The Great Wall of Wan Li starts from Shanhaiguan in Hebei Province in the east and ends at Jiayuguan in Gansu Province in the west. It spans seven provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, including Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Gansu, with a winding distance of 6,700 kilometers and an area of about10.3 million Li, so it is called the "Great Wall of Wan Li". When people mention the Great Wall, they often associate it with Qin Shihuang. In fact, during the Warring States period before the Qin Dynasty, many vassal states such as Yan, Zhao, Wei, Qin and Han were building the Great Wall to defend each other. Later, after Qin Shihuang unified the "six countries", it took more than ten years to connect the Great Wall built by various vassal countries and expand it on a large scale, making it the majestic Great Wall of Wan Li, which can also be said to be a major military defense measure after Qin Shihuang's reunification. But in many dynasties after the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall continued to be built until the Ming Dynasty. It can be said that the great project of Wan Li Great Wall was finally completed at the end of Ming Dynasty, forming the scale and appearance of the Great Wall today.
The great Chinese nation has experienced 5000 years of civilization. On the ancient land of China, hardworking, brave and wise people of all ethnic groups, together with Emperor Yanhuang, opened up a vast territory, jointly created a unified multi-ethnic country and jointly developed a long and splendid Chinese culture. A heavy history of China is the history of the birth, development, blending and joint creation of a unified country by all ethnic groups in China. The elements to measure the Central Plains culture prepared the conditions for the unification of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty established the system of "running provinces", and now Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other ethnic areas are under the jurisdiction of running provinces. Zheng Xuan Institute was established to directly manage Tibet, and Penghu Inspection Department was established to manage Penghu and Taiwan Province Province. At the same time, the chieftain system was established in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Kang and other ethnic areas, which strengthened the central government's jurisdiction over the border areas. In particular, the Yuan Dynasty brought the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau into the territory directly under the Central Plains Dynasty for the first time, which played a vital role in the formation and development of multi-ethnic unified China. The territory of the Ming dynasty once included the scope of 18 provinces in the mainland today. Northeast China reached the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and Wudi River basin in the early years, and later changed to Liaohe River basin. In the early years, the area around the Xilamulun River in the north was changed to the Great Wall today; Northwest to Hami, Xinjiang, and later changed to Jiayuguan; It has also set up detention centers in northeastern China, eastern Xinjiang and Tibet. During the reign of Cheng Zu in Ming Dynasty, he even conquered and ruled Annan (now Vietnam) for a short time. After the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty, national unity was further consolidated and developed. In the north, Mongolia's Monan Mongolia, Mobei Kharka Mongolia and Moxi Elut Mongolia were unified successively. In Xinjiang and Tibet, a series of rebellions, such as Junggar rebellion, big rebellion and small rebellion, have been put down successively, and the unity of Xinjiang and Tibet has been maintained and consolidated. At the same time, in order to resist the aggression of Russia, the management of minority areas in Heilongjiang River Basin was strengthened. 1840 after the opium war, the western powers opened the door of China from the coast with strong ships and guns, and then extended the claws of aggression to the frontier ethnic areas of China. Facing the crisis of national subjugation and extinction, the destinies of people of all ethnic groups in China are closely linked. The process of western powers turning China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country is also a process in which people of all ethnic groups in China share the same enemy, resist foreign aggression, strive for national independence and peaceful liberation, and safeguard national unity and territorial integrity. During the First Opium War, the soldiers and civilians of the Han, Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan, Qiang, Yi and Tujia nationalities went to the front to fight together. During the Second Opium War, Manchu-Han defenders and Mongolian cavalry in Dagubao, Tianjin, made a head-on attack on the British and French allied forces. In the Battle of Longtushan and the Battle of Gyangze, Tibetan soldiers and civilians effectively attacked the British invaders. During the Sino-French War, the people of Zhuang and Yi nationalities fought back resolutely against the French invasion of southwest China. People of Manchu, Han, Daur, Ewenki, Hezhen and other nationalities in Northeast China and people of Uygur, Kirgiz, Hui and Mongolia in Northwest China fought resolutely against Russian and other aggressors. With the strong support of compatriots of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, the Qing army led by Zuo quickly repelled the aggression of Akuta, a big Central Asian country, and recovered Xinjiang. After the Revolution of 1911, 19 12 established the "Republic of China", which officially became the name of China. 1949 10 10/when the new China was founded, it was named "People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC)" or "China" for short.
