Basic knowledge of calligraphy Calligraphy is one of the traditional arts in China.

It is the art of writing Chinese characters with a brush to express the author's spiritual beauty. Its basic requirements are: one is to use a soft brush, and the other is to write Chinese characters with rich images.

Therefore, there are two meanings: first, it refers to the rules of calligraphy, which mainly include methods such as holding a pen, using a pen, stippling, structure and distribution; Refers to the art of expressing the author's spiritual beauty by writing Chinese characters. It expresses the author's personality, interest, knowledge, temperament and other spiritual factors with the help of exquisite techniques and vivid modeling, with the focus on "heart painting"

The combination of the two forms China's calligraphy art. Therefore, from the elements of calligraphy, it includes three aspects: first, brushwork, which requires skilled use of brush, and correct fingering, wrist, body, brushwork and pen and ink; The second is the pen gesture.

It is required to properly organize the relationship between stippling and stippling, between words and between lines; The third is the brushwork. It is required to show the author's temperament, interest, learning elements and personality in the writing process.

In style and style, it is even more colorful. China's calligraphy art has a history of over 3,000 years. The reason why it has become an art mainly depends on the fact that China people are good at turning practical things into exquisite art, and it is also closely related to China's unique brush.

Its characters brew the soul of calligraphy art with the characteristics of image conception and imagery. The square configuration with brilliant conception and posture constitutes the formal basis of calligraphy art, and its tool is "only soft and strange", which can give birth to the charm of Fiona Fang's hiding, advancing and retreating, thickness, thickness, wetness, cadence and convergence.

Break and follow-up momentum, both rigid and flexible; With special paper and ink, the art of calligraphy is more unpredictable. Charming.

Calligraphy has not only become a national art to express the highest artistic conception and sentiment, but also ranks first among all arts. Calligraphy is not only popular all over the world in China, but also has already gone abroad and become a medium for spreading friendship. It is influential in the eastern world and attracts the attention of the western world.

Composition refers to the method of arranging and arranging the relationship between words and lines in the whole work. That is the "white cloth" of the whole work.

Also known as "big rules". Traditionally, it is also called the arrangement of one-word stippling, and the relationship between one-word arrangement and numbers is "small chapter method"

Zhang Shen explained calligraphy in Ming Dynasty: "The ancients used a writing method to write articles. Composition, article method and final structure are all corresponding.

Therefore, the cloud says:' One is divided into one word rule; A word is the owner of the last article. Dong Qichang's "Essays on Painting Zen Rooms: Comment on Books" in Ming Dynasty said: "The ancients took the composition of books as a major event and covered the so-called thick lines.

See Mi Chi in fine print, and write an elegant collection of West Garden. It's ten thousand fans, straight as a string. There must be another way, but you should pay attention to the rules and regulations on weekdays. Xu Lanting by the right army is the first in ancient and modern times, and its words are reflected, small or big, and all the things it likes are in the law, so it is also a masterpiece. "

It can be seen that the number of sheets is important in a calligraphy work. When writing, we should deal with the white cloth in words, word for word and between lines, so that stippling echoes stippling, words keep pace with emotion, and lines reflect each other. If you are self-sufficient, fluent, exquisite and harmonious, you will have the effect of "gold in the word and jade in the line". Generally speaking, there are three forms of cloth white: first, there are ranks, second, there are ranks (or ranks), and third, there are no ranks, which may have the artificial beauty of "picking gold by mistake" or the natural beauty of "hibiscus".

The method of writing and drawing with a pen. China's paintings and calligraphy are dominated by lines, and the tools used are all sharp pens. In order to enrich the line stippling of calligraphy and painting, we should first pay attention to writing, and grasp the weight, speed and correctness when lifting the pen.

Straightening, straightening and other methods are called "brushwork". Zhang Tang Huai Guandao's "Forbidden Classics in Yutang, Digested with a Pen" says: Generally speaking, the brushwork is eight types of stippling, and the word "forever" is prepared.

Therefore, Yuan Zhao Mengfu said in the Postscript of Lanting: "It is not easy to use a pen through the ages, because it takes a long time." Ink method is also called "blood method".

One day: using ink. The predecessors called it ink painting, and the blood of the word is also.

Therefore, when writing books in the field, I am extremely particular. Too light ink will damage the color, too thick ink will delay the pen.

Must be "eager to live, talk about it." Song Jiangkui's "Continuation of Book Spectrum with Ink" says: "To write a script, you should do it, but not too dry.

When the grass is dry, it is good to moisten it, and it is risky to dry it. It is not known that thick ink leads to sluggish pen and dry ink leads to dry pen. "

Bao Qing Chen Shi's "The Story of the Art Boat II Series" said: "Painting and calligraphy are both based on pens and formed in ink, so ink painting is a key to calligraphy. In fact, the pen is heavy, but it is floating.

..... "The style of pen and ink, on the one hand, often varies from person to person. For example, the thick ink in the Northern Song Dynasty is practical, while the thick ink in the Southern Song Dynasty is flexible. Liu Yong likes to use thick ink, while Meng Lou just uses light ink.

On the other hand, it is often different because of different book styles and paper properties. Second: the method of grinding ink.

Su Song Jianyi's "Four Books of Study: Ink Spectrum" said: "Learning ink is like a disease, and it is important to be even without mud." Grinding ink should be cold, and it will give birth to light when it is cold.

Don't heat the ink, it will blister when heated. The cover avoids the urgency and ink fever of its research.

