long-term benefits will be lost. Compared with my spare time, I learned a lot from memorizing the chest diaphragm, but I missed nine from the Internet. Still general knowledge, the department has its own strategy, no more embellishment. Confucius Gai said that "nature is wild, literature is history", so it has nothing to do with me. Small and big are mixed and wrong. Of course, death can persuade punishment, and I don't want to invade Shi Yan. "

It can be seen that the significance of his writing this book lies in "punishment can persuade", and the source of information is just the content of "guarding the knees of the two ancestors inside and outside, serving women for a long time, being friends of teachers, and listening to the theory", which has no historical value. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, in serious historical materials, such as "Guo Que" written by Tan Qian, a folk historian, there was still no record of ten Fang Xiaoru families being punished.

After the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country, records about Fang Xiaoru being punished by ten clans suddenly appeared, such as Gu Yingtai's Ming History. In this book, the image of loyal minister and dutiful son is vivid, complete and full. This man seems to be a figure in Shunzhi period, that is, a person who was relatively backward in studying Ming history during Yongzheng period. The people who slaughtered 40 million people written by Zhang are vivid and dare not inherit this man's theory.

Later, Zhao Yi, a scholar, "Du Li's poems have been handed down from generation to generation for a long time, but now they are not new", and he rudely included these ten schools in his Notes on Twenty-two Histories. Because Notes on Twenty-two Histories was widely circulated, some scholars such as Lu Xun and others were deeply influenced, so the stories of ten schools spread slowly, so that almost every book about Fang Xiaoru now records the stories of ten schools.

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Another example is the story of Tiexuan's daughter entering the Jiao Fang Division, which is very lively everywhere. According to Mao Dafang, an old minister in Wen Jian, he had no daughter at all, only a wife, who was later killed. Mao Dafang is a loyal minister of Wen Jian and a good friend of Tie Xuan. What he recorded should be more credible than alluding to the dynasty.

One of the allusions of the national dynasty: Li Xi 'an Zhai Lu. The book reads: "Shi Yang, the wife of Tiexuan, is 35 years old and sent to Jiao Fangsi; Zhang, the old first wife, was sent to the teacher at the age of 56, and later she died. Ann, the headmaster of Jiao Fang School, is playing in Fengtianmen: the law was handed over to Shangyuan County for execution, and the dog ate it. I admire this. "

There is also "Nanjing Judicial Record": "In the second year of Yongle, the director of Jiaofang wrote: Zhuo Jingnv, Yang Nuniu and Jing Liushi were sent to the revolutionary camp for rape according to the example of their wife Han. On the 11th day of the first month of the 11th year of Yongle, the workshop director played music at the right door: four women, Mrs Qi, his nephew's daughter-in-law and Huang Zicheng's sister, were guarded by more than 20 men day and night. All the young people are pregnant. Besides giving birth to a little turtle, there are three-year-old women who play with the imperial edict and obey him, or they will grow up to be sluts. Huang Zicheng's wife gave birth to a page, and now she is ten years old and works for him. "

The Record of Rewarding Punishment in Fengtian quoted Jiao Fanglu, which is similar to this record. These note stories are curious and the publicity effect is obvious. What lewd material does the dog eat? The language is fresh and vivid, but is it true?

In these stories, there is even a poem written by Tie Xuan's two daughters after they became prostitutes. Tie Xuan's eldest daughter wrote, "Jiao Fang has been exiled to wash lead China, and a piece of Chun Qing has gone out of the water. Old songs sound empty and hateful, but they are homeless when they go home. Clouds are half fragrant in the blue mirror, and rain and tears frequently play wet crimson yarn. Sima Ande Jiangzhou is here, focusing on pipa first, and then on pipa. "

After textual research, this is a poem called "The Old Prostitute Volume", written by Fan Changqi, a native of Wu. For this poem, please refer to Zhang Shizhen's Collection of National Dynasties.

At the same time, Du Qiong also has a rhyme poem titled Untitled, which is not clear. The so-called "spring rain is as deep as the sea, and willow waves are better than Ruan waves" in two women's poems is particularly neither fish nor fowl. All good things.

