If you are really an expert in Nurhachi, it is easy to locate Nurhachi. However, Yan Chongnian made a big mistake in positioning and historical facts, and he didn't know how to change it. In the article Why I Value Nurhachi (see Beijing Evening News on June 2), he made new mistakes again and again. Ridiculous beyond belief!
Yan Chongnian deliberately raised Nurhachi, and his position was much higher than that of the other eleven emperors. Even Kang, Yong and Gan san huang can't compare with each other, only giving Nurhachi the title of "great statesman and strategist". He also evaluated his greatest contribution and summed up the "Ten Merits", even the two "Great Emperors" Kangxi and Qianlong were far behind! Now, let's take a look at what the "Ten Merits" formulated by Yan Chongnian are.
"Unifying the Northeast" is one of Nurhachi's "Ten Achievements". Yan Chongnian quoted a piece of historical data as proof: "From the northeast coast to the northwest coast, the land of dogs and deer, the land of black foxes and minks, the custom of farming, fishing and hunting for a living, the Elut tribe and even the source of rivers are all far away, and now they are all in submission." Frankly speaking, this is a mistake in principle. Anyone who knows a little about the pre-Qin history knows that Nurhachi only unified half of the Northeast in his life, and it was not until the death of Huang Taiji that he basically "unified the whole Northeast" (there are still four cities left, or Ming Shou)! Yan Chongnian claimed to have studied Nurhachi for decades, but he made such a big mistake. Who believes him? What's more, the above quotation, originally contained in Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty (Volume 6 1, page 30), is a passage in which Huang Taiji paid tribute to his father Nurhachi in the seventh year of Chongde (1642), summarizing his achievements in ruling and finally unifying the Northeast by 16. Incidentally, in the first year of Chongde, Huang Taiji appointed Maile Zhang Jing (renamed Deputy Commander-in-Chief after entering the customs) to guard Ningguta (Ning 'an, Heilongjiang) and take charge of the territory of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins. The Qing Dynasty was formally established in Heilongjiang, starting from here. But Yan Chongnian didn't know the historical truth, but he transplanted what Huang Taiji said and his achievements to Nurhachi cheaply! Originally, Nurhachi did not unify the Northeast, and this passage imposed on Nurhachi was purely arrogant and became nonsense! Speaking of which, it's not over. He further developed and said: "If there is no Nurhachi to unify the Northeast, it is really hard to predict who will occupy the territory of the Northeast after Russia's eastward expedition, Japan's southward expedition and the struggle of the powers." This is also true, but the point is that the wrong person: the merits that originally belonged to Huang Taiji were imposed on Nurhachi. Excuse me: Why do you want to reverse historical facts and tamper with history at will?
In Zheng Shuo, Nurhachi listed three achievements: unifying the ministries of Jurchen, promoting the formation of Manchu language, and formulating Manchu characters, which is actually the formation of Manchu language. Only by unifying the ministries of Jurchen, reuniting and creating new characters can a new national community-Manchuria be established. In other words, the formation of Manchu Dynasty is only the inevitable result of the unification of various parts of Jurchen. Without its unification, there would be no Manchu. The two are mutually causal and inseparable. Yan Chongnian just broke one thing down into three pieces to make up "Ten Great Achievements".
There is no need to talk about "merit" such as "establishing the post-Jin regime", "formulating aid policies to Mongolia", "enriching military experience" and "moving the capital to Shenyang"! Because these are similar to the deeds of entrepreneurs in previous dynasties, Nurhachi is nothing special. Let's see which entrepreneurial emperor in history did not establish political power or capital. Moving the capital is also a common occurrence. For example, Yuan Taizu and Yuan Shizu moved their capitals several times and finally settled in Dadu. Ming Chengzu moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and the capitals of Liao and Jin also moved the capital again and again. They make their own national policies to guide them to success! These must-do things need not be regarded as "achievements". If moving the capital is the credit, Dourgen decided to move the capital to Beijing not under Nurhachi. Only "talking straight" takes this kind of thing too seriously and says it incorrectly. Nothing more than deliberately raising Nurhachi!
As for Nurhachi's "Establishment of the Eight Banners System", just like the "Mon 'an Mok System" founded by Jurchen in the former Jin Dynasty, it is a social organization system integrating national military and political affairs, which has played a great role under specific historical conditions. This system was originally created by Nurhachi, and only the Manchu Eight Banners and Mongolian Banners were compiled. After all, it is a grassroots creation with many shortcomings. It was Huang Taiji who really perfected and finalized the Eight Banners system. He added the Eight Banners of the Han Army and the Eight Banners of Mongolia, which is a further creation of the Eight Banners system. The extension of this system to Inner Mongolia is beyond Nurhachi's power. Yan Chongnian attributed the establishment of the Eight Banners system to Nurhachi, but also lost the historical truth.
