Zhou Enlai (Zhou Enlai1898.3.5-1976.1.8), Prime Minister of the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC) (1954, formerly known as the Government Council),1June 1958, former foreign minister, and former vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. One of the founders and main leaders of new China's diplomatic career. Originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang, I was born in Huai 'an, Jiangsu. 19 17 graduated from Nankai school in Tianjin, and then went to Japan and France to study. 1922 * * Joined China. After returning to China from 65438 to 0924, he served as the director of the political department of Huangpu Military Academy. After the failure of the Great Revolution, he led the Shanghai Workers' Armed Uprising and Nanchang Uprising successively. 1928 was elected as the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau (PSC) at the First Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 193 1 At the end of the year, he entered Jiangxi, Fujian and other central revolutionary base areas, and successively served as secretary of the Soviet Central Bureau and vice chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. 1934 participated in the Long March and supported Mao Zedong's correct proposition at Zunyi meeting. 1936 Xi incident, the plenipotentiary of the Chinese Communist Party negotiated with Chiang Kai-shek, forcing Chiang Kai-shek to accept the anti-Japanese proposition. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he successively took part in the leadership work of the Changjiang Bureau and the Nanfang Bureau of the Communist Party of China, represented the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the long-term United front work in the Kuomintang-ruled areas, and extensively carried out propaganda and unity work for international friendly people. 1945 was elected member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and secretary of the Secretariat at the first plenary session of the Seventh Central Committee in the Communist Party of China (CPC). After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he led the CPC delegation to negotiate with the Kuomintang. After Chiang Kai-shek launched a full-scale civil war, he helped Mao Zedong organize and command the war of liberation and won it. Long before the founding of New China, he was a major player in China's diplomatic work. He presided over the drafting of the Common Program of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, which stipulated the basic principles of the new China diplomacy in legal form for the first time. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he created different ways of establishing diplomatic relations at different levels according to the different attitudes of various countries to the issue of Taiwan Province Province, such as full diplomatic relations, "semi-diplomatic relations", "no diplomatic relations for the time being" and only diplomatic relations. 1950 In February, he went to Moscow to help Mao Zedong negotiate with Stalin and concluded the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance. In June of the same year, he participated in the strategic decision to resist US aggression and aid Korea. 165438+ 10 In June, the United Nations was forced to allow the special representative of the government of China to attend the United Nations Security Council, accusing the United States of armed aggression against Taiwan Province Province, the territory of China. From July 195 1 year to July 1953, he directly led the Korean armistice negotiations and the signing of the armistice agreement. 195 1 put forward the policy of building a foreign affairs team, that is, "stand firm, master policies, be familiar with business and strictly observe discipline". 1952 at the first meeting of diplomatic envoys in new China, according to Mao Zedong's decision-making thought, six foreign policies were put forward, such as "starting from a new stove, leaning to one side, cleaning the house before inviting guests, exchanging courtesy, exchanging needed goods and uniting people all over the world". After the Korean armistice, it vigorously pursued a foreign policy of peace. 1953 When receiving the Indian delegation in China in February, it first put forward the five principles of "mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence", which were later written into the preface of the Sino-Indian Agreement on Trade and Transportation between Tibet and China. 1954 During his visit to India and Myanmar, he and the Prime Ministers of the two countries jointly advocated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as the universal norms of international relations. 1in April, 954, he led a delegation from China to attend the Geneva conference, and negotiated with relevant parties in the spirit of seeking truth from facts, the strategy of the international United front and the idea of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, which prompted the conference to solve the Indo-zhina issue and gained international recognition for the independence of North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. From April 65438 to April 0955, he led the China delegation to attend the Asian-African Conference, further expounded the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, put forward the policy of seeking common ground while reserving differences, participated in the formulation of the Ten Principles of Bandung, and made many new friends in Asian and African countries. After the Asian-African Conference, the guiding ideology, specific policies and principles for solving the border problems and the dual nationality of overseas Chinese were formulated in person, which properly solved the border problems with many neighboring countries and the dual nationality of overseas Chinese, and stabilized the surrounding environment of China. 1956 after the polish-Hungarian incident, Zhou Enlai visited the Soviet union, Poland and Hungary in June 1957 to correct the Soviet union's mistakes in socialist country relations, promote the unity of socialist countries, and clearly pointed out that socialist country relations should also be based on the five principles of peaceful coexistence. From the end of 1956 to the beginning of 1964, he visited 28 countries, including Egypt, Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali and Pakistan, and put forward five principles of China's relations with Asian and African countries and eight principles of China's foreign aid, emphasizing that aid should be provided on the principles of equality and mutual benefit and respect for the sovereignty of the recipient countries, without any political conditions attached; In establishing and developing relations with developed capitalist countries, the policy of differential treatment is put forward: for Japan, the policy of "people-oriented, people promoting officials" is put forward to develop relations between the two countries from the development of non-governmental exchanges; For Britain and the Netherlands, diplomatic relations are only established at the agency level; For France, the combination of principle and flexibility made France the first western power to establish complete diplomatic relations with China in June 1964+0; For the United States, while resolutely opposing its policy of aggression and interference, it advocated sitting down for negotiations, directly led the Sino-US ambassadorial talks held in Geneva from 1958 to 1970 and then in Warsaw, and maintained the channels of contact between the two sides. 1969, he seized the opportunity of the United States to adjust its China policy, made a strategic decision to jointly open Sino-US relations with Mao Zedong, and directly led and presided over the "ping-pong diplomacy" in 197 1, and received several secret visits to China by Kissinger, assistant to the President of the United States for national security affairs. 1972, President Nixon officially visited China. For the Soviet Union, on the one hand, we resolutely oppose its attempt to interfere in and control China, on the other hand, we try our best to prevent the situation from deteriorating. 1969, we met with kosygin, chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, at the Beijing airport, which eased the tension on the border between the two countries. During the "Cultural Revolution", we resolutely ruled out the serious interference of Lin Biao and Chiang Ching Group in diplomatic work, and tried our best to correct the ultra-left mistakes, make up for the losses and recover the influence in practical work. Zhou Enlai is good at combining diplomatic theory with diplomatic practice, combining the firmness of principle with the flexibility of strategy, and combining internationally recognized diplomatic norms and means with China's excellent tradition and philosophy, thus forming his own diplomatic thought and style. The main works are included in the first and second volumes of Selected Works of Zhou Enlai. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), major diplomatic works and speeches were included in Selected Works of Zhou Enlai's Diplomacy (see Zhou Enlai's Diplomatic Thoughts).