Yuan Shikai's Birth
Before describing the history of the founding of Beiyang Army, let me introduce the resume of Yuan Shikai, who presided over the founding of the Army at that time.
Yuan Shikai is from Xiangcheng County, Henan Province. His great-uncle Yuan Jiasan (word Wuqiao, a native of Henan, an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, was awarded by the Qing court for his meritorious service in suppressing the Taiping Army and the Nian Army), and served as the former governor of grain transportation. Uncle Yuan was the gateway to Tianjin before the Qing Dynasty. His father, Yuan, was a Taoist priest in Jiangnan before the Qing Dynasty. As a noble family, Yuan Shikai took the exam in Chen Zhou and won the top ten, but unfortunately, he was rejected by the examiner. Yuan Shikai was so angry that he took money from his relative Liu Yannian and went to Tianjin's uncle Yuan Bao Xu. Through his uncle's relationship, I got to know Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili (Fu Zi, an Anhui native, an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, the founder and commander-in-chief of Huai Army and Beiyang Navy, and one of the leaders of the Westernization Movement). Li Hongzhang appreciates his beauty and wants to value him, thinking that his fame and fortune will far exceed Yuan's. Yuan Bao Xu took Yuan Shikai as a young man who had just come out from home. I don't want Li Hongzhang to give him anything, because I'm afraid it will be a mistake. Yuan Shikai is dying in Tianjinwei. If he wants to be martial, he will go to North Korea to find his old military chairman Wu Changqing (named Xiao Yuxuan, Anhui native, general of Huai Army). Wu Changqing thought Yuan Shikai was a promising young man and advised him to enter the screen. He studied under the famous Zhang Jian (Jiangsu native, scholar in late Qing Dynasty, industrialist, politician, educator and calligrapher in modern China) and Zhou Jialu (Jiangsu native, outstanding poet and historian in late Qing Dynasty), and Yuan Shikai stayed behind the scenes.
Yuan Shikai thought that he had no family background and had no hope for the future, so he turned to his uncle's good friend Zhou Fu (word Yushan, Anhui native, important member of Huai Army, actually a trader in the later period of Westernization Movement). Zhou Fu paid for him to donate a magistrate's title, and he took the post of operation (responsible for military camp administration) in Wu Changqing, and stationed in North Korea with Wu Changqing.
In North Korea, Yuan Shikai was ordered to lead troops to check ranks. When he met officers and men who violated military discipline, he was merciless and executed according to military law. Therefore, he is very trusted by Wu Changqing.
The Commercial Commissioner was in distress in North Korea and was escorted by a man with a gun, that is, Don. Yuan Shikai and Tang (word Shaochuan, Cantonese, the first prime minister of the Republic of China) fell in love after they met, became allies, helped each other and made progress together. Later, Yuan Shikai took over as Commercial Commissioner in North Korea, with Tang as his deputy.
During the Sino-Japanese War, Yuan Shikai telegraphed Li Hongzhang to send troops to North Korea, and Tang became the Commercial Commissioner in North Korea. Yuan Shikai returned to the capital and reported the military situation face to face.
After the Sino-Japanese War, Li Hongzhang retired to Xianliang Temple in Beijing, and Yuan Shikai didn't go back to North Korea, but because he heard that the Japanese were harmful to him, he stayed idle in Beijing.
Although Yuan Shikai lived an idle life in Beijing, he was not unwilling to be lonely. He often goes out and has close ties with celebrities. Yi Kuang, the prince of Quan Yaoqing (the imperial clan in the late Qing Dynasty, the iron hat king), served as his teacher, and was introduced by Hanlin Zhang to get to know Kang Youwei (Guangsha, Cantonese, a representative of the reformists in the late Qing Dynasty).
Because of Yuan Shikai's activities in Beijing, he got an official position in Wenzhou, Zhejiang. When he was about to take office, he was suddenly left behind by Wang Wenshao, the governor of Zhili (a native of Zhejiang, an important official in the late Qing Dynasty). Therefore, Yuan Shikai did not go to Zhejiang to take office, but hosted training at a small station. The soldiers he trained were the new army, the predecessor of Beiyang Army.
Small station training
After Yuan Shikai was ordered to train in a small station, he set up a new army headquarters in Nong Xin Town (the wasteland of the old Huai Army in the former Zhou Wuzhuang Department).
There are:
Its battalion is divided into left and right wings, which are long. Left-wing infantry battalion 2 and artillery battalion1; Three battalions of right-wing infantry and one battalion of cavalry make up seven battalions. Each battalion takes one person and helps one person. Step, each battalion rides four teams, three artillery teams, and each team has a team of officers; There is also a project camp, a supervisor, a helper and a team officer.
In addition, there are rating bureaus, ordnance bureaus, transshipment bureaus and westernization bureaus.
Six towns in Beiyang
When Yuan Shikai was also a minister of Beiyang (managing the trade and westernization of Zhili, Shandong and Fengtian provinces, and handling affairs such as diplomacy, coastal defense, customs duties and official military industry), he set up a training office in Beijing and organized troops in six towns. Because the Tianjin Treaty stipulates that there should be no more than 300 troops stationed in Tianjin within 20 miles, it is necessary to train in the horse factory. He reorganized the old army into patrol and road protection teams and trained them in order to maintain public order in downtown Tianjin and the Beijing-Royal Railway.
