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Urgent! ! ! ! Details of Han Fei
1. Han Fei, also known as Han Feizi (about 280 BC-233 BC), was a Korean at the end of the Warring States Period [now Yuzhou City, Henan Province] and was one of the sons of the Korean royal family. According to Historical Records, Han Fei was good at "learning the art of accusation" and was a student of Xunzi with Li Si in Qin Dynasty. Han Fei is not good at words because of stuttering, but his article is outstanding, and even Reese sighs. His works are many, mainly included in the book Han Feizi. Han Fei was a materialist philosopher and a master of legalism at the end of the Warring States Period.

Han Fei witnessed the poverty and weakness of South Korea at the end of the Warring States Period, and wrote to the king of South Korea many times, hoping to change the situation that there was no rule of law in the country at that time, but his ideas were never adopted. Han Fei thinks this is "an upright minister who can't tolerate evil." He retired from the book and wrote works such as Lonely Anger, Five Mistakes, Internal and External Existence, Talking about the Forest and Talking about Difficulties. ,100000 words.

Han Fei's book spread to Qin, and was appreciated by Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. Ying Zheng threatened to send troops to attack South Korea, forcing Wang Han to let Han Fei work for him in Qin. Han Fei was highly valued in Qin State, which caused the envy of Reese in Qin Dynasty. Reese and Yao Jia framed Han Fei in front of the King of Qin, and finally put him in prison because he was a Korean imperial clan, and finally forced him to commit suicide.

Although Han Fei died, he committed suicide in Yunyang (now northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province). But his thoughts were put into practice in the hands of Li Si, the first Qin Emperor. Han Fei's works absorbed some viewpoints of Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism, with the rule of law as the core. He summed up the experience of early legalists and formed a political and ideological system with law as the center and integrating law, technique and potential, and was called the master of legalists.

Han Fei emphatically summarized the thoughts of Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao, and integrated Shang Yang's method, Shen Buhai's technique and Shen Dao's tendency into a book. He praised Shang Yang and Shen Buhai, and pointed out that the biggest shortcoming of Shen Shangxue's theory was that it did not combine law with technique. Secondly, the second major shortcoming of Shen Shang's theory is "unfinished", "Shen Zi didn't finish his art and Shang Jun didn't finish his method". (Han Fei Zi Ding Fa) According to his own point of view, Han Fei discussed the content of techniques and the relationship between them. He believes that the governance of the country requires that the monarch should mainly make good use of power, and at the same time his subordinates must abide by the law. Compared with Shen Buhai, Han Fei's "skill" is mainly developed in the aspect of "knowing traitors by skill". In his view, the monarch should not trust his deputy too much, and should also "examine the names of criminals". In terms of law, Han Fei particularly emphasized the ideas of "stopping punishment with punishment" and "severe punishment" and "severe punishment".

What is particularly commendable is that Han Fei clearly put forward the idea that "law is not expensive" for the first time, arguing that "punishment cannot be exempted from officials, and goodness cannot be left behind." This is a great contribution to China's legal thought, which has a positive impact on eliminating aristocratic privilege and maintaining legal dignity.

Han Fei believes that law and technology alone are not enough, but also "potential" as a guarantee. "Potential" means power and political power. He appreciated what Shen Dao said, "Yao can't rule three people for one man, but Jie can mess up the world for the son of heaven" (Difficult Man), and put forward that "law enforcement is the rule, and the law is broken" (Difficult Man).

All Han Fei's theories originated from Xunzi's "theory of evil nature" and the political purpose of establishing a feudal centralized and autocratic country. He believes that the relationship between people is the relationship of interests, and people's psychology is "fear punishment and reward" ("second in command"). The duty of a gentleman is to use "punishment" and "virtue" to make people fear power and return to interests.

Han Fei's thought of rule of law adapted to the needs of a certain historical development stage in China, and played a certain theoretical guiding role in the establishment of feudal centralization in China.