Chinese culture
China sages are called the ancestors of mankind-Xuanyuan Huangdi and Shennong Yan Di; China silkworm god-Lei Zu (female); Hou Ji, the pioneer of farming civilization; Cang Xie, the pioneer of writing civilization; Wine saint-Du Kang (Ruyang, Henan); The founder of Chinese civilization-Huangdi Yan Di Yu Xia; Fa Sheng-Shang Yang (Puyang, Henan); Daosheng-Laozi (Lu Yi, Henan); Confucian sage-Confucius (Qufu, Shandong); Sun Wu (Guangrao, Shandong Province); Shang Sheng-Fan Li (Nanyang, Henan); Shang Shen-Bai Gui (Luoyang, Henan); God of War-Xiang Yu (Suqian, Jiangsu); Seeking the Holy-Sean (Xinzheng, Henan); Shi Sheng-Sima Qian (Hancheng, Shaanxi); Kesheng-Mozi (Tengzhou, Shandong) and Zhang Heng (Nanyang, Henan); Mu Sheng-Lu Ban (Tengzhou, Shandong) and Ma Jun (Xingping, Shaanxi); Medical sage-Zhang Zhongjing (Nanyang, Henan); Imperial doctor-Hua Tuo (Bozhou, Anhui); Vu Thang-Guan Yu (Yuncheng, Shanxi) and Zhao Yun (Zhengding South, Hebei) in ancient times, and Huo Yuanjia (Cangzhou, Hebei) in modern times; Zhisheng-Zhuge Liang (Linyi, Shandong); The book sage-Wang Xizhi (Linyi, Shandong); Wang Yao-Sun Simiao (Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province) and Li Shizhen (Huanggang, Hubei Province); Painters-Yan (Xi, Shaanxi) and Wu Daozi (Yuzhou, Henan); Cao Sheng-Zhang Xu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) Huaisu (Lingling County, Hunan Province); Cha Sheng-Lu Yu (Tianmen, Hubei); Poet-Li Bai (Jiangyou, Sichuan); Poet Saint-Du Fu (Gongyi, Henan); Wang Changling (Taiyuan, Shanxi); Poet-Liu Yuxi (Xuzhou, Jiangsu); Poet Magic-Bai Juyi (Weinan, Shaanxi); Chess Saint-Nie Weiping (named after 1988 in Shenxian County, Hebei Province); Three great men (people leaders) revolutionary pioneers in the 20th century-Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan, Guangdong), Mao Zedong (Shaoshan, Hunan) and Deng Xiaoping (Guang 'an, Sichuan); Veteran: He Ziyuan (veteran of the Revolution of 1911); Premier: Zhou Enlai (Huai 'an, Jiangsu); Father of hybrid rice-Yuan Longping (Dean, Jiangxi); The father of Chinese missiles-Qian Xuesen (Hangzhou, Zhejiang); The father of China radar-Hsin P. Soh (Yangzhou, Jiangsu); China hit two founding fathers-Deng Jiaxian (Huaining, Anhui); Famous geologist-Li Siguang (Huanggang, Hubei); Zhan Tianyou, the father of China's railway and China's modern engineering (Nanhai, Guangdong); Famous mathematicians-Hua (Jintan, Jiangsu), outstanding scientists-Qian Sanqiang (Huzhou, Zhejiang), Qian Weichang (Wuxi, Jiangsu), Mao Yisheng, Zhan Tianyou, Zhu Kezhen, etc.); Modern famous painters Qi Baishi, Xu Beihong, Zhang Daqian, Lin Fengmian, Shi Tao, Liu Xiaodong, Wu Guanzhong, Long, etc. Modern famous musicians include Nie Er, Xian Xinghai and A Bing.
