From 65438 to 0957, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "discovering the destruction of parity principle".
1976 Ding Zhaozhong won the nobel prize in physics for "discovering a new class of elementary particles".
1986, Li Yuanzhe won the nobel prize in chemistry for "inventing the crossed molecular beam method, which made it possible to know the chemical reaction process in detail and contributed to the research of reaction kinetics, a new field of chemistry".
1997 Zhu won the nobel prize in physics for "inventing the method of laser cooling and trapping atoms".
1998, Cui Qi, German Horst Stormer and American Robert laughlin won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their great contributions to the study of quantum physics. Li zongdao
First of all, briefly introduce life.
Li Zongda 1926 ~) is a theoretical physicist. 1926165438+1was born in Shanghai on October 25th. 1943 ~ 1944 studied in the Physics Department of Zhejiang University (at that time, he was a freshman in Yongxing, Guizhou); Inspired by his teacher Hsin P. Soh, he started his academic career. 1944 suspended from school due to rollover injury. 1945 transferred to the Physics Department of The National SouthWest Associated University, Kunming. 1946, recommended by his teacher Wu Dayou, he won a national scholarship and went to the United States for further study. 1948 In the spring, Li Zhengdao passed the postgraduate qualification examination and began to do doctoral thesis research under the guidance of Fermi.
At the end of 1949, under the guidance of Fermi, Li Zhengdao completed his doctoral thesis on white dwarfs and obtained his doctorate. After that, I worked as a lecturer, studied in the astronomy department of the school for half a year, and studied in the physics department of the University of California (Berkeley) for one year.
1950, married Qin, a college student from Shanghai. They have two children, the eldest son Li Zhongqing, who is currently a history professor at California Institute of Technology; Li, the second son, is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Michigan. 195 1 year worked in Princeton institute for advanced studies. 1953 was an assistant professor of physics at Columbia University, 1955 was an associate professor, 1956 was a professor, 1957 was a Nobel Prize winner in physics, 1957 was a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies and Columbia University,1960 ~. Professor of Physics Department of Columbia University 1963, Professor of Fermi Physics Department 1964, Professor of the whole school 1983. He is also a member of the American Academy of Sciences.
Yang Zhenning: Turning high-quality students into high-quality talents
Yang Zhenning: 1922 was born in Anhui. 1957 shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Li Zhengdao.
Looking back on the development of science in the 20th century, Yang Zhenning thinks that the main achievements are embodied in three aspects: learning to control the actions of electrons; A method to study the smallest structure was found. It broke away from the gravity of the earth and realized the dream of landing on the moon.
Looking forward to the 2nd1century, Yang Zhenning thinks that China will become a world power in science and technology in the middle of 2nd1century. "I say this for four reasons. First, there are countless young people in China who are extremely smart and plastic, which is the first prerequisite for the development of science and technology. Second, China's traditional Confucianism not only attaches importance to education, but also to human relations and frugality, which is bound to make the above-mentioned talents promising. 3. In the past 100 years of development, China stepped out of the stagnant mode and was replaced by a passion for modern science. 4. The rapid economic development of China, Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province in recent years has provided a strong backing for the development of science and technology. "
Yang Zhenning said that People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) successfully developed the atomic bomb more than ten years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and since then, it has trained and accumulated a large number of basic talents. "China people are of high quality. For example, students in Tsinghua University are no worse than those in Harvard University, but what we have to consider is how to turn high-quality students into high-quality talents. " Yang expressed his belief that with the development of economy and the improvement of scientific research conditions, following the scientists in China in this century, local scientists in China will surely reach the world leading level in important fields in the next century. "Scientists who are born and raised in China and have made achievements in the local area will win the Nobel Prize. From now on, 20 years is enough. "
Samuel Chao Chung Ting
40-year-old Ding Zhaozhong went to the Royal Sweden.
The college won the Nobel Prize in Physics. The Nobel Prize will be awarded from 190 1.
Hair, from now on to 1976 75, Ding Zhaozhong is the third.
Nominated by the Golden List, Chinese scientists won this honor. At the grand award ceremony
At the ceremony, he made a famous speech in Chinese first and then in English. He said, "Oh, yeah."
Winning the Nobel Prize is a scientist's greatest honor. I grew up in old China.
Therefore, I want to take this opportunity to emphasize experimental work to young people in developing countries.
The importance of. There is an old saying in China:' Those who work hard govern others, and those who work hard govern others.
This backward thinking is very harmful to young people in developing countries.
. Because of this idea, students in many developing countries tend to do theoretical research.
