Dozens of Lu Xun's novels, essays, poems, essays, etc. have been selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools, becoming well-known artistic image novels, such as Blessing and The True Story of Ah Q, which have been adapted into movies. Luxun Museum and Memorial Hall have been established in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xiamen. At the same time, his works have been translated into more than 50 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French and German, and have a wide audience all over the world.
Lu Xun, who fought with a pen all his life, is known as "soul of china", the banner of modern literature. He is a great proletarian writer, thinker and revolutionary in modern China, the founder of modern literature in China and one of the top ten writers in the world. "Bowing one's head and being a willing ox" is a portrayal of Mr. Lu Xun's life.
Bing Xin (190010.00.05-1999.02.28) died at the age of 99, and was called "the old man of the century". He was born in Changle, Fujian Province. His original name was Xie Wanying and his pen name was Bing Xin. . Modern famous poets, translators, writers and children's writers all advocate the "philosophy of love", and maternal love and childlike innocence are naturally the main themes of their works. She loves children very much and regards them as "the most sacred person", which is deeply admired by the people. Her works are full of love for nature and praise for maternal love and innocence.
Wang Anshi was born in the fifth year of Tianxi (A.D./KOOC-0/02/KOOC-0/) and died in the first year of Yuan You (A.D./KOOC-0/086) on May 2/KOOC-0/. Character Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival. Little Badger Lang, named Jing Guogong, is also called Wang Yushi. Yan Buling was born in Linchuan County, Jiangxi Province in the Song Dynasty (now Dengjiaxiang, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province), Han nationality. An outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Outstanding literary achievements. His poem "Learn from Du Fu and Be Thin and Hard" is good at reasoning and rhetoric, good at using allusions, powerful in style, subtle in warning and profound in sentiment. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the prison officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike, and died in Zhongshan and posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), also known as Wang Wengong. Its political reform had a far-reaching impact on the social economy in the early Song Dynasty and had the characteristics of modern reform. Lenin praised him as "1 1 century China's great reformer". Together with "Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and Ceng Gong", they are called "Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
Pu Songling, Mongolian, was born in 1640- 17 15. His name is Liu Xian and Chen Jian, and his name is Liu Quan. Known as Mr. Liaozhai, he claimed to be Yi Shi, an outstanding writer and novelist in Qing Dynasty, and a native of Pujiazhuang, hongshan town, Zichuan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province. Born into a declining landlord family. /kloc-when he was 0/9 years old, he got the boy's exam and won the first place in county, government and road, which made him famous for a while. Make up a doctoral disciple. I tried again and again until 7 1 Forced by life, he was invited by Sun Hui, a fellow villager in Baoying County, to visit his home for several years. I mainly worked as a teacher in Bijia, Xipu Village, this county, and studied for nearly 42 years until I was 6 1 year old. 17 15 (fifty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty) died in the first month at the age of 76.
Pu Songling was keen on imperial examinations all his life, but he was always frustrated. He made an exception when he was 7 1 year old, so he was deeply touched by the irrationality of the imperial examination system. He completed 8 volumes of 49 1 Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in his life, with about 400,000 words. The content is rich and colorful, and the stories are mostly taken from folklore and anecdotes of unofficial history, personifying and socializing things in the world of flowers, foxes and ghosts, fully expressing the author's love, hate and good ideals. The works inherit and develop the excellent tradition and expression techniques of the legendary literature of strange stories in China literature, with fantastic plot, ups and downs, concise writing and orderly narration, and are regarded as the highest achievement collection of China's ancient short stories. Mr. Lu Xun said in "A Brief History of Chinese Novels" that this book is "the most famous one in the special collection"; Mr. Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for Pu's former residence, praising Pu's book "writing ghosts and writing demons is superior, stabbing greed and stabbing abuse into the wood"; Lao She also commented on Pu's "Ghost foxes have personality, which makes them laugh and scold".
After Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio was written, Pu Songling was unable to publish it because of his poor family, and it was not published until 1766 (the thirty-first year of Qing Qianlong). After repeated reprints, there are more than 30 versions at home and abroad. Famous versions include hanger-on Pavilion Edition and Zhu Xuezhai Edition, and nearly 20 countries have published their translations. There are 100 publications of Liaozhai in China, and 160 dramas, movies and TV series with the story of Liaozhai as their content.
In addition to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Pu Songling has a large number of poems, plays, folk songs, agricultural and medical works. Collection 13 volume, more than 400 articles; Poetry 6 volumes, 1000; Word 1 volume, 100 Yu Tan; Three scripts (textual research on nine resellers, Zhong Mei's birthday, making a scene); Folk songs 14 kinds (wall stories, ancient songs, compassionate songs, songs, disasters, harp music, Penglai banquet, Junye tea, poor Chinese words, ugly Junba, fast songs, envious spells, lucky fairy songs, and buxing Yunge), as well as Nongsang Sutra and Nongsang Sutra. There are also three wolves, ventriloquism and mountain city in junior high school textbooks.
