Let's talk about water transportation first. The first canal of waterway transportation in Zhongzhou in Tang Dynasty. The canals dug in the Sui Dynasty, such as Tongji Canal and Yongji Canal, were still in use in the Tang Dynasty.
Yongji Canal draws Qinshui to the northeast and follows Qishui to the north in Wuzhi County, Henan Province. So far, it has turned northwest in Liu Du Town, Jinghai County, Hebei Province, and then reached Zhuo Jun County in the northwest.
Sui Tongji Canal originated in Luoyang, led from Xiyuan Valley in Luoyang, and Luoshui entered the Yellow River. After entering the river, the bamboos are divided into the southeast and enter Huaishui. In Tang Dynasty, Tongji Canal was called Bianqu or Bianhe. In the Tang Dynasty, the side canal was dredged six times and partially adjusted. The first time was in the first year of Taiji in the Tang Dynasty. Wei used a straight river to lead Huai water to Huangtugang and reach Yangzhou.
The second time, in the second year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, He Nanyin sent Bian and Zheng Dingfu to dredge the dilapidated Lianggong weir east of Bianzhou, saving time, distinguishing between public and private, and carving stones to record merit.
The third time, in the fifteenth year of Tang Kaiyuan, the weir of Lianggong was blocked again. Xuanzong ordered Fan An, a general, to send 30,000 people to Huai, Zheng, Bian, Slip and Wei in Henan to open the old estuary, which was completed in ten days.
The fourth time, after the Anshi Rebellion, the dredging of the side canal was suspended for eight years, and grain ships could not pass. Tang Suzong ordered transshipment, allowing Ada to dredge Bianshui and restore transportation capacity. History: boats are connected, merchants come and go, department stores are miscellaneous, sailing boats climb mountains, the holy spirit shines, chastity is coming, and the emblem is prosperous through the ages.
The fifth time, in the twenty-seventh year of Tang Kaiyuan, the visitor made Qi Gan open a new Guangji canal, with pheasant water in the upper reaches and raft water in the lower reaches from the east of Songzhou, through Yongcheng and Pucheng, from Hongxian County, Suzhou, to the 18-mile Qingkou in the north of Huaiyin County, and into the Huaihe River, so that the waterway of Tongji Canal moved south and changed to Guangji Canal. Later, because the upstream and downstream slopes were too large and the water flowed rapidly, it soon failed.
For the sixth time, in the twenty-seventh year of Kaiyuan, in order to avoid the waves of the Huaihe River and the worry of the waterwheel, the canal from Hongxian to Shilicai was opened in the north of Huaiyin and injected into the Huaihe River to save the downstream of Bianshui. Later, it was abandoned because of the rapid flow of water.
After the Anshi Rebellion, the border of Cao Lu was blocked. In March of the fifth year of Zhou Shizong Xiande, Biankou was deepened, and the Yangtze River was diverted to the Huaihe River, and Jianghuai ships began to pass. Such as mirror notes: this is the wealth of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Jianghuai regime, water and waterway have been blocked. Today's revival
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Jianghuai Cao Lu was basically unblocked. Canal water transport, Tongji Canal is the most important, maintaining an annual grain transportation volume of about 4 million stones. Generally, as long as there are six or seven thousand ships coming and going every year, there is the most favorable water for the Huaihe River, and the harm caused by strangers is also harmonious; Forty-three States in the southeast, this river is the most fertile! This poem depicts. In the Tang Dynasty, the canal was used not only for official transshipment, but also for business travel. Li Jifu recorded the Bianhe River in the Tang Dynasty and said: Yang and Yi Hunan went to Jiaoguang and Minzhong, and they all gained weight.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Tang Dynasty, the canal was dug, and Bianzhou led the Bianhe River into Baigou, reaching Juye Ze, in order to receive the rent from Cao and Yan. Versicolor, the relic of Leo Lee's Bianjing: After Emperor Wu of the Tang Dynasty, Bianshui was led to Baigou and then injected into Zhanqu to communicate with Cao and Yan. Because it is five feet wide, it is named Zhangwuhe, which is also the downstream of Baigou. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhou Shizong showed his virtue for four years, and he was assigned to Zhangwuhe. Naturally, all Qilu ships arrived in Mian.
During the period of Changqing in Tang Muzong, in order to turn millet into army, Yanzhou Blind Mountain Ancient Canal was opened, which further expanded the shipping scope of this route. In the Northern Song Dynasty, this route was named Guangji Canal, which was one of the four major canals in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the first year of Tianbao, a new waterway was opened in the Tang Dynasty, the prefect Richie opened three doors to facilitate water transportation.
