Writing background
Childhood is the first part of Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy. As early as 65438+1990s, Gorky had the idea of writing biographies. From 1908 to 19 10, Lenin visited Gorky's apartment in Capri, Italy, and Gorky told him about his childhood and teenage life more than once. On one occasion, Lenin said to Gorky, "You should write everything out, old friend, you must write it out! All this is very educational and excellent! " Gorky said, "One day, I will write it ..." Soon, he fulfilled this promise.
Gorky truly described his miserable childhood in this book, reflecting some typical characteristics of social life at that time, especially vividly describing the customs of Russian petty bourgeoisie. It not only exposes those "lead scandals", but also depicts many outstanding ordinary people around the author, among which the image of grandmother is one of the most glorious and poetic images in Russian literature. It is these ordinary people who have given the young Gorky a good influence, so that he has developed a character that does not bend his knees to ugly phenomena and has become a strong and kind person through exercise.
Content essence
Gorky lost his father at the age of 4 and his mother at the age of 10. After that, he became a great writer of the Soviet Union through his own efforts and struggles. The autobiography trilogy was written with Lenin's encouragement. They are both independent and interrelated, artistically reappearing the three stages of the protagonist Alesha's growth process, truly and profoundly reflecting the life of the Russian people at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, and reflecting the vulgarity, selfishness and emptiness of ordinary citizens.
Childhood is the first part of this trilogy, which tells the story of Gorky's childhood when his father was lost and his mother remarried. He lived with his grumpy grandparents in a small dyehouse. Through the innocent eyes of a child, this book vividly shows the life of the people at the bottom of Russian society in the middle of the19th century, and depicts the ugly and ignorant life style of many ordinary citizens in society at that time and Russian folk customs such as religion and funeral. These memories of Gorky are helpful for us to understand the style of tsarist Russia and the social environment of Gorky's childhood.
Little Alicia's childhood life is "an indescribable rich, colorful and bizarre life" and "like a tragic fairy tale beautifully told by a kind and extremely honest genius". In the process of describing childhood life, almost every great event that happened to Alesha will arouse his consciousness, which is manifested in his works. Every story is followed by a sentence or a paragraph of Alesha's philosophical language. In Gorky's works, Alesha's life is the life of some talented people from the lower classes, and their works reflect the process of their character formation and consciousness growth.
This book is not only rigorous in artistic structure, but also excellent in characterization. The novel focuses on three characters: Alesha, grandfather and grandmother.
Status influence
Childhood is a unique autobiography. Different from most autobiographies, it doesn't take heroes as images to create portraits. It is more like a long and colorful oil painting, which restores a period of life of an era and a family. In this life, there have been many protagonists. Beauty and ugliness stand in front of readers at the same time, impacting their hearts, and we have to hold back our excitement again and again and continue reading. This great magical appeal is an artistic effect praised by many critics, and some western critics even think that Childhood is Gorky's most outstanding work. Childhood, with its unique artistic form, profound ideological content and unique artistic characteristics, occupies an important position in the history of Russian and Soviet literature and even the world literature, and has unparalleled artistic value.
Introduction to Gorky
Gorky (1868- 1936) is a great Russian proletarian writer, "the greatest representative of proletarian art" (in Leninist), the founder of socialist and realistic literature, the mentor of proletarian revolutionary literature and the founder of Soviet literature. Formerly known as Alexei? Macsimovici? Peter Skov was born in 1868 in Gorky Road, Nizhny Novgorky, Russia.