Avoid experimental work. In fact, the theory of natural science is inseparable from experiments.
Foundation. Physics, in particular, comes from experiments. I hope because of my
Winning two prizes can arouse students' interest in developing countries and attract their attention.
Importance of experimental work. "
China people born in the United States.
Ding Zhaozhong's ancestral home is Rizhao County. 1936 1 was born in America.
When his parents visited America, he lived in Ann Arbor, Michigan. then
Ding Zhaozhong once talked about his life. He said, "I was in the second world.
Born into a family of professors and revolutionaries at the beginning of World War II. I
My parents wanted me to be born in China, but when they visited the United States, I was ahead of schedule.
Born. I became an American citizen because of this accident. This sudden incident
It also affected my life. Three months after his birth, he returned to China with his parents.
Country. Shortly after Professor Ding's family returned to China, the "Seventh Congress" broke out, which shocked China and foreign countries.
The "July Incident", as a child in Ding Zhaozhong, was accompanied by years of panic and confusion.
Recalling this period, he said, "I went back to middle school just three months after I was born."
Country. Due to the situation in China at that time, I have always been a refugee, constantly from a
This place fled to another place ... "His father Ding Xian taught at Shandong University.
65438-0938, became a professor of engineering at Chongqing University. Mother Ding Juanying teaches in Sichuan.
Professor of Psychology, College of Education. Ding Zhaozhong spent his childhood in Chinese mainland. rise
I first went to Ciqikou Primary School in Chongqing, and moved to Tian Tian with my parents after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory.
Kim, barely finished primary school. /kloc-in the winter of 0/948, Ding went to work in Tainan Province, Taiwan Province Province.
University teaching, the whole family moved to Taiwan Province province. 1In September, 956, he went to America alone.
Enter the University of Michigan Institute of Technology. He studied mechanical engineering at first, but later he
I found that my interest was mainly in physics. In the second semester, he chose some physics.
Science and math courses. In his second year of college, he turned to something he was interested in.
Department of science.
65438-0959, graduated from our university with mathematics and physics.
Two bachelor's degrees in engineering. The following year, he got a master's degree in science. He also used
Excellent results won the special award of the American Atomic Energy Commission. Soon won the United States.
Science foundation award. 1962, Ding Zhaozhong received a doctorate in physics.
.
It was not until the late summer and early autumn of 1974 that Ding Zhaozhong's experiment entered a critical stage.
Every moment, protons collide in the high-energy accelerator, which affects him and his colleagues all the time.
The heart of everything. When they reduce the orientation of particle mass to 3-4 billion electrons,
When it falls within this range, a new particle suddenly appears, which is particularly long.
The lifetime of decomposing positive and negative electrons. Ding Zhaozhong was very excited at this time. However, rigorous.
The cautious China scholar did not immediately announce this discovery. From August to
10 in June, they conducted many such experiments, which were impeccable.
Ding Zhaozhong released the data to the world on1974165438+10/2.
This amazing achievement. There are many interesting stories in scientific experiments. Ding Zhaozhong's experiment is
On the east coast, it's like he caught the ever-changing J particle.
Hou, on the west coast, American physicist Hitt led his Stanford research team.
This new particle has also been discovered. In recent years, experiments published on the east and west coasts.
The report is similar. The difference is that for this new particle, Ding Zhaozhong called it "
J ",which Hitt called" ψ ". So who first discovered this new particle?
What about the baby? This is an unsolved case. Therefore, Ding Zhaozhong and Hitt are the same.
When they won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, the new particles they discovered were
It's called J/ψ particle.
[Li Yuanzhe] 1936 was born in hsinchu county, Taiwan Province province. 1965 After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow in Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Harvard University. From 1968 to 1974, he taught at the University of Chicago and was promoted to professor. 1974, he returned to the University of California, Berkeley, as a professor of chemistry. Professor Hirsch Bach, who worked with Li Yuanzhe on molecular beam research at Harvard University, praised him as an "amazing experimental genius". Later, Li Yuanzhe developed Hirschbach's idea of studying molecular reaction dynamics with crossed molecular beams, and created a new generation of crossed molecular beam devices. Using this device to study the information obtained by molecular reaction dynamics and the details of the reaction process is far ahead of the theoretical calculation of the reaction trajectory. This is the best molecular beam device in the world. Li Yuanzhe is known as "the real implementer of molecular beam chemistry". Gundam 1986, according to incomplete statistics, Li Yuanzhe published more than 180 papers. Li Yuanzhe also made great contributions to the study of reaction kinetics, photochemistry, spectroscopy, intermolecular and intramolecular energy transfer. Professor Li Yuanzhe won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry from 65438 to 0986, the Debye Prize in Physical Chemistry from the American Chemical Society from 65438 to 0986, and the American National Science Award. He is the youngest award-winning chemist and one of the chemists who have achieved the most research results in recent ten years. He was also the first China chemist to win the Nobel Prize in chemistry. Li Yuanzhe, a native of China, has also made some contributions to the scientific and technological development of the motherland. He helped Taiwan Province Province to establish the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Studies, and guided the Institute of Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences to build a molecular beam laser pyrolysis product spectrometer in 1986. He also gave a lot of guidance to molecular reaction dynamics research in Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Fudan University and China University of Science and Technology.