In the late Tang Dynasty, Huai Ying's position in water transportation was also rising. The Huaihe River, which originates in Tongbai Mountain area and flows eastward into the sea, is the main natural waterline of Huanghuai Plain. The south can be connected with the Yangtze River through the Han ditch, and the north can be connected with the Central Plains and the Yellow River through tributaries. Since ancient times, there have been many waterlines from Huaihe River to the Yellow River, along the ancient Bianshui Road in the east and into the Yellow River in the north, which is the main artery of southeast water transportation in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, along the new Bianshui line, you can also take the road around the water and Qi Shui to connect with the Yellow River. And from the swirling water into Huaikou, along the swirling water north, through Mengcheng, Yang Guo, Qiaoxian, into Caishui, and Kaifeng is connected with the Yellow River waterline. In addition, from Huaiyin _ Huaishui to Shui Ying northbound, from Xiangcheng to Jishui, it can also lead to Luoyang. The old Bianhe River and the new Bianshui River are the main trunk lines of Jianghuai waterway transportation. In the eleventh year of Yuanhe, Huai and Ying were appointed as water transporters to transport rice from the Yangtze River freight yard, from Huai to Shenqiu boundary, and then into the _ River via Xiangcheng, and then lost to Yancheng, where 500,000 mangokus and 5 million bundles of rice were collected and supplied to Huaixi armies, saving more than 70,000 yuan in freight.
Land traffic is also very smooth. With Luoyang as the center, a nationwide transportation network will be formed.
Luoyang-Chang 'an Post Road: According to Yan Gengwang's research, from Shaanxi to the east, a due east runs slightly along the south bank of the Yellow River, passing through the mainstay, Hengshui Post and Mengxian County, and reaches Gongxian County to the east. The other is from the southeast line of Chang 'an City to the old city of Anyang, then 40 miles to Shi Xia County, 20 miles to Shihao Town, 20 miles to Ganhao Town, and east to the northern border of Yongning County. At this point, it is divided into north and south roads, with the north road entering Mianchi County in the east and passing through the county seat and Xin 'an County to Luoyang. Southeast South Road passes through Yongning County, Fuchang County and Shou 'an County to Luoyang. This road runs from Shaanxi Lingbao to the west, passes through Hucheng, Kanxiang, Tongguan, Huayin, Weinan and Zhao Ying, and reaches Chang 'an.
Tang Dynasty Luoyang Taiyuan Post Road: This road runs from the northeast of Luoyang to Huaizhou, then north to Zezhou, and then through Luzhou to Taiyuan.
From Luoyang to Ruzhou in the southeast, and from Nanyang and Yinzhou to Xiangyang in the southwest.
From Luoyang to Bianzhou in the east, and then along the canal to Songzhou in the southeast. You can go to Chuzhou and Yangzhou along the canal line of Biansu hub.
From Luoyang southeast to Chen Zhou via Ruzhou and Xuzhou; From Bianzhou to Xuzhou and Chen Zhou, there are also post roads. Then from Zhou Chen through Yingzhou, Shouzhou, Luzhou, crossing the river to Laishi and other places.
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the traffic conditions in southwest Henan gradually improved. All parts of the south of the Yangtze River reach Chang 'an via Nanyang and Shannan Road. In Gyeonggi Province, the post road from Chang 'an in the southeast to Lantian, and the post road from Beijing to Xiangyang, Lantian in the northwest and southeast along the Hanshui River to Wuguan, were called Shangshan Road in ancient times. Because this road is mainly named after Shangshan mountain area. It has always been the military artery leading to Jing, Xiang, Wan and Ye in Guanzhong area. From the Tang Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, it was the main trunk road connecting the southeast and southwest of the capital, and its traffic position in the country was second only to the two major post roads in Beijing, and it was actually the second post road in the country at that time. It is convenient for public and private travel in the north and south to take this road more. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the land and water traffic along the canal to the southeast was often blocked by the eastern warlords, which became more important and became the main artery of the north-south land traffic. This road was built in the early Tang Dynasty. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty and ordinary public and private travelers to Jianghuai, central Guizhou and Lingnan all used this route. It was this shortcut that intellectuals in the Tang Dynasty went to Beijing to seek fame, visit the beautiful scenery of rivers and lakes in the southeast and southwest, and find food on demand. According to Professor Yan Gengwang's statistics, if Zhang Jiuling is above four degrees, Bai Juyi is above six degrees, and Yuan Zhen may be above seven degrees. Therefore, it is called the road of fame and fortune, and there are pedestrians at night. This is the only way to expel ministers from the southeast and southwest marginal areas. In Tang Dezong, it is clearly defined that the route from Shangdu to Bianzhou is a big postal route, and the route from Shangdu to Jingnan is a secondary postal route.
And promulgated the reward regulations for the officers in the main positions of the two postal routes.
Because of the dense jungle, tigers often appear on the way up the mountain. "Tai Ping Guang Ji" (Volume 432) is recorded in Shangshan Road: There were many birds and animals that harmed its behavior in the old Shangshan Road. When a mule left early, before dawn, and the mule was in shock, a Russian tiger jumped out of the bushes and grabbed her husband. Those in the same group dare not look back. When it was time to eat, I heard that all the robbed people came to the same place.
This post road runs from the southeast of Chang 'an, through Lantian Pass, Shangzhou Pass, Wuguan Pass, Shangnanguan Pass and Neixiang Pass. Depart from Neixiang, pass Lintuan County, and arrive in Yinzhou. From Neixiang eastbound to Nanyang, Luoyang to Southwest Road, and the Southwest Line also reached Yinzhou. Yinzhou South via Yin Cheng, Linhan Crossing Hanshui to Xiangyang, Xiangzhou Governance Institute.
