He believes that most repressed desires belong to sex, and sexual disorder is the root of mental illness. From 65438 to 0897, he made a difficult self-analysis and put forward Oedipus complex, that is, the emotional tendency of hating his father and Oedipus. Freud's "sex" is broad, and he thinks that all sensitive parts of the body belong to the sexual sensory area. He is the author of Interpretation of Dreams, Psychopathology of Daily Life, Introduction to Psychoanalysis, Introduction to New Psychoanalysis, etc.
The youngest daughter, anna Floyd, later became a famous psychologist. But the youngest daughter doesn't support her father's point of view on some issues.
all one's life
Sigmund freud was born in freiberg on 1856. The city is now located in Moravia province of Czech Republic, which was then part of the Austrian Empire. When he was four years old, his family moved to Vienna, where he spent almost his life. Freud was an excellent student when he was a student. 188 1 year received a medical degree from Vienna university. For the next ten years, he practiced medicine in a psychiatric clinic, personally treated neuropathy and devoted himself to physiological research. He worked with the distinguished psychiatrist Jean Chaco in Paris. He also works with Vienna medical expert Joseph Brewer.
Freud's psychological thought developed gradually. It was not until 1895 that he published his first paper, Hysterism. His second monograph, The Interpretation of Dreams, published in 1900, is one of his most creative and meaningful works. Although this book was very unsalable at first, it greatly improved his reputation, and his other important works came out one after another. Freud 1908 made a series of speeches in the United States, when he was already a celebrity. 1902, he organized a psychological research group in Vienna, and alfred adler was one of the earliest members. A few years later, carl jung joined the ranks, and both of them later became world-famous psychologists.
Freud was married and had six children. He suffered from jaw cancer in his later years. Since 1932, he has had more than 30 operations to relieve the root of the disease. Nevertheless, he continued to work and wrote some important works. The Nazis invaded Austria in 1938. Because Freud was a Jew, he fled to London regardless of his 82-year-old age, and died of cancer on March 23rd, 1939.
Freud's contribution to psychology is so great that it is difficult to summarize it in short words. He emphasized that the unconscious thinking process in human behavior is extremely important. He proved how this process affects the content of dreams and leads to common misfortunes, such as slip of the tongue, forgetting people's names, accidents leading to injuries and even diseases.
Freud invented psychoanalysis to treat mental illness. He systematically expounded the theory of human personality structure, and also developed and popularized some psychological theories, such as anxiety, defense function, castration, inhibition, sublimation, etc., which are not listed here. His works have greatly aroused people's interest in psychology, and many of his views have caused great controversy in the past and now, and they have caused fierce debate since the day he put forward them.
Freud is best known around the world, perhaps because he put forward the theory that restrained sex often leads to mental illness or neuropathy (in fact, this theory was not founded by Freud, although his works have made many contributions to popularizing this theory). He also pointed out that sex and libido began in early childhood, not adulthood.
Because many of Freud's theories are still controversial, it is difficult to estimate his position in history. He has an outstanding talent for creating new theories, and is a pioneer and guide. But Freud's theory is different from Darwin's and Pasteur's, and it has never been generally recognized in the scientific community, so it is hard to say what percentage of his theory will eventually be considered correct.
Although Freud's theory has been debated, he is still worthy of being an extremely great figure in the history of human thought. His psychological views have completely changed our concept of human thought, and his concepts and terms are widely used ── for example, ID, ego, superego, Oedipus complex and death impulse.
Psychoanalysis is actually a very expensive treatment, so it is often ineffective. But there are also many successful cases that should be attributed to this method, which is beyond doubt. Future psychologists are likely to come to the conclusion that the role of repressed sex is smaller than many Freudian scholars think, but it is definitely greater than most psychologists think before Freud. Similarly, most psychologists are now convinced that the unconscious thinking process plays a decisive role in human behavior-this role was greatly underestimated before Freud.
Freud was certainly not the founder of psychology. In the long run, people may think that his theory as a psychologist is not correct; But he is obviously the most influential and important figure in the development of modern psychology.
Freud's true colors
In the Yearbook of Psychology, no one can be praised or criticized like Sigmund Freud, who is regarded as a great scientist, a school leader and a liar who engages in pseudoscience. His admirers and critics all agree that his influence on psychology, psychotherapy and the way westerners look at themselves is much greater than anyone else in the history of science; To others, it seems that they are talking about different people and different knowledge systems.