Pu Songling's motto: Where there is a will, there is a way, and cross the rubicon. 102 Qin Guan will eventually lead to Chu. Hard-working people are rewarded by heaven, and they have tasted courage. More than 3,000 armour can swallow Wu.
Danish writer hans christian andersen (1April 2, 805-1August 4, 875) is known as the father of modern fairy tales. 1805 was born on April 2, 2005 in a slum in odense, Fiying Island, Denmark, and received a university education. My father was a poor shoemaker who volunteered to resist Napoléon Bonaparte's aggression and died in 18 16. My mother is a laundryman and remarried soon. Andersen was tortured by poverty since he was a child. He was an apprentice in several shops and had no formal education. When I was a teenager, I became interested in the stage and dreamed of becoming a singer, actor or playwright. 18 19 became a small role in the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen. Later, I was fired because of the wet voice. From then on, I began to learn to write, but the script I wrote was completely unsuitable for performance and was not adopted by the theater. 1822 sponsored by drama director Jonas Colin, attended a grammar school in Lehrer. This year, he wrote a book. Some stories show optimistic belief that goodness and beauty will prevail, while others are very pessimistic and have very unfortunate endings. Part of the reason why his stories are so attractive is that they sympathize with unfortunate people and vagrants. He also wrote plays, novels, poems, travel notes and several autobiographies.
Alphonse Dodd (1840 ~ 1897), 19 century French famous realist writer and novelist, was once an academician of Gongul College.
He was born in Nimes, southern France, to a poor family of silk merchants. Forced by poverty, he worked as an invigilator (similar to a self-study counselor) in primary school at the age of fifteen and made a living by himself.
1857, when he was 17 years old, he came to Paris with his own poem "The Woman Lover" (1858) and started literary and artistic creation. 1866 published a collection of essays and stories, Letters from the Mill, which brought him a reputation as a novelist.
Two years after the publication of Letter to the Mill, 28-year-old Dodd published his first novel Little Things (1868), which gained a wide reputation.
"Little Things" semi-autobiographically describes the author's experience of having to make a living in adolescence because of family decline, and depicts the cold relationship between people in capitalist society with a playful and humorous style. This novel is the masterpiece of Dude, which embodies the author's artistic style of no malicious irony and implicit sadness, that is, the so-called tearful smile. Therefore, Dude is known as Dickens of France.
1870 When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Dude was drafted into the army. War life provided him with a new creative theme. Later, he wrote many patriotic short stories with the theme of war life. 1873, he published a famous collection of short stories, most of which were set in this war. Among them, "The Last Lesson" and "The Surrounding of Berlin" are well-known for their profound patriotic content and exquisite artistic skills, and they have become masterpieces of the world's short stories. They were later included in the author's collection of novels "The Story of the Moon, Yao and Japan".
Dude's short stories have a unique style of euphemism, twists and turns and hints. 1878 and 1896 successively published Selected Stories and Winter Stories.
After the Franco-Prussian War, Du De's novels were prolific. A total of 12 novels were written, including Dai Darren (1872) who satirized the bourgeois mediocrity, Romon and Risley (1874) who exposed the decadent bourgeois family life and portrayed Numa, a bourgeois politician who was good at making money. Lumes Dang (188 1), Sappho (1884), Shenxian (1888), etc.
In Dadaland, Tarascon, Dodd created a typical image of a boastful and mediocre generation, and the novel satirized the bravado heroism of some people in the bourgeoisie in the form of cartoons.
Jacques described the life experience and struggle process of a poor boy, similar to Little Things.
In The Rich, the author wrote a story of a nouveau riche who went bankrupt or even died after arriving in Paris, which vividly outlined the ugly social fashion during the Second Empire.
Nouma Lumes Dang is about how a politician who is good at finding a job climbed to the high position of a minister and successfully created a typical image of a bourgeois politician.
Immortals satirize the highest scientific institution, the French Academy. The protagonist in the book is just a mediocre pedant. He worked hard all his life and finally got into the French Academy, becoming an immortal academician, but his works were found to be pseudoscience.
Sappho is a vulgar love novel about the romantic woman Sappho, which was criticized by French Marxist critic lafayette. Dodd is a prolific writer. In addition to a large number of novels, 1888 also published two memoirs, Memories of a Writer and Thirty Years of Paris. His play The Girl in Alai City (1872) was once composed as an opera by French musicians.