Reforming the rule of law and strengthening the country is an important content of Han Fei's thought. He inherited Shang Yang's ideological tradition of "ruling the world differently and ruling the country illegally", and put forward the viewpoint of "repairing the past unexpectedly", arguing that "the world is different" and "things are different". ("Five moths")

Han Fei analyzed human history from the historical perspective of evolution. He divided human history into ancient times, ancient times and modern times, and then explained that different times have different problems and solutions. People who want to govern this world in the old way are all "factory protectors".

Han Fei's view of evolutionary history was progressive at that time. He saw the development of human history and analyzed the past, present and future of human society from this angle.

Han Fei linked social phenomena with economic conditions, which was extremely rare at that time. Han Fei had a preliminary understanding of the relationship between economic and social chaos control and noticed the relationship between population growth and wealth. He was the first thinker in the history of China who suggested that "more people and less money" would bring social problems.

Han Fei opposes the theory of destiny and advocates the unity of man and nature. He believes that "Tao" is the foundation of the occurrence and development of all things, and "Tao" is inherent. Only with the Tao can all things be created. "The sky is high, the ground is hidden, the fighting is strong, and the sun and the moon remain unchanged." "Things in space depend on it." Han Fei also put forward the philosophical concept of "reason" for the first time in the history of China philosophy, and discussed its relationship with "Tao". He believes that "Tao can accomplish everything, and reason can accomplish things." (Xie Lao) In Han Fei's view, "reason" is a special law of things, and people should respect objective laws when doing things.

Han Fei's epistemology inherited the tradition of materialism in pre-Qin philosophy. His opposition to "transcendental knowledge" and "assertion by experience" occupies an important page in the history of China's philosophy.

Han Fei opposes the view of "foreknowledge". The so-called "transcendental knowledge" is transcendentalism. Han Fei advocates "be quiet after being empty" and gain knowledge by observing things rather than speculating.

Han Fei put forward a famous topic, "Distinguish right from wrong by name, and judge by experience" ("Rape and Killing a King"). "Participation" means comparative research, and "inspection" means testing with action. Han Fei believes that it is a sign of ignorance to stick to yourself without "experience"; It is self-deception to do something you are not sure about. Therefore, he advocated that "the official of the wise master, the prime minister must start from the state department, and the fierce generals must be sent to death." ("Xian Xue").

There are many dialectical factors in Han Fei's thought. Seeing that things are constantly changing, it is pointed out that "the theorem has survival, life and death, and ups and downs." "It is not normal for a thing to survive and die, to die first and live first, to flourish first and then decline." He put forward the concept of "contradiction" for the first time in the history of China's philosophy. The story of spear and shield told by him still inspires people to analyze problems and express their thoughts.

Han Fei's political thoughts played a positive role in promoting the feudal unification of China. His philosophical thoughts include mutual materialism and dialectics, which opened up people's thoughts. Han Fei deserves to be a great thinker in the history of China.

Han Feizi is a collection of Han Fei's major works, with 55 articles,100000 words. Among them, the style of writing is severe and sharp, concise and sharp, and contains rich fables, which is unique in the prose of pre-Qin philosophers.

Gu Zhun's evaluation of him.

"Teaching the people to plow and fight, and enriching Qiang Bing" is a positive contribution of Legalists, because in history, there was a great internal confrontation between the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty.

Unification and territorial expansion benefited from this, but Han Fei did not make any contribution to it. "You break the law, subaltern.

Sin ",as well as the abolition of the aristocracy, the implementation of level 20, etc. Is to make everyone equal except the absolute monarch.

It has its positive side, and Han Fei has made no contribution to it. In the "magic potential",

Han Fei's contribution lies in both technique and potential, perhaps his creation and invention, and his technique is the monarch's technique of making full use of potential.

Much better than Shen Buhai's skill. So his contribution seems to be nothing more than: (1) the sinister and cruel subjugation of the monarch.

Art; (2) The monarch has the right to preach unlimited indulgence. Both of them played an active role in the arsenal of Legalists.