On the second day after winning the Nobel Prize, Zhu said that he rode his bicycle and walked along the mountain road to his goal and reached his destination. This sense of sureness can only be truly felt after hard work.
Applause sounded. Under the gaze of the Swedish royal family, the world's top scholars and 1400 distinguished guests, Steven Chu, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics and a Chinese American, stood in the highest academic hall. At this moment, although the white snow of Christmas season is floating in Europe, Chu's heart is extremely hot. After receiving the honor from King Gustav XVI of Sweden, many days spent in the experiment flashed in my mind-watching the experimental results fail and rise and fall again and again ... Now, he finally captured the atom accurately with "laser cooling imprisonment", thus having the most dazzling aura in the bachelor's field and leaving a name forever in the history of world physics.
Steven Chu, the first Chinese professor at Stanford University, was called Steven by students. I am used to wearing a light-colored long-sleeved shirt on weekdays, and my sleeves are neatly rolled above my elbows, which is very refreshing and natural. He and his family have been on pins and needles since the good news came from the phone call from Stockholm in the early morning of June 1997+00+04. Since then, he has been surrounded by the media. However, even so, he is still a simple casual dress, appearing on TV, newspapers and magazines. He is still the same.
Chu was born in Taicang, Jiangsu, China. 1948 was born in St. Louis, Missouri, USA in February. 1970 graduated from the University of Rochester with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics. 1976 received a doctorate in physics from Berkeley University, and worked as a postdoctoral researcher for two years. 1978 went to Bell Laboratories as a researcher in electromagnetic phenomena. Five years later, he was promoted to director of electronic research department. 1987 went to Stanford university as a professor, 1990 as the department head.
1993, he and another research scholar won the international prize of "International Science Award" in Saudi Arabia, and they won a prize of about100000 USD.
In the same year, he was elected as the130th member of the American Academy of Sciences. 1996, won the Guggenheim Research Award and the american physical society Academic Award. In this year's Nobel Prize in Physics, Chu shared this honor with Phillips, a scientist from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland, and Cohen Danoji, a French scientist. At the same time, the three shared the Nobel Prize of about $6.5438+0 million.
Zhu is the fifth China scientist to win the Nobel Prize after 1957, 1976 and1/year. After him, another China native, Professor Cui Qi of Princeton University, won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Among the six China laureates, except Li Yuanzhe, who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry, all others were physics prizes.
Chu's award-winning research can be traced back to 14 years ago. At that time, he was a member of Bell Labs. In the field of low temperature physics research, the physical term "molasses" makes Zhu "sweet in his heart and love in his hand". The original "beam honey" refers to the effect of cooling gas by laser. The "laser refrigeration capture" carried out by Chu and his colleagues is the research that atoms can be accurately measured after being cooled by laser. Atoms are very active at room temperature, and they are alive and kicking at the speed of 100 km. If the gas is cooled to almost absolute zero by laser, once the atom is captured, the movement is very slow and the interaction time between light and atom is prolonged, which can be used to accurately measure physical quantities.
The most important thing in this study is how to apply it. In fact, the most frequently cited example by Chu Diwen is "gravity measurement", which has long surprised and optimistic the academic and scientific circles. Scientists can study the gravitational distribution of atoms at ultra-low temperature, and the best way to use it is in oil field exploration. This application will greatly reduce the cost of oil exploitation, and many oil companies are very interested in this research. The same application may also find more secrets in the universe to find answers. Another important application is in biophysics, which also uses laser refrigeration capture technology to interpret DNA.
