Liu Yong lived in Bianjing in his early years, lingered in Gelou Restaurant and wrote many gorgeous words describing geisha. His vulgar style of writing was despised by literati, which affected his official career and made him ostracized. He didn't take the imperial examination until middle age. Since then, he has worked in various parties and served as a junior official in various places.
Liu Yong used popular slow words, not limited to the poems commonly used by literati, which expanded the form and vision of Song Ci. His ci mainly describes the love between men and women, which is frank and vivid, outspoken and does not avoid spoken English. He was good at blending feelings into scenes and using narrative techniques, which influenced the later works of poets such as Su Shi and Zhou Bangyan, and later popular literature also greatly praised Liu Yong's position. Liu Yong's anthology is a collection of movements, with more than 200 words, which has made great contributions to the development of Song Ci.
all one's life
Liu Yong was a famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. After Liu lived in Hedong, he was born into an official family. His father, Liu Yi, and his five uncles were all officials in the Southern Tang Dynasty or the Song Dynasty, and his brothers, Liu Sanfu and Liu Sanjie, both had academic fame. When Liu Yong was young, he spent time in Bianjing. He liked to hang around in geisha restaurants and wrote lyrics for geisha and wine girls. He is very talented in music, proficient in melody and romance, and often writes lyrics for pop songs at the request of workshop musicians.
If a geisha gets Liu Yong to write lyrics for her, she will be worth ten times, so she gave Liu Yong property to write lyrics, which may become Liu Yong's main income at that time. Liu Ci was once sung in the palace, such as "inverted cup song" praising the prosperous enjoyment of Beijing Lantern Festival, and was sung in the palace for a period of time. When Liu Yong failed in the exam, he wrote down the word "He" to express his resentment and contempt for officials and literati: "A gifted scholar is born in white, so he changed his name to shallow singing", and regarded himself as a poor apology, preferring not to leave his name. Crane to Heaven is a grievance to the last scholar, but it was sung by the last scholar for a while, but it offended the emperor Song Renzong.
In the next imperial examination, Song Renzong deliberately failed Liu Yong, saying, "Why should we be superficial when we sing shallowly?" . Liu Yongduo wrote lyrics for prostitutes and drunkards, which was considered by the scholar-officials to be inferior in character and obscene and vulgar in words, which was rejected by the scholar-officials and affected his official career.
In the first year of Jing You (1034), 48-year-old Liu Yong finally passed the imperial examination and was appointed as the promotion officer of Zhou Mu Yingyong. After more than a month, the term of office did not expire. Lu Wei, a well-known person in Zhou Mu, is going to give him a promotion and report the matter to the court, which has aroused criticism from public opinion. As a result, Guo advised that Liu Yong had not performed and was not promoted. In fact, when Liu Yong was a local official, he practiced good governance and won the love of the people. Footprints all over Zhou Mu, Xiaofeng, Yuhang, Lingtai, Sizhou, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Huiji, Jianning, Chang 'an and Chengdu.
He used to be the salt supervisor of Xiaofeng Salt Field in Dinghai County, and served as Yuhang Order during the reign of Jing You (1034- 1038), with good political achievements and was deeply loved by the people. In addition, he has served as a writer and a doctor. Liu Yong repeatedly asked for a promotion, and even asked eunuchs to recommend him, to no avail. He once recommended himself to the Prime Minister Yan Shu, but was ridiculed as vulgar. Someone recommended Liu Yong's talent and asked him to be promoted. Song Renzong said: "Do you have to write lyrics to change the 36 th?" ..... and fill in the lyrics. "
Liu Yong's career is always bumpy. He signed the lyrics and wrote "Liu Sanbian's lyrics in order" to show his rebellious heart. Liu Yong once wrote a poem "Drunken Penglai", praising the emperor and dedicating it to Song Renzong, hoping to be used. However, some words in the poem offended Song Renzong, and Song Renzong threw them on the ground. Since then, Liu Yong has never been used again. He worked as a small official, with little income, unsatisfactory official career, and his talent has not been displayed, and he has been wandering in a humble official position; After I was frustrated, I was addicted to geisha and wine girls. During Emperor Yangdi's reign (1049- 1054), he worked as a Yuan Wailang in wasteland, but he did not move for a long time and finally died in Runzhou, Jiangsu.