The thing that has the least effect and the greatest negative impact. Legalists have been attacked as despicable and ungrateful for two thousand years, with the goal first.

It's Han Fei. Therefore, from the standpoint of Legalism, Han Fei is also a black sheep. Said he was a "master",

We must resolutely oppose Shang Yang and Li Kui going underground.

Han Fei was killed by Reese.

Two.

Later generations collected Han Fei's posthumous works and joined other people's articles on Han Fei's theory to compile a book. Han Feizi focuses on promoting the rule of law theory of combining illegality, technology and power in South Korea. Han Fei's theory of combining "law", "skill" and "potential" reached the peak of the pre-Qin legalist theory, which provided a theoretical weapon for the Qin Dynasty to unify the six countries and also provided a theoretical basis for the later feudal autocratic system.

Han Fei's simple dialectical thought is also outstanding. He first put forward the theory of contradiction, using the fable story of spear and shield to illustrate the truth that "indestructible shield and indestructible spear cannot coexist" It is worth mentioning that the book Han Feizi records a large number of fables, among which the most famous ones are Contradictions, Waiting for the Rabbit, Medical Taboos, Cramming, and Old Horse Knowing the Way. These vivid fables contain profound philosophies, which give people wisdom and enlightenment with their perfect combination of ideology and artistry, and have high literary value.

Han Feizi lived in the 3rd century BC and was a royal family in South Korea at the end of the Warring States Period. He stutters, but he is good at writing books.

In the era when Han Feizi lived, South Korea's national strength was weakening. Out of patriotism, he wrote to the King of South Korea many times, suggesting political reform, and advocating that the rulers should take Qiang Bing as an important task. But the king didn't adopt it. Therefore, according to the historical experience and lessons of governing the country and the real social situation, he wrote more than 100,000 words of political essays such as Wu Zhu, Lonely Anger, Story at Home and Abroad, Lin Shu and Difficulties, and compiled them into a book Han Feizi. His paper was neglected in North Korea, but it spread to the powerful country of Qin at that time, and was very popular with Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang sent troops to attack South Korea, and the king of South Korea sent Han Fei to Qin for peace. Qin Shihuang left him for reuse. Li Si, then prime minister of Qin State, was a classmate of Han Feizi. Knowing that Han Feizi's talent was higher than his, he slandered Qin Shihuang and framed him out of jealousy. Qin Shihuang listened to rumors, put Han Feizi in prison and poisoned him.

Han Feizi's main work, Han Feizi, is the work of pre-Qin legalists. This book consists of 55 articles with more than 100,000 words, most of which are Han Fei's own works. At that time, Confucianism and Mohism were the representatives of China's ideological circle, and advocated "king before law" and "restoring ancient ways". Han Feizi's legalist theory resolutely opposes retro and advocates adapting to the times. Han Feizi criticized Confucianism, which advocated "benevolence" and the rule of law, and put forward four policies: heavy reward, heavy punishment, heavy agriculture and heavy war. Han Feizi advocated divine right. Since the Qin Dynasty, the totalitarian rule of feudal absolutism in China has been established, and Han Feizi's theory is quite influential.

Han Feizi's article is rigorous in reasoning, sharp in writing, thorough in discussion, well-founded and to the point. For example, in the article Zheng Wu, there are as many as 47 ways to analyze the demise of a country, which is really rare. The two articles "Difficult to Speak" and "Difficult to Speak" try to figure out the speaker's psychology and how to avoid congenial feelings and nuance.

Han Feizi's articles are ingenious in conception, bold in description, humorous in language and plain in beauty, which has the artistic effect of intriguing and warning the world. Han Feizi is also good at using a large number of simple fables and rich historical knowledge as argumentation materials to expound abstract truth and vividly reflect his legalist thought and his profound understanding of social life. Many fables in his articles have become well-known idioms and allusions because of their rich connotations and vivid stories, and have been widely used by people so far.