Li said, "users won't stop for a long time, but the dust pollutes each other for a long time and the glue will die." It's too dull to write. "

Chen Yuan-Yi once said in the book "The Essentials of Hanlin Meat Method": "The method of grinding ink is both pressing and pushing, and the operation is nearly folded." "Never use inkstone to grind the ink, so that the ink will stagnate, and you must temporarily worry about it with water drops." "Don't grind your own ink, your hands will tremble and your bones will be strong. It is also a taboo. "

Structure is also called "knot", "frame" and "structure". Refers to the arrangement and layout of each dot.

Chinese characters are formal, and calligraphy is "metaphysics" (Qing Kang Youwei), so knot is particularly important. Yuan Qian's Postscript to Lanting: "Calligraphy is based on the use of pens, and it also requires labor to form words."

All kinds of fonts of Chinese characters are connected and matched with dots and strokes. The length, short, thick, thin, prone, upturned, contracted and stretched strokes, and the width, narrow, high, low, narrow and straight radicals constitute different forms of each character. In order to make the stroke matching of Chinese characters appropriate, appropriate and uniform, it is necessary to study its structure.

As Feng Ban said in the Pure Book of Songs in the Qing Dynasty: "Learn the frame first, and the ancients call it a knot; Learn to use a pen when the shelf is clear. You can see the stone tablet on the shelf, so you must use a pen to create it.

To sum up, Jin people use reason, and Tang people use reason.

2. How to practice chalk calligraphy well

The writing style of chalk is different from other hard pens because of its easy breaking, short length and standing posture. The writing method of chalk can be summarized as follows:

(1) Press. Press your thumb on the left inner side of the chalk and apply force from the inside out.

(2) pressure. The abdomen of the index finger is pressed against the upper right of the chalk, opposite to the thumb, and the two cooperate with each other to hold the chalk.

(3) Here we are. Touch the lower side of the chalk with the upper side of the first section of the middle finger, and the ring finger and the little finger will naturally be lightly attached to the middle finger.

(4) The position of holding the pen is usually 1cm away from the pen tip. The front end can't be long, it is easy to break, and the back end is wrapped in the palm of your hand.

(5) The chalk naturally inclines to the lower right, forming an included angle of about 40o with the blackboard. The angle should not be too large, and it is forbidden to write vertically.

(6) The tightness of the pen should be moderate, which is convenient for turning the chalk and adjusting the nib at any time.

3. How to practice chalk writing well

Practicing chalk writing well is one of the basic skills of being a good teacher. Easy-to-understand, standardized and beautiful chalk characters can accurately convey the teacher's intention to students. At the same time, good blackboard writing can make students admire teachers, increase the affinity between teachers and students, and improve students' interest in learning and their ability to accept knowledge. Therefore, as a good teacher, it is very important to practice chalk words well. So, how to practice chalk writing well?

First of all, choose "copybook". To practice chalk writing, we should take the traditional calligraphy paste as a model. The reasons are as follows: on the one hand, people in China have not used chalk for a long time, and there is no special chalk paste now; On the other hand, no matter what tools are used to express Chinese characters, the pen and shelf structure are the same. During the evolution of Chinese characters for thousands of years, each Chinese character generally has these seven ways of writing, namely, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Dazhuan, Xiaozhuan, Lishu, Regular script, Running script and cursive script, and each character has many classic Fa Tie. According to our teacher's purpose of practicing chalk writing, we only need to lock the selected object in regular script and running script.

4. calligraphy theory common sense

There is a lot of knowledge about calligraphy, such as speaking well upstairs.

Calligraphy has been closely related to Four Treasures of the Study since ancient times. Four Treasures of the Study is just a pen, ink, paper and inkstone. People often say that there is no calligraphy without a writing brush. Therefore, whether calligraphy is good or not depends entirely on this Four Treasures of the Study, but it is also closely related to it.

Then, calligraphy. "Calligraphy" must have "dharma". Throughout the ages, calligraphy has been very particular. For example, the posture of holding the pen, the method of holding the pen, the front of holding the pen, the structure of the shelf and so on. Of course, because people are eager for success and have no foundation since primary school, many people now choose to copy calligraphy, and this copying is skillful. This is calligraphy.

As mentioned above, the most important thing for Four Treasures of the Study to choose a brush is the pen tip, because the material and style of the pen tip are directly related to the writing effect. As far as the pen tip material is concerned, it can be roughly divided into three categories: hard hair (made of rabbit hair and wolf hair), soft hair (mainly made of wool) and double brush (made of hard hair as column and soft hair as quilt, such as "Baiyun" pen).

Like I said, these are still rough. Pay attention to every detail. If you really want to know more about calligraphy, I still suggest you buy a book to read, so that you can learn its common sense and see the calligraphy of some famous people in past dynasties. For example, Wang Xizhi's handwriting is well known, but his eyes and ears are different. When you really see his calligraphy, it will infect you.

5. What is the holding posture of chalk characters?

The holding posture of chalk characters generally adopts oblique pinching method. The specific methods are as follows: Because of the short shape, soft texture and easy to break, and the particularity of blackboard placement, the holding posture of chalk characters is different from that of brush characters and pen characters.

Usually, the "three-finger method" is adopted, that is, the thumb, forefinger and middle finger hold the pen in Qi Li, the thumb and middle finger correspond, the forefinger controls the writing direction in front, and the ring finger and little finger naturally bend and depend on each other. The distance between the index finger and the chalk pen is about 1 cm, so the writing is powerful and flexible.

If the pen is too close to the chalk head, the finger part of the pen will rub against the blackboard, which will affect the fluency of writing; If it is too far away from the pen and there is no proper force to control the pen, the strokes of the font will be too light and unclear, which will affect the visual effect of the viewer. When ij holds the chalk, it is easy to break.