Liu Ci was very popular in the Song Dynasty. It is said that "if there is a well to drink, you can recite Liu Ci". According to legend, after Liu Yong's death, geisha would pay their respects to his grave every year. The collection of works is called "The Collection of Movements", which has 9 volumes in the Southern Song Dynasty, and this book has been lost today. The existing ancient books include Famous Poets in Song Dynasty compiled by Jin Mao in Ming Dynasty, Qiangcun Series compiled by Zhu Xiaocang in Qing Dynasty, and 265,438+02 Liu Ci collected by Tang Guizhang in Song Dynasty in 65,438+0965.
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Present situation and evaluation
Liu Yong is a representative poet of the graceful school of Song Ci, which deserves attention in the development history of Song Ci. He contributed a lot to the development of Ci, wrote many new songs, completed the form of slow Ci, expanded the theme, and introduced folk literature techniques and oral vocabulary. He is the pioneer of the long word Slow Words. In the aspect of slow words, he developed the form of words and was the first person to deliberately temper slow words. Before Liu Yong, literati seldom filled in slow words, and the tone of words was mostly short and pithy, while Liu Yong used a lot of long and popular slow words.
Liu Yong's two major contributions to the ci world are the use of "protagonist" and the injection of lyric elements in narrative lyric. From the content point of view, Liu Yong's Youshi Ci has a pioneering role in the development history of Ci. At that time, the literati did not use words to express their arms and aspirations. Liu Yong expanded the words of parting lovesickness since the Five Dynasties. First, he wrote about the feelings of parting lovesickness, expressing it directly in a male tone instead of a female tone, which was true and realistic, and profoundly expressed the feelings of men and women, especially the love psychology of men, in an unprecedented way.
affect
Liu Yong is the organizer of slow words, which has a great influence on later poets. Liu Yong first described the vast Guansai landscape he traveled, and it was not limited to the boudoir garden pavilion. First, he wrote his feelings in his own language, vivid and true, not attacking. He also began to formally express his personal will in the words of imprisonment and service. Liu Yong's expansion in these aspects inspired and influenced Su Shi later, and also inspired Su Shi's early ci works, such as Basheng Ganzhou, and influenced Su Shi's slow ci Qinyuanchun.
The broad scenes and rich syllables of Su Ci are due to the prevailing Liu Ci at that time. It's just that Liu Ci often returns to the description of tenderness, while Su Ci is always in the broad and vigorous heroic spirit. Liu Ci emphasized the hierarchical expansion of metrical structure and the mutual foil of scenes, which had a great influence on the creation of long tunes in the late Northern Song Dynasty, especially on the description of Zhou Bangyan Ci. Some scholars believe that Zhou Bangyan's Ci inherited Liu's Ci. In Liu Yong's farewell poems, he often imagines the situation after the other party leaves. Later, influenced by Liu Ci, Zhou Bangyan also used the same technique.
Liu Yong's nostalgic slow ci is the most representative, successful and influential word in the history of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia was influenced by Liu Yong's Twin. Both words are boating on the Yangtze River, remembering historical events and the ancients. Finally, they end with feelings about personnel changes, suggesting the author's own loneliness. Xin Qiji's Han Gong Chun, Penglai Pavilion Listening to the Rain and Wu Wenying's Basheng Ganzhou Gusutai and Shi Yun Yin Yun both inherited the structure of Liu Yong's Twin. Liu Yong also introduced the theme of chanting things into the creation of slow ci. The theme of chanting poems has not been valued by poets. Due to Liu Yong's efforts, the slow words of chanting poems became popular.
Liu Yong's overall image is a prodigal son, a singer's lover, and a screenwriter of later operas and popular novels. They all regard Liu Yong as a representative of the popular literature tradition and think that he dares to violate the tradition and has a rebellious spirit. Among the literati of past dynasties, Liu Yong has the highest position in popular literature.
Guan Hanqing's zaju Qian Zhichong Xie Tianxiang in Yuan Dynasty was based on Liu Ci. Ye Luo's Record of Flowers and Songs, Hong Yun's Poems and Wine Playing on the River Floor, Feng Menglong's Posting Liu Qi and many other note novels are all born out of Liu Yong's Magnolia couplet. Liu Yong's landscape ci also inspired the description of nature in Yuan and Ming operas.