Among Yan Chongnian's "Ten Historical Achievements", Nurhachi's "Promoting Social Reform" is of the greatest significance to social progress. In Yan's view, Nurhachi "founded Bach's national political system", that is, "aristocratic Republic"; Economically, granting land as planned, arranging farms as planned, and transforming slave farms into feudal farms are all "social reforms" that were not like that in those days. If we say that within the Jurchen (Manchu) society, founding the country and establishing the system should be regarded as a great progress in the development of Jurchen society. However, he brought the above systems and practices to the developed agricultural areas where the Han people live in concentrated communities in Liaodong, but actually pulled Liaodong society backwards.
The so-called "aristocratic Republic" undoubtedly retains the remnants of the original military democracy, which can be regarded as a stage of the development of Jurchen (Manchu) society. However, entering the developed and advanced Liaodong area is still an advanced system, which is not primitive and backward compared with the Ming system.
The so-called "land grant plan" does not really implement "land equalization". After Nuerhachi entered Liaodong, he first gave the barren land in this area to the Eight Banners Manchu nobles and their foot soldiers stationed in this area, as well as a large number of Han Chinese captured in the war. One of them was a slave in the Manchu nobles' home, and the other served them in his manor, Tokso. Even the Qing people admitted: "In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, people floating from Liaoning and Shenyang were called slaves of Manchu ministers." They got a piece of land in the name of Cheng Ding, but the ownership belongs to their owner. Of course, it is also stipulated to give land to "beggars and monks", but it cannot change the serfdom nature of "planning to grant land" In a word, it broke the feudal land possession relationship of the Ming Dynasty in Liaodong after the war, and the land was reoccupied by Manchu princes and serf owners, which had no social reform significance.
The so-called "Zhili Village" stipulates that Manchu and Han people live together in one place and eat, live and plow together. With the implementation of the "three links", the Manchus got the support of the Han people, and the Han people were bullied and directly exploited by the Manchus in the "three links". Another form is to organize the Han people into Tuokesuo (manor), and organize every 13 Han people into a village, and divide some cattle and cultivated land. In addition to their own food, the other part will pay official tax. If this system is implemented, it will benefit the Han people. But that is not the point. Nurhachi distributed all these manors to full officials according to their grades. For example, every official has a manor. The higher the rank, the more estates he got. The Han people who merged into this village became their slaves when they came of age. Because of slavery, a large number of Zhuang Ding fled. This proves an irrefutable fact: after Nurhachi entered Liaoshen, the policy of national slavery was as follows: According to Records of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty, the Manchu minister bluntly said: "Yesterday, Emperor Taizu (Nurhachi) slaughtered the Han people and raised Manchuria." Even Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty said, "China soldiers have always harassed Liaodong people." An advanced Liaodong area, with such a backward system, is it "promoting social reform"? Yan Chongnian said: Nurhachi formulated a "national reconciliation policy". Look at the facts, where is the "reconciliation"? In his later years, the ethnic contradictions in Nurhachi were sharp, and the Han people rebelled everywhere, so the national situation was in jeopardy.
The real social reform in Liaodong is by no means Nurhachi, but Huang Taiji who inherited his sweat! As soon as he ascended the throne, he drastically reformed his father's shortcomings and backward system. According to Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Taiji advocated that "Manchuria, Mongolia and Han people should be regarded as one", with Manchu and Han people living together and Han people standing on their own feet and being managed by Han officials; Restore the identity of Han slaves as "civilian households" and make them household registration. Thanks to the Han official's massive absorption of Han and Mongolian into the post-Jin (Qing) regime, the Han army and the Eight Banners of Mongolia continued to be established, which completely changed the single Jurchen (Manchu) regime established by his father and became a unified multi-ethnic regime. Another example is to change the official system, change the system, set up six departments according to the Ming system, abolish the "aristocratic Republic" and implement a centralized monarchy. A series of reforms by Huang taiji fundamentally eliminated the social crisis in Nurhachi's later years and led the Qing regime onto the road of vigorous development.
Yan Chongnian's lack of serious textual research and textual research on historical facts, confusion between right and wrong and even mistakes are all praised as Nurhachi's "achievements". The "Top Ten Achievements" listed just add up, so why not tell the readers the historical truth! This does not affect Nurhachi's historical orientation at all. I am by no means denying Nurhachi. Is it too low to put Qiannurhachi in the position of pioneer and founder because of the three major events he has done in his life? The author racked his brains, regardless of right or wrong, and even counted the actual activities of others such as Huang Taiji on Nurhachi. As pointed out before, what Huang Taiji said became the language of Nurhachi! It is by no means the work of a historian!
Yan Chongnian's historical orientation of Nurhachi has far deviated from Nurhachi's own historical truth and greatly lost the seriousness and scientificity of historiography. As a scholar, I also lost my due style of study and history.