Chu's father Zhu Rujin is also a contemporary scientist. 1949 came to the United States from the mainland and is now 80 years old. Zhu Rujin is a doctor of chemical engineering at MIT, and his wife is Zhu Li Jingzhen. They study economics at the same university. Zhu Rujin and Zhu Diwen are both academicians of Academia Sinica in Taiwan. Zhu Fu was elected as the fifth academician with 1964, and Zhu was elected as an academician with a high vote of 1994 under the joint recommendation of his father and four other academicians, Tian Pingjing. Zhu Rujin has served as a professor in universities such as St. Louis, Virginia and New Jersey in the United States, and as a consultant in more than 60 companies in the chemical, petroleum and aerospace industries in the United States and Europe. Steven Chu is the second child in the family. His brother Zhu is a doctor of physics at MIT, graduated from Harvard Medical School, and is now a professor at Stanford University Medical School. My younger brother Morgan Chu is a doctor of law from Harvard University, and now he is a practicing lawyer in Los Angeles. This family is really a "doctor's home".
As a mature scientist, Zhu has his own life knowledge. He often said: "we don't have to be geniuses, but we know our goals and plans;" We will often be frustrated, but don't lose enthusiasm. " Although Zhu Fu and his three outstanding sons are top scientific talents, in fact, Zhu Fu did not quite agree with Zhu's research on physics at that time, because "it is too difficult to get ahead in this field". Chu, who loved painting since childhood, felt that maybe architecture was a good way out for him. However, Chu, who is full of body cells, has developed his ability to draw the body structure map. Fortunately, my father didn't stop him too deliberately; And he finally broke through this rugged road with his own efforts.
In the eyes of students and friends, Chu Diwen has a strong scientist temperament, full of humor and eloquence. He can often make an impromptu academic speech, and the depth can be interspersed with interest. No matter in research, work or even teaching, he has a philosophy of "retreat for progress". He is not too strict with himself and his students. He believes that only by getting achievements from work can we stimulate more vigorous motivation and make ourselves more confident. He loves sports, rides his bike to the campus regularly every Friday, and takes advantage of the gap between experiments to "walk the car". In his mind, the explosive force brought by sports is like a beautiful flame in physics experiments, which is a combination of physical "strength" and "beauty" of life.
Chu is conscientious in his research and travels in the physical world. Is it his greatest wish to gain global recognition? Chu replied: As a scientist, the greatest hope is that his achievements in the laboratory will contribute to mankind in the next ten, twenty or even hundreds of years, and be truly integrated with human life.
19981October 13, the Royal Swedish Academy announced that it would award the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics to German scientist Horst Stolmer, Chinese-American scientist Cui Qi and American scientist Robert laughlin for their great contributions to the study of quantum physics.
1982, Cui Qi and Stolmer studied electrons under the experimental conditions of strong magnetic field and ultra-low temperature. They pressed gallium arsenide and gallium arsenide chloride semiconductor wafers together, so that a large number of electrons gathered at the junction of the two wafers. They put this chip combination in an ultra-low temperature environment of only one tenth of absolute zero (about MINUS 273 degrees Celsius), and then applied a super-strong magnetic field equivalent to one million times the strength of the earth's magnetic field. They found that under this condition, a large number of interacting electrons can form a new quantum fluid with some special properties. A year later, Professor laughlin explained their experimental results. On the basis of this discovery, scientists have made some important discoveries one after another. The achievements of these three scientists are a major breakthrough in the field of quantum physics and have made important contributions to the development of new theories in many branches of modern physics.
Cui Qi won the famous Franklin Prize in America. Cui Qi said on his website on the Internet that his main academic interest is to study the properties of electrons in metals and semiconductors. His research will be used to develop more powerful computers and more advanced communication equipment.
Cui Qi, 1939 was born in Henan, China, and went to Hong Kong to study in 1950s. 1957 graduated from Peizheng Middle School and went to the United States for further study. 1967 received a doctorate in physics from the University of Chicago. Since then, I have worked in Bell Laboratories, which is called the cradle of Nobel Prize winners in the United States. It is here that Cui Qi and Schmert discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect (1982), so they won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998 together. He has been a professor at Princeton University since 1982. At present, he is engaged in the research in the fields of basic properties of electronic materials. Cui Qi's wife is Norwegian-American. They have two daughters. The eldest daughter Irene is studying in Wuhan.
In the United States, Xinhua News Agency quoted Li Jiqun, a student of Professor Cui Qi from China, as saying that Cui Qi is easy-going, but he is strict with his students. He has a keen mind and enjoys high prestige among teachers and students. /kloc-On the morning of 0/3, Cui Qi came to school as usual. When everyone congratulated him, he smiled as usual and just said "thank you" and hid. It is reported that Cui Qi is very concerned about the motherland and often talks about the development of the motherland with China students.