3. The long history of the motherland.
1. The establishment and development of New China and the victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.
2. Great diplomatic achievements have broken the isolation between China and western countries.
3. The return of Hong Kong and Macao
In recent years, with the development of space industry, shenzhou spaceship has successively launched and manned.
The technology is becoming more and more mature.
5. Economic and military development and the improvement of people's living standards.
6. Qinghai-Tibet Railway, South-to-North Water Diversion Project, West-to-East Gas Transmission Project, West-to-East Power Transmission Project, etc.
7. There are also China's accession to the WTO, its successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games, and its outstanding achievements in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games and the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.
China is an ancient civilization with a long history and great changes. Although our country has a long history, everyone has an unforgettable experience in his heart. The destruction of opium in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and Humen, the September 18th Incident and the July 7th Incident are all vivid. But the history of our country also has a bright side.
It was the ancients who invented Chinese characters. Long ago, the ancients could not write or take notes. Someone figured out a way to tie a knot, but it was too much trouble. A man named Cang Xie invented Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Those poets and writers are indispensable in the cultural history of our country. Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing the Zero Ding Yang" is an eternal quatrain; Meng Jiao's Ode to a Wanderer praised the great mother. Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night expresses his homesickness. And those famous writers. Sima Qian's "Historical Records" was called by Lu Xun as "a masterpiece of historians, and Li Sao has no rhyme"; Sun Wu's The Art of War is a treasure in the classical cultural heritage. Confucius' Book of Rites is an important book of laws and regulations in ancient China.
Treaty of nanking 1842 UK
main content
1. Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain
2. Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.
3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports.
4. The tariff rate levied by China Customs on goods imported and exported by British businessmen should be agreed with the British side.
affect
1. China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
2. The main contradiction is the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class.
It has become a contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the people.
3. The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation has become the most important contradiction.
4. Since then, the people of China have shouldered the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule.
5. China entered the period of old democratic revolution.
Five-port Trade Charter and Humen Treaty 1844 Britain
main content
Consular jurisdiction, unilateral MFN treatment and the detention of leased land and houses in trading ports were all taken from it.
Wang Xia Huangpu Treaty 1844 US-France
main content
Get more positive rights and interests
Treaty of Tianjin 1858 Russia, the United States, Britain and France
main content
1. Foreign Minister accredited to Beijing
2. There are 10 commercial ports along the coast.
3. Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port.
Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in Chinese mainland.
5. The Qing government compensated Britain and France for 2 million taels of silver each, and British businessmen for 2 million taels of silver.
Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia
main content
1. The Qing government recognized the validity of the Tianjin Treaty.
2. Tianjin is open for trade.
3. Allocate part of Kowloon Division to Britain.
4. The reparations to Britain and France increased to 8 million taels each.
The Joint Influence of Tianjin Clause and Beijing Treaty
The Qing government began to be controlled by foreign powers, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded to suppress the resistance of the people of China.
The semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree of China has deepened.
Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia
By 19 in the 1980s, it occupied more than10.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest of China.
Treaty of shimonoseki1April 895.
main content
1. Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan.
2. Compensation for Japanese military expenditure of 200 million taels of silver.
3. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail into these ports along inland rivers.
4. Japanese can invest and set up factories in China's trading ports, and the products are sold in the mainland of China without domestic tax.
affect
1. China's territory and sovereignty suffered heavy losses again.
2. From then on, imperialism scrambled to carve up its sphere of influence in China and set off a frenzy to carve up China.
3. Forcing the Qing government to borrow heavily from the big powers.
4. After the opening of the port, foreign aggression forces further infiltrated into the mainland of China.
Allowing Japan to invest and set up factories in China has expanded the channels for Japan to export capital to China and seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.
6. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
Treaty of Love and Ugliness1901September Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria
main content
1. The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver from various countries and paid it off in 39 years, with a total principal and interest of 980 million taels.
2. The compensation is guaranteed by China's customs duties and salt taxes, and China's tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent.