Yan Chongnian wrote: "After the death of Jin, the various departments of the Jurchen were constantly arguing, bullying the weak, and the public was violent and widowed ..." Before the war in Nuerhachi, the Jurchen had not been unified for "three hundred years" (the third page of the Truth). This passage is from the records of Emperor Wu of the Qing Dynasty. The original text is: Jurchen: "All ministries claim to be kings and strive for hegemony, killing each other, even eating each other's flesh and blood, with distinct strengths and weaknesses, and many are violent." Historical records clearly tell people that this passage is a true summary of Nuzhen's social situation on the eve of Nuerhachi's departure. But the author divides it into "after the death of Jin Dynasty" and "three hundred years since Yuan and Ming Dynasties", which is the case in Jurchen society. This is a complete misunderstanding. The fact is, after Jin was destroyed by Yuan, the Jurchen nationality was greatly destroyed and weakened. The other jurchen are scattered in the northeast, unable to resist Yuan's internal disputes. In other words, it is impossible to form a group force. Under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, according to the ethnic classification, the Jurchen nationality was classified as "Han nationality", and its status was lower than that of the Mongols and Semu people, and it was more controlled and oppressed than other ethnic groups. By the Ming Dynasty, the situation had improved, and the leaders of various ministries of Jurchen were constantly recruited and given official positions, which gradually flourished. From the Yuan Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, after 200 years of silence, Jurchen gradually recovered the vitality of the nation and began to enter the historical stage. It was not until Nurhachi was born and started fighting with him that the Jurchen society appeared the situation of killing each other as mentioned above. Unfortunately, Yan Chongnian even made a mistake on this common sense issue, and made an incorrect explanation for the evolution of Jurchen society.
When explaining Nurhachi's "policy of comforting Mongolia", Yan Chongnian wrote: "He used policies such as flag-making, marriage, alliance, reward, hunting, relief, pilgrimage, re-education, etc." The author attributed Nurhachi's policy towards Mongolia gradually implemented in the Qing Dynasty. But the facts deny the author's nonsense. The Manchu-Mongolian marriage began in Nurhachi, and established a military-political alliance with some Mongolian tribes. Nurhachi, as a "protector", worked with them to deal with Li Gedan Khan of Chahar Department. Mongolia, such as Horqin Department allied with Nurhachi, did not really establish the relationship between monarch and minister as it did later. When I arrived at Huang taiji, I began to establish this affiliation. It is also a great event for Huang Taiji to compile flags for various departments in Inner Mongolia according to the Eight Banners system. Nurhachi didn't make an "alliance", but in the 25th year of Kangxi (1686), in order to solve the problem of Kharka Mongolia, anil, the minister of the Military Academy, was sent to hold an "alliance". More importantly, in the 30th year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi personally went to Duolun to preside over the "Meng Hui" and decided to implement the "Union Flag System" in Khalkha Mongolia. Yan Chongnian summarized Nurhachi's eight policies of "flag making" for Mongolia, many of which were not based on historical facts, but transplanted to Nurhachi's name as his later emperor did!
What is even more bizarre is that "after moving the capital to Shenyang", "the economy and society of Shenyang and Liaohe region have been fully developed and developed rapidly" and "promoted the economic and cultural development of Northeast China." Is this a fact? Since Nurhachi launched the anti-Ming war, Liaodong and western Liaoning have successively become battlefields. Every time Nurhachi captured a city, it was wiped out. As soon as he withdrew, the city was razed to the ground, and Fushun, Qinghe, Kaiyuan, Tieling and Guangning were all in ruins! In the Ming Dynasty, the economy and culture of Liaohe River Basin suffered a devastating blow: the people either died or fled, the land was barren, and the originally prosperous land had become a no-man's land! At that time, Koreans, generals, officials and so on in Liaodong and Ming Dynasties. Have left a true record of the war. For example, Xiong Tingbi, general manager of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, wrote: In the forty-seven years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (four years of destiny, 16 19), hundreds of thousands of people died in Liaodong in one year, "or the whole city died, the whole village died, the whole family died ... the blood of mountains and rivers, ghosts cried." North Korean scholar Li Jianxu described that a large number of Liaodong people fled to North Korea, "hundreds of thousands of people before and after." "Amin Dynasty Chen" records that nine of the ten people in Liaodong died, and only one of the ten people survived! For example, in Liaodong, "Gaizhou and Fuzhou have cast mines, but no one opens them"; In Jinzhou, Yizhou, Youtun and other places in western Liaoning, "there are fields to cultivate but no one to cultivate ..." Similar records show that history is endless. At the time of Huang Taiji, the tug-of-war between western Liaoning and Ming Dynasty continued, and the confrontation lasted for 10 years, even the population was barren. Nuerhachi occupied Liaodong, and the battle around Liaohe was fierce, and the war situation was overcast. Who will "fully develop the economy"? Even if agricultural production in some areas was restored, it still could not reach the level of economic development in the Ming Dynasty. In Yan Chongnian's works, the Liaohe River Basin is bright and peaceful. Such a distortion of history is nothing more than that!
Regardless of historical facts, Yan Chongnian described the war-torn economy as "all-round development" and "rapid development", and even named Nurhachi as the "founder" of the development of modern Liaohe River Basin and Shenhai regional economy! This is another big "discovery" of him? This is an unheard of miracle!