Besides, this system of musicians began in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and criminals' wives and daughters were musicians, which was a punishment system in ancient China. The Ming dynasty followed the traditional practice, and the wives and daughters of criminals did not enter the teaching workshop. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was "the grandson of the minister who was imprisoned by the enemy, and did not despise the people". This shows that this is a traditional system, which was not initiated by Cheng Zu, and it does not mean that he is particularly shameless.

Second, what kind of department is Jiao Fang Branch? In the notes quoted above, it seems easy for us to draw the conclusion of "brothel", but the department of teaching workshops in Ming Dynasty was actually the official department in charge of court rites and music. Ming history. "Le Yi No.37" records: "Mao ... set up the Ministry of Industry to take charge of banquets. Ambassadors, ambassadors, harmonies, left and right musicians are all musicians. Later, it was changed to Harmony Lang as a tribute. ..... and songs such as "Eating a Welcome Meal" are all entertained by Yuefu, Xiaoling and Zaju. "

The emphasis on court banquets and dramas in the Ming Dynasty certainly came from the prosperity of zaju in the Yuan Dynasty, the so-called Tang Poetry and Song Poetry Yuan Qu. Under its influence, dramas and banquets in the Ming Dynasty developed greatly. As a national organ of rites and music, Jiao Fangsi is responsible for the distribution, teaching and review of music books around the world. In the Ming Dynasty, the priests of the Rite-Music Temple ruled Jiao Fangsi, and Jiao Fangsi ruled the Tianxia Music Company and its musicians. From the capital to the vassal States and then to the local governments, a strict system of rites and music has been established, and Jiao Fangsi has officially become a ritual and music institution declared by the imperial court. (Li Shunhua: Rites, Music and Drama in the Junior Middle School of Ming Dynasty)

The main role of women in the workshop department is "female music", not prostitutes. After the evolution of later generations, the concepts of "prostitute" and "skill", "master" and "prostitute" gradually began to overlap, which made the views of later generations on the department of teaching workshops mixed with some natural elements. In fact, at that time, this "advocate" was not another "prostitute".

In the early Ming Dynasty, official prostitutes were not actually managed by the Jiao Fang department. Liu Chen's "The Founding of the People's Republic of China" records: "Taizu established the government and made it in charge of the ceremony room. This person is familiar with melody and can be a Yuefu. Civil and military officials and counselors are forbidden to enter the hospital, and only merchants are allowed to leave the hospital. "

It was not until the 19th year of Yongle that the Fule Courtyard was burnt down by fire that the official prostitute was relocated to the 16th floor, and the management of the official prostitute moved back to Jiaofang Department (Xu Zifang's theater and its evolution in the early Ming Dynasty). It can be seen that the teaching workshop department in the early years of Yongle was relatively simple, and it should only be the organ in charge of rites, music and singing in the imperial court, undertaking various banquet performances. In addition, the law prohibits "civil and military officials" from being admitted to hospital, which can not help but arouse great doubts about the statements of "changing camps to rape tenants" and "more than 20 men every day". Most scholars who study the history of traditional Chinese opera and workshop also believe that the wives and daughters of guilty ministers entered the workshop as "officials" and only sang, which was definitely humiliating at that time, especially in the history of our country for many years.

Moreover, the status of musicians in the Ming Dynasty is not as low as some people think. As usual, the famous officials of the capital were invited to perform in the palace (Jane: "Qi Yaxiu, a famous official of the capital, often went to dinner in Changling"), and Zhu Quan, the king of Ning, once proudly described the scene of "a beautiful family" acting (Taihe Pu).

Even in the early Ming Dynasty, the ranks of musicians in Jiao Fang were already huge. Judy is too idle if she has to give instructions about every woman herself. Especially in the second year of Yongle and the eleventh year of Yongle, it was not the time when Jingnan occurred. It is incredible that the emperor should still care about these things after so long. Besides, Huang Zicheng's wife gave birth to a baby. Why didn't she report it early or late? She must wait until she is ten years old.

Moreover, almost at the same time as "lewd material", there is a completely different record in "Tong Ming Jian"-"The first month of the eleventh year of Yongle ... was the month, and the enemy Chang Guowei formed a party with his ministers". Almost at the same time, did Judy write an edict to pardon "Minister Wen Jian who married the party" and at the same time approve "obeying him"? It is hard to imagine. It can be seen that the story about his wife and daughter's experience is not completely credible.