3. Establish an "embassy circle" in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing. During his term of office, China people are not allowed to live, and troops are stationed in various places for protection.
4. Dismantle the battery from Beijing to Dagu, and allow countries to send troops to strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.
5. Severely punish officials who "opposed" foreign powers in the Boxer Rebellion, and forever prohibit China people from establishing and joining various anti-imperialist organizations.
6. Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries.
affect
Such an embassy circle became the occupied land of the great powers in the capital of China.
The Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China and suppress the people.
The powers can strengthen their control over the Qing government through diplomatic channels.
1. Looking back at history, the Chinese nation has created glory and humiliation, but it is a great nation that cannot be bullied and is unwilling to lag behind. At that time, Napoleon compared China to "the sleeping lion in the East"; Today, westerners think that China is a "flying dragon". Looking forward to the future, we have every reason to believe that the Chinese nation will create more glories with high spirits in the new century and realize the century dream of reunifying the motherland and rejuvenating the Chinese nation.
First of all, building socialism with China characteristics is the correct way to revitalize China. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the party's second-generation leading collective with Deng Xiaoping at the core has adhered to the Marxist ideological line of "emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts", correctly understood the international situation, scientifically grasped the national conditions of China, made efforts to explore the development law of socialist construction, and gradually embarked on a development path that conforms to the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism and China's national conditions. Through practical exploration and practice, the party's basic line was finally established, that is, under the leadership of China, leading and uniting the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, focusing on economic construction, persisting in reform and opening up, adhering to the Four Cardinal Principles, self-reliance and hard work, and striving to build China into a prosperous, strong, democratic and civilized socialist country. This is a summary of China's scientific experience in more than 20 years of reform and opening up. As long as we adhere to this basic line, the country will be strong and the nation will be revitalized. Since then, under the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the people of the whole country have concentrated on socialist modernization, economic construction has developed rapidly, and comprehensive national strength and people's living standards have improved rapidly. The problem of food and clothing for 654.38+0.25 billion people has been basically solved, and some areas have taken the lead in entering a well-off life. By 1998, China's comprehensive national strength has jumped to the seventh place in the world, and the output of steel, coal and textiles has jumped to the first place in the world. Great progress has also been made in national defense, education, culture, sports, medicine and health. 1999 The grand National Day military parade and mass parade once again showed the world the heroic spirit and grace of a great nation marching into the new century, and demonstrated the strong cohesion and enterprising spirit of the Chinese nation. As descendants of the Chinese people, they are all proud of it and moved by it. This is a great nation with a long history of 5,000 years and splendid culture. It is a country where hundreds of millions of people work together. History has proved that no force can stop the people of China from advancing courageously, and the Chinese nation will surely create national glory along the road of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Secondly, since the founding of New China more than 50 years ago, especially since the reform and opening up more than 20 years ago, we have not only established an increasingly powerful country and created a new situation in socialist modernization, but also boldly went abroad, made extensive contacts and exchanges with the world and became international relations. An important force for maintaining peace and justice on the stage, in many international affairs, it is impossible to achieve a satisfactory solution without China's participation, which has been confirmed in international diplomatic activities in recent years. As some people of insight in the West have said, in today's world, no one or any country can ignore China, and any attempt to bypass China and rely on a few countries to solve international problems will be difficult to succeed. The party's third-generation collective leadership with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core holds high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, always adheres to an independent foreign policy of peace, and resolutely advocates the establishment and development of friendly and cooperative relations between countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, showing the world a civilized, polite, principled and flexible China. By the beginning of 1999, China had established diplomatic relations with 16 1 countries and regions in the world, which played an increasingly decisive role in international affairs and won us a relatively peaceful and peaceful construction environment. We firmly believe that the Chinese nation is and will create greater glories in the new century.
To sum up, today's China is not yesterday's China, and tomorrow's China will be better. Entering the new century, the Chinese nation is like a lion rising, a dragon soaring and full of vitality. Let us unite closely around the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core, hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and jointly create a more brilliant new China.
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