He wrote thirteen novels, one drama and four collections of short stories in his life. Besides Little Things, other famous novels include Dai Darren, the Duke of Dallas, which satirizes the bourgeois mediocrity (1872) and My Little Brother Fromond and My Prospect Leslie, which expose the bourgeois life (1874). Dude agrees with Zola's naturalistic creation theory, but he is not indifferent to describing reality.
His nearly 100 short stories, each of which is generally two or three thousand words, are concise and vivid, with rich and colorful themes, novel and ingenious ideas and elegant and light style.
In literary theory, Dodd agrees with Zola's many naturalistic creative viewpoints. However, in his creative practice, he did not record human activities objectively and describe social reality indifferently in the laboratory like a scientist. As he said in Little Things, my story is just borrowed? Feng Dan's fable added my own experience. Dude's works add his own experience, from which we can see his joy, sadness, anger and tears. He humorously mocked and gently criticized the decadent world situation of French capitalism at that time, and the basic tendency of his works was progressive.
Generally speaking, his creative tendency is to criticize the capitalist reality. But his social vision is not broad enough and his criticism is not deep enough. His exposure is often limited to the social world and human customs, while his sympathy for the unfortunate ordinary people under the capitalist system is close to compassion. He often describes the little people he is familiar with and observes them with a kind and humorous eye. His observation is meticulous, and he is good at digging out some unique things from his life, expressing them in a natural style, and deeply injecting his feelings between the lines. Therefore, his works often have a soft poetry and touching charm!
Pushkin (александрсергевичпу) is/. He is known as "the father of Russian literature" and "the sun of Russian poetry". He is proficient in everything, founded Russian national literature and literary language, and provided a model for Russian literature in various fields of literature such as poetry, novels, plays and even fairy tales. Pushkin was also praised by Gorky as "the beginning of all beginnings". Born into a noble family. He began to write poetry at an early age and studied at Huangcun High School, which was set up by the czar government to train aristocratic children. During my study, I was influenced by progressive December Party members and some progressive thinkers. Many poems published later attacked serfdom and praised freedom and progress. In addition to poetry, Pushkin's works mainly include the novel The Captain's Daughter, the founder of historical documentary. History of pugachev, poetic novel yevgeni onegin, novella Dubrovski, Belgin's collection of novels, etc. Pushkin was persecuted by the czar government in his creative activities. 1837 was killed in a duel arranged by the plot. His creation has a great influence on the development of Russian literature and language, and he is known as the founder of modern standard Russian, the father of Russian literature and the sun of Russian poetry.
Pushkin 1799 was born in a noble landlord family in Moscow. All his life, he was inclined to the revolution and fought against the dark autocratic system unremittingly. His thoughts and poems aroused the dissatisfaction and hatred of the tsarist Russian rulers. He was exiled twice and refused to surrender. Finally, he died in a duel with others under the conspiracy of the czar government. He is only 38 years old. He grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. As a child, he was disciplined by a French tutor and received an aristocratic education. At the age of eight, he was able to write poems in French. His family has a rich collection of books and makes friends with literary celebrities. His nanny was born a serf and often told him Russian folk stories and legends, which made him appreciate rich Russian since he was a child and became interested in folk creation.
18 1 1 year, Pushkin entered Huangcun School, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary creation career at the age of 12. 18 15. In the senior high school entrance examination, he recited his own Memories of Huangcun, which showed his outstanding poetry writing ability, especially the beauty and exquisiteness of his poems. In his early poems, he imitated the romantic poets Bachu Skov and Zhukovsky, and learned the styles of French poets Andrei Che Nier 17 to 18. While studying in Huangcun Middle School, he was also influenced by the French Enlightenment and made friends with some security officers who later became party member in December. His thought of opposing czar's autocratic rule and pursuing freedom was initially formed.
Pushkin went to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Petersburg after graduation. During this period, he was deeply influenced by the later December Party members and their ideas of democracy and freedom. He joined the Green Light Society, a literary group associated with the secret organization of December Party members, and wrote many poems against serfdom and eulogizing freedom, such as Ode to Self (18 17). To Cha Daieff (1818); Country, (18 19), 1820, Pushkin wrote a fairy tale narrative poem ruslan and lyudmila. The story is based on Russian folklore, and describes that ruslan, a knight, overcomes difficulties and obstacles and finally finds his bride, lyudmila. Pushkin used vivid folk language in his poems, which was different from classical poetry in content and form, and challenged the aristocratic traditional literature.