As for the story of Tie Xuan's wife and daughter, there is only one sentence in the Ming history written by the Qing people: "The prince is the emperor and will stick to it. Sitting in the middle of the court with his back turned, let him look back, but he couldn't. He went to the market. Thirty-seven Zi Fuan, guard Hechi. Father's middle name, 83 years old, mother Xue, settled in Hainan. "

After several versions, it has become a supernatural story of cutting its flesh and frying its body, and people still can't turn over in the oil pan after death. The sixth volume of the Complete Works of Lu Xun, Miscellaneous Talks after Illness, wrote, "Yu drafted Gui Ji, according to Dong collected by Mao Dafang, saying that' iron couples die'; Let's remember or say,' Two sons of iron, no daughter.' As a result, even whether Tiexuan has a daughter has become a mystery. ……"

It seems that there is one source for people who think that Tiexuan's wife and daughter are dead, and there are two sources for people who think that Tiexuan has no daughters. In the allusions to the dynasty, only Tie Xuan's wife Yang was mentioned, but he didn't mention that he had a daughter. And this young man, in Mao Dafang's Xi Dong Ji, is called Zhang.

According to textual research, Tie Xuan's descendants took refuge in Shanhaiguan in the first year of Yongle (1403), lived in seclusion in Jinzhou today, and became the ancestors of Tieshi in Shenyang. Today, the iron surname has become a famous family in Liaoning and Shenyang. Tiefu, Tiezhong, Tiekui, Tiegui, Tieyuan and other ancestors moved to Shenyang in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. There are six officials, among whom Tie Kui, Tie Gui and his son Tie Jinfan are outstanding military and political officials in the Qing Dynasty. Shenyang South Mosque, the largest mosque in Northeast China, was built by Tiekui.

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Regarding the handling of Huang Zicheng, Guo Que, who escaped tampering in the Qing Dynasty, wrote: "There are 65 people in the family, more than 400 people, and the one who keeps the marriage" (Guo Que, vol. 12, p. 854), which translates into: 65 people were arrested at home and more than 400 relatives were exiled.

Some people will say that "killing" means killing 65 people. The word "kill" does mean "kill", but it usually means punishment or arrest. In the history books of the Ming Dynasty, the usage of "fu" is strictly regulated, which is obviously different from the word "slaughter", which means beheading.

For example, when talking about the fate of Huang Zicheng, Guo Que used the word "Tu" for Huang Zicheng himself: "When Tu, Yan Xiu (the son of Huang Zicheng) returned to Beijing to collect his bones", while he used the word "sixty-five people" for Huang Zicheng's arrested family, which shows obvious differences.

In order to further illustrate the usage of the word "Fu" in the history books of the Ming Dynasty, I can also cite the example of Yuan Chonghuan. After Yuan Chonghuan was imprisoned in Chongzhen for two years, the Ministry led Zu Dashou to leave Guanningjun, and Ge Lao Sun Chengzong sent someone to chase Guanningjun, trying to persuade him to come back. "Records of Chongzhen" records that the officers and men of Ning Guan at that time replied: "The viceroy has already entered the city and killed me with a cannon, so he fled here!"

In "The Lack of Country", there is also a saying, "But the commander-in-chief has killed me, so that's it!" According to the records, the "head coach" here refers to Yuan Chonghuan, the head coach of Guanningjun. According to the fact that Yuan Chonghuan was killed in the third year of Chongzhen, Zu Dashou was arrested as soon as he left, but the history books of the Ming Dynasty have long used the word "Bo" to describe Yuan Chonghuan's experience. It can be seen that the word "Bo" really refers to arrest, not beheading.

After the Huang Zicheng family was arrested, were they killed? Probably not. First of all, if his family is killed, there should be a clear record in the history books, instead of just saying "everyone" to show arrest.

Second, today, the descendants of Huang Sheng, the eldest son of Huang Zicheng, have publicly proved that their ancestors were not killed, and he also proved that Huang Xu, the second son of Huang Zicheng, was not killed. (According to Huang Sheng21generation, Huang Xiugang has come forward publicly and produced genealogy to prove that Huang Zicheng's eldest son and second son were not killed. It is pointed out that hundreds of people in Ba Huang Village, Fan Lou Town, Fengxian County, Jiangsu Province are descendants of Huang Zicheng. )