In October of the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1), Yuan Shikai was promoted from Shandong Governor to Zhili Governor. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Yuan Shikai played: "Wang Yingkai, Wang Shizhen, etc. He was appointed as a candidate for the right military camp affairs office in Wuwei, and was assigned to Zhengding, Daming and Guangping. The families of Zhaozhou, Shenzhou and Jizhou, together with local officials, selected 6,000 elite soldiers according to their families and trained separately. Soldiers must be qualified, people must be indigenous, names must be registered, and local officials must file a case for review. " After becoming an army, it was called "new training army". In May, he also reported on Beiyang's establishment and training of a standing army, saying that "all able-bodied men have been selected as standing soldiers. It is planned to create and practice a permanent military town with 12 planning battalions, 2 artillery battalions, 4 cavalry battalions, 1 engineering battalion and 1 trench battalion. When the salary is slightly better, we will add two towns and four associations, totaling 19 120 people. "
This standing army (that is, the new training army) is trained outside Dongguan, Baoding, and is divided into two wings, each with a leader. Each wing has six battalions, a total of twelve battalions. There are also two artillery battalions, four cavalry battalions, one engineering battalion and one trench battalion. Each battalion has a battalion commander. The list of commanders of each wing and battalion is as follows:
In May of the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Yuan Shikai said: "Now there is a military and political department in the provincial wall, which is divided into three parts, and each part is divided into various shares, namely, the garrison office, the staff office and the coach office. The supervision of the military and political departments is temporarily undertaken by ministers and ministers. The military garrison found that the military registration was kept straight, and Liu Yongqing was employed, and he was worthy of being the general manager. The academic affairs office thinks that the county magistrate Duan has been retained and the appointment as general manager is well deserved. According to the Academic Affairs Office, the county magistrate Feng was appointed as the general manager. The rest are full-time and everything is fixed. "
The above three generals' offices are all playing with schools. In addition, there are battalion headquarters, grain bureau, ordnance bureau and military medical bureau.
The training department was established, and the Beiyang Military and Political Department was changed to the Superintendent Training Department. Wang Shizhen transferred the inspector training office to the General Staff. At the end of Guangxu (1908), Wang Yingkai and Tian Wenlie successively served as the general staff. Since then, training institutes have been set up in all provinces (Tang, Jin Bangping, Yuan and others have all participated in training institutes, but their memories are incomplete).
Six towns in Beiyang have been reorganized and established one after another. The establishment process and official names are as follows:
The first town (Feng Jingen Army) is located in Beijing. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), the imperial edict said: "Now the Eight Banners are selecting soldiers, and we should try to send 3,000 people to Yuan Shikai for serious training." Yuan Shikai invited Tie Liang, a bachelor of cabinet (Chen Bao, Murcha, one of the main members of Zongshe Party in the late Qing Dynasty, who once competed with Yuan Shikai for Beiyang military power) as the commander of the Beijing Banner Training Wing, and also invited him to name this flag soldier "Beijing Banner Standing Army". In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the first town was built in June.
The second town (Zhili army, that is, the newly trained army) is located in Yongping Prefecture of Zhili and the nearby Shanhaiguan area. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Yuan Shikai played: In Zhengding, 8,000 indigenous able-bodied men were selected, divided into six battalions on the left and right wings, three battalions on the artillery team and three battalions on the cavalry team for new training; Wang Shizhen is on the left and Wang Yingkai is on the right. In May of that year, Yuan Shikai played: "Set a new salary stamp according to the camp system, build a town and practice a standing army. As soon as this autumn and next spring, the salary will be slightly abundant, and a town will be added to train soldiers and gather soldiers, and it will be named two towns. "
The third town (Feng Jingen Army) is located in Baoding Prefecture and Fengtian Jinzhou Prefecture. In March of the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), Xuantong returned to Beijing in October of the 3rd year (19 1 1). In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907) in January, the Ministry of War said: "The three military towns were established in Guangxu, and the authorities immediately formed them hastily, so they had no time to recruit indigenous people, because they were recruited in Shandong, Henan, Anhui and other provinces outside Zhili Province."
The fourth town is located in the racecourse and station area near Tianjin. In May of the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), Yuan Shikai played: "Today, Beijing battalions have been reorganized into the fourth town of the Army, which is located in Nanyuan area. This army department will be organized from battalions in various towns (for example, the first battalion of cavalry will be transferred from the third town). "
The fifth town (Feng Jingen Army), the vanguard of Wuwei Right Army, is located in Jinan and wei county. In March of the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Yuan Shikai played: check the existing battalions in Shandong Province, first cut and adjust 20 battalions respectively, and imitate the original left military camp system in Wuwei, and plan to train the recruits of 20 battalions. The imperial edict said: "This army is called' the vanguard of Wuwei Right Army'." In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the training department played: there was a vanguard of Wuwei right army in Zhadong, and Yuan Shikai edited and practiced in the East. According to the new chapter, it is planned to train 60% to 70% of the army into a town. After the compilation, it was named the fifth town.
The sixth town (Xinjian Army, composed of Wuwei Right Army and Nanyang Self-improvement Army) was stationed in the palace, divided into Nanyuan and seaside areas, and then moved to Baoding. In the Revolution of 1911, Wu Luzhen led the No.1 12 Association to Shijiazhuang, and the No.11Association was organized into the No.21Mixed Association, and Chun Li led the fight in Hankou. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the training division played: Wu Weijun was sent to patrol the area around Gyeonggi, and thousands of people of this army stayed in the palace to guard the ban. It is planned to mobilize troops to station in Nanyuan, so that Nanyang can strengthen itself with 2,000 people in new chapters and towns. Yuan Shikai plays the role of "Ma Bu" artillery regiment of Cha Jiangnan Self-improvement Army, which is composed of eleven battalions, self-adjusted and supported by Ji Fu. After training, 2,000 troops were approved in last year1February, and 7,000 troops of Wuwei Right Army were reorganized in Beiyang Six Towns. 3 1 year, the sixth town was named.