Philip Reeve, a sociologist and Freudian, said in 1959 that "the greatness of this man is beyond doubt, which makes his thoughts even greater", and his works "may be the most important ideological system incorporated into his works in the 20th century".
However, a few years later, Eric Heller, a famous scholar and professor of humanities, said in the literary supplement of The Times that Freud was one of the over-hyped figures of our time. Sir Peter Medawar, the Nobel Prize winner, called psychoanalytic theory "the most amazing knowledge scam of this century". Paul Lu Sen, a political scientist, believes that Freud is "undoubtedly one of the greatest psychologists in history" and "a great thinker". Theologian paul tillich thinks that he is "the most profound of all profound psychologists". However, British scholar Thornton collected some evidence. According to her own opinion, she can prove that "there is no important hypothesis of' depth consciousness' (Freud's), and his theory is groundless and absurd", saying that he compiled these theories under the influence of cocaine toxicity and that he is "a hypocritical and unbelieving prophet".
Freud's admirers, including his recent biographer and historian Peter Gai Yi, regard him as a fearless man and a brave guardian of truth. Those who maliciously vilify him regard him as a psychopath and an ambitious person, trying to sensationalize himself by publishing sensational theories. However, Jeffrey Mei Sen, an outstanding scholar, claimed that Freud actually made an important discovery, which he didn't tell because it would harm his career. The discovery is that mental illness is the result of an adult (usually a father) sexually abusing his children. Most psychological historians attribute a long list of influential discoveries to Freud, the most famous of which is the unconscious discovery of primitive movement. However, Frank Soloway, a historian of science, has an incisive comment that Freud's concept is to a great extent a "creative paraphrase" of some existing viewpoints in neurology and biology, and Henry Ehrenberg, a scholar, also took pains to suggest that Freud's unconscious discovery of primitive movement was only to clarify some circulating viewpoints put forward by his predecessors or contemporaries and give them a clear appearance.
Freud had the same opinion of himself as most of his biographers. He is an outsider-a Jew who was isolated in anti-Semitic Vienna-bravely and fearlessly fought against conservative medicine, hoping that his discovery would benefit the humanitarian spirit. His critics say that he exaggerated the anti-Semitic atmosphere around him, trying to look like a brave hero, and, in any case, many of his ideas came from his friend William Fries, but he kept them for himself.
With so many different opinions, which one should we adopt? However, let's look at it again. What do we say to a person is a series of contradictions? His theory about human nature is extremely intense. He is also a tough atheist. Except in his early years, he was a conservative in politics. He adopted a very enlightened academic attitude on sexual desire, but he is also a model of etiquette and a person who adopts a sexual abstinence attitude. He claimed that he had relieved his mental troubles through famous psychoanalysis, but he suffered from certain mental symptoms all his life, including migraine, urinary tract and large intestine problems, almost morbid aversion to telephone, frequent fainting tendency when extremely nervous individuals were depressed, and almost morbid fascination with cigars. He smokes 20 cigarettes a day, even though he has cancer on his palate. He doesn't like Vienna, and he has never joined the local coffee drinkers, but he can't make up his mind to leave this place and find another more suitable place. It was not until 1938 that the Nazis occupied Austria that he moved to London.
Sometimes, he is a desperate egoist. He compared himself to Copernicus and Darwin, and said to a person who praised his later works, "This is my worst book, written by an old man. The real Freud was a great man. " At other times, he seems very modest. In his later years, he wrote in Autobiographical Research:
Then look back on the chores I have done in my life, and I can say that I have done a lot of groundbreaking work and put forward many suggestions. Something will be born from it in the future, but I can't say whether it is big or small myself. However, I can express a hope that I have opened a channel along which our knowledge will make great progress.
He lives in a loving family, surrounded by many faithful believers, but he fought with his closest friends and followers for many years. At the age of seventy, he wrote sadly: Many people can't count on my love. I didn't make them happy, didn't provide them with a comfortable life, and didn't edify them. These are not my original intentions, I just want to explore, solve some mysteries and uncover some truths.
In photos, Freud always has a serious face and a heavy expression-impeccably dressed, neatly dressed, solemn and unsmiling-however, his own works and memoirs written by people who know him prove that he is an extremely witty person, who likes to tell interesting stories and bring psychological views into it. Here is an example of his study of humor, the relationship between jokes and unconsciousness:
If (a doctor) asks a young patient if he has anything to do with masturbation, the answer must be: "O, na, nie! (German:' Oh, no, never'-but in German, onanie means "masturbation". " )