Pushkin's works aroused the anxiety of the czar government. 1820 was sent to work in southern Russia, which was actually a disguised exile. During this period, he had more frequent contacts with members of the1February Party and attended some secret meetings in The Decemberists. His thought of pursuing freedom is clearer and stronger. Pushkin has written famous works such as Short Sword (182 1), Prisoner (1822), To the Sea (1824), and also wrote a set of poems of the South, including Captives of the Caucasus. He also wrote many beautiful lyric poems: The Sun goes down (1820) and Prisoner and Short Sword (182 1), which expressed the poet's strong yearning for freedom. Since this period, Pushkin has fully demonstrated his unique style.
1824- 1825 Pushkin was sent back to Mikhailovsk village, the territory of his parents in Pskov region, where he spent two years. During his imprisonment, he wrote nearly 100 poems. He collects folk songs and stories, studies Russian history, and his thoughts are more mature and his creation is more realistic. From 65438 to 0825, he completed the creation of Boris Godunov, the first realistic tragedy in Russian literary history.
1826, czar Nicholas I ascended the throne. In order to win people's hearts, Pushkin was recalled to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the czar police. Pushkin did not change his attitude towards The Decemberists. He had an illusion about the new czar, hoping that Nicholas I could pardon The Decemberists in exile in Siberia, but the illusion was quickly shattered, so he wrote a political lyric poem "To the Prisoner of Siberia" to express his loyalty to The Decemberists's ideal.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/830, Pushkin spent three months in his father's territory, which was the harvest period of his life's creation and was called "the autumn of Polkino" in the history of literature. He finished the poetic novel yevgeni onegin written from 1823, and created the image of the first "superfluous man" in Russian literature, which became his most important work. He also wrote Belgin's Tales, Tragic Knight, Mozart and Charlery, Plague Banquet, The Stone Man and nearly 30 lyric poems. The postmaster in Belgin's short stories is a model of Russian short stories, which opens the tradition of shaping "little people" and his realistic creation is in full swing.
Pushkin moved to Petersburg in 183 1 and still works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He went on to create many works, including the narrative poem The Bronze Knight (1833), the fairy tale The Fisherman and the Goldfish (1833) and the short story The Queen of Spades (1834). He also wrote two novels about farmers, Du Blovsky (1832- 1833) and The Captain's Daughter (1836).
1836 Pushkin founded the literary magazine Modern People. This publication was edited by belinsky, Necrasov, Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov. Until the 1960s of 19, it not only trained a large number of outstanding writers, but also became the mouthpiece of Russian progressives.
Pushkin's creation and activities are a headache for the czar government. They conspired to anger the captain of the French gendarmerie, Dants, and desecrated Pushkin's wife, Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova, which led to the duel between Pushkin and Dants in 1837. Pushkin was seriously injured in the duel and died on February 8, 1987 at the age of 38. His early death made Russian progressive literati sigh: "The sun of Russian poetry has set".
Pushkin's works have exerted great influence in the world with their lofty ideology and perfect artistry. His works have been translated into all the major languages in the world. Pushkin's love for freedom and life in his works, his firm belief that light will eventually overcome darkness and reason will eventually overcome prejudice, and his lofty mission and lofty ambition of "illuminating people with words" have deeply touched generations. Genius masterpieces have inspired the creative passion and inspiration of many Russian musicians. Opera "yevgeny? Onegin ","Boris? Godunov, the Queen of Spades, ruslan and lyudmila, Zokan and so on are all great music works. Pushkin's lyric poems have been set to music and become popular art songs; Other works have also been adapted into ballets and become immortal classics on the stage.
In memory of Pushkin, people renamed Huangcun, where he was born, Pushkin (1the place where Emperor Catherine died in 796). Now it has become a famous tourist attraction, and the famous village of Poljinnuo is also nearby.
Mo Bosang (1850 ~ 1893) was an outstanding French writer of critical realism in the second half of the 9th century. 1850 was born in a declining aristocratic family in Normandy province, northwest France. 1870 went to Paris to study law, which coincided with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. He should have joined the army with a certificate. After leaving the army, he worked in the Admiralty and the Ministry of Education. 19 The 1970s was an important preparation stage for his literary creation, and Flaubert, a famous writer and friend of his uncle's mother, was his literary tutor. Mo Bosang's literary achievements are the most outstanding in short stories, and he enjoys the reputation of a master of short stories in the world. He is good at intercepting typical fragments from trivial matters and summing up the truth of life from childhood to adulthood. His short stories mainly depict human feelings and the world, with unique conception and layout, and unique details, characters' language and story ending. In addition to boule de suif (1880), Mo Bosang also created Family (188 1), Uncle Yule (1883) and Father Milon (18). Mo Bosang's novels have also made relatively high achievements. He wrote six novels: Life (1883), Good Friends (also translated by Belami, 1885), Hot Springs (1886), Pierre and John (1887).
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