His father is a carpenter. He lost his father in his early years and lived in his grandfather's house, which ran a small dye house. 1 1 years old began to make a living independently, and spent his childhood and adolescence at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary early experiences are vividly described in his famous autobiography trilogy. The suffering of the world and the bitterness of life have honed his fighting spirit; In addition to heavy work, he also studies hard by himself. The experience and profound understanding of the painful life of the people at the bottom of society has become an inexhaustible source of his creation. 1892 with maxim? Under the pen name Gorky (meaning the greatest pain), he published his first novel, McArdle? Cudla. Among Gorky's early works, the most famous romantic short stories "Old Lady Izgil" and "Song of the Eagle" and the representative work "Cerca Shi" describing the life of vagrants were published in 1895. 1899, Gorky completed his first novel, Fuma? Gore deyev. 190 1 year, Gorky was arrested for participating in a demonstration in Petersburg. The famous prose poem Haiyan was written after he participated in this demonstration. He used this passionate revolutionary prose to meet the revolutionary storm of the proletariat in the 20th century. In the same year, he wrote his first play Ordinary Citizen, and his outstanding achievement was to create the image of the first revolutionary proletariat (revolutionary worker Neil) in the history of world literature. 1902, he wrote "At the Bottom", which is a summary of the author's observation on the life of the homeless in the past 20 years and a masterpiece of Gorky's drama. Gorky joined the revolutionary movement as a soldier during the high revolutionary situation in 1905, and his residence became one of the strongholds of the armed uprising in Moscow in 1905. 1906, Gorky's best masterpiece Mother was published. In the history of world literature, it is an epoch-making masterpiece and opens up a new historical period of proletarian literature. In the same year, he wrote a drama "The Enemy" about American workers' riots, which was one of Gorky's best plays. 1906- 19 13 years, Gorky lived in Italy and became a political exile because of the persecution of the czar government. 1in the spring of 907, attended the fifth congress of Russian social democratic labor party held in London. Since then, he and Lenin have established close ties and profound friendship. During the period1911913, I wrote the story collection Italian Fairy Tales. Gorky wrote Childhood, the first part of the autobiographical trilogy, on 19 13. Gorky returned to the motherland in 19 13, presided over the literary column of Pravda, and engaged in cultural organizations and literary activities. 19 16 published the second autobiographical trilogy "On Earth"; The third book My University was published in 1922. After the victory of the October Revolution, 1925 published the novel The Cause of the Aldamonov Family. 1925- 1936 wrote the epic "Kerim? The Life of Samgin is Gorky's last masterpiece, and this epic is one of Gorky's most outstanding artistic achievements. 1934, the first Soviet writers' congress was held under the auspices of Gorky, and Gorky was elected as the chairman of the Soviet writers' association.
magnum opus
Mother: It depicts the magnificent revolutionary struggle of the proletariat and the touching images of Barville, an employee of * * *, and the revolutionary mother Nelovna. It is recognized as a brand-new foundation work of socialist realism literature in the history of world literature.
The autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University";
Childhood reflects the years when Aletha, the little hero, lived with his mother at his grandfather's house after his father died. In the meantime, he was loved and cared for by his grandmother, influenced by the beautiful fairy tales told by her, and witnessed the quarrel and struggle between two uncles for family property, as well as the selfishness and greed shown in the trivial matters of life. This kind of love and hate between good and evil in real life left a deep impression on his young mind. Aletha spent his childhood in this "suffocating terrible world".
On Earth is the second part of Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy. At the age of Alisha 1 1, her mother died unfortunately and her grandfather went bankrupt. He couldn't continue to live in his patron's house, so he went to the society and made a living independently. He was an apprentice in a shoe store and an icon workshop, and also worked as a handyman in a painter's house and on a boat, and suffered a lot in the world. While washing dishes on a boat, Aletha got to know the honest chef smalley and started reading with his help, which inspired his determination to pursue justice and truth. Five years later, alessa is going to Kazan with the hope of entering the university.
My University is the last part of Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy. The work tells the life of Alisha in Kazan. /kloc-left his hometown at the age of 0/6 and went to Kazan to go to college. After his dream was shattered, he had to run for survival. Living in a "complex", selling coolies, contacting fellow travelers, interacting with all kinds of ordinary citizens and intellectuals, and entering a vast social university.
In this university, he experienced a complicated road of spiritual development, endured many tests of life, and made a preliminary exploration of the meaning of life and the complexity of the world.
Gorky "is the representative of the' bottom' and a proletarian writer"; "His life is the unity of the masses, and all the joys and sorrows are connected." .
-Lu Xun: See Volume 7 of Complete Works of Lu Xun, People's Literature Publishing House, 1982.