After the Tang Dynasty's invasion of Germany, Jianghan and Jianghuai Cao Lu were opened because the Bianhe River was blocked. Neixiang and Xichuan have become important transit points for grain transportation. Book of Old Tang Dynasty 190 Biography of Xiawenyuan Xiatang with Biography of Tang Fu: for five years, he served as the ambassador of Fu Xuan in Shannan Province and went to Dengzhou, where he played as the warehouse supervisor of township and county, Deng Wan and Huang Jian. He was first responsible for the transportation of brown rice in Hunan and Jiangxi, and then went to Xichuan County to store the storage system and grain transportation records of Chen Chaoyun in Henan Province in the Tang Dynasty. During the period from Su Zong to Germany, the transshipment line of Tang Dynasty was adjusted again. There was an Anshi Rebellion at that time, and then the rebellion of Lulong Town, Wang of Chengde Town, Tian Yue of Weber Town, Li Na of Ziqing Town, Li Xilie and Zhu _, the four kings and two emperors of Huaixi Town, occurred one after another. The rebels mobilized troops to cross the river, blocked the waterway, seriously disturbed and destroyed the river and feeder transportation lines, and seriously threatened the wealth supply of the imperial court. In order to ensure the uninterrupted transfer of tributes in the southeast region, the court opened the Jianghan transshipment line and added several transshipment warehouses.
Jianghan Line mainly has three transfer points, namely Xiangzhou, Yangzhou and Neixiang, forming two land and water transfer branches, Xiangyang and Xiangzhou, which have played an important role. Among them, the land and water transfer station of Xiangnei Line is located in neixiang county, Dengzhou, which is now Xixia County, Henan Province. It is the end point of west water transport, where the grain transported from Hanshui River is transported to Chang 'an by land. Dezong Shixiang's insider is still in use. In the first month of the fourth year of Zhong Jian, Li Xilie in the west of Huai River was sealed to Dengzhou, and there was no achievement in the south road, which hindered business travel. The so-called south road, namely Jianghan Road, is relative to the branch road of Beihe River, which shows that the traffic in central Hunan was still smooth before this. In November of that year, Li Xilie attacked Zheng in the north, Jianghuai Road was closed, and Dengzhou was reopened. The court sent Shi Wan, a counselor, to clear the way for the gold merchants to transport grain, and restored Xiang's insider. Since then, all the tributes have been declared, spared, refined and interesting. In the first year of Zhenyuan, Xiangzhou transported 150,000 stones to Jiangxi and Hunan. Some of them were transported to the transportation field in Neixiang in the following year. Because the capital is not used for the time being, they built it on the spot to store it.
The Tang Dynasty opened up many new land passages. It is recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Geography of Shangzhou: In the seventh year of Zhenyuan, Li Xihua secretariat opened a new road of more than 700 miles from Lantian to Neixiang. _ Take the road from the mountain, and people will not get sick. Call it deviation, and travel easily.
Henan Road, Henan Province, the official post said: In the seventh year of Tianbao, Wei bypassed the north ramp and a new road led from Dongshan in the county to Xiaoyi Bridge.
Give up Tang Yi Postal Road on the north slope. Under the article "Lake City in Henan", it is pointed out that in the eighth year of Tianbao, the emissaries and censors of the inn opened a new road from Housang, the king of Jin, to the west.
Transportation: In the Tang Dynasty, the land transportation in Zhongzhou was mules, donkeys and ox carts, and some people used shoulders. Because there are few horses, horses are rarely used as a means of transportation. Old Tang scroll 145 Biography of Wu Shaoyang: Shen and Cai lack horses, and they are mules. Taking advantage, they are called mule army, which is very brave.
Donkey is an important means of transportation. Du You's classic records the grand occasion of traffic at that time, saying: There are pine trees in the east and qi zhou in the west, and restaurants and shops along the road are numerous, and the hospitality is rich. Every store has a donkey to rent a guest, which is dozens of miles at a time, called a donkey. Jingxiang in the south, Taiyuan and Fanyang in the north and Shuchuan and Fu Liang in the west. Business travel has shops, which are far more suitable for dozens of miles, so there is no need to pull over.
Oxcart is also used as a means of transportation. Great-grandfathers of Xuanzong in the new Tang Dynasty said that Wang's great-grandson lived in Guo Zhuang, a native of Yin, Henan Province, and wanted cattle to enter and leave the market, but his income was refused.
Others use epaulettes, such as "Biography of Bai Juyi in the Old Tang Dynasty": Shi Zhi and the Xiangshan Monk Man Xiang Society. Every staff member with epaulettes, wearing white doves, calls himself a Buddhist in Xiangshan.
There is also a chariot for transportation. In the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan, Zi Tongzhi Jian wrote: The east is sealed, the east is the capital, and there are hundreds of miles of goods.
What people take is also called stepping.