individual

The data word company eventually belonged to the Western Jin Dynasty.

Native place [Youzhou] Zhuoxian County, Zhuo Jun [now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province]

Guan Zhi's Thought of Shu Emperor

Birth and death 207-27 1 (65 years old)

domestic

Information father Liu Bei's mother gan

Daughter of spouse Zhang Fei

Liuyong and Liu Li are brothers and sisters.

Related figures Zhuge Liang, Jiang Qiaohao, Zhou Dengai

The forces that once played a role in the Western Shu and Jin Dynasties.

Liu Chan-A Concise Historical Biography

Liu Chan, the son of Liu Bei, succeeded to the throne as the Emperor of Shu after Liu Bei's death. He was appointed Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wan in the military, but he did not show much. After Zhuge Liang and other wise ministers died one after another, they were unable to control state affairs, and eunuch Huang Hao began to monopolize power, and Shu gradually declined. After attacking Shu on a large scale, Wei surrendered, moved his family to Luoyang, named him an Le Gong, and died a few years later.

Liu Chan was made Prince by Liu Beili. In April 223 AD, Liu Bei died of illness. In May of the same year, he succeeded to the throne and changed his country name to "Jianxing".

Liu Chan is mediocre and incompetent. In the early days of his rule, he mainly relied on Zhuge Liang to govern state affairs. Several times, he sent troops to the Northern Expedition and attacked Wei, all of which were defeated. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi assisted the court. They follow Zhuge Liang's established policy, unite internally and don't fight easily. At one time, Shu maintained a relatively stable situation. After Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, Jiang Wei came to power and fought against Wei repeatedly, consuming national strength.

Since Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan has become more fatuous and hedonistic, regardless of state affairs. Eunuch Huang Hao took advantage of favoritism, monopolized power, formed a clique for his own interests, and failed in Japanese politics. Even Jiang Wei invited himself to the stack (now northwest of Zhouqu, Gannan Prefecture, Gansu Province) to plant wheat to avoid disaster. At this point, the foundation of Shu has been greatly shaken.

In 263 AD, Wei attacked in three ways, and Wei took the road of Wargo into Shu, and sent Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan to stop Wargo. Zhuge Zhan died in Mianzhu, and Wei Jun approached Chengdu. At this time, the main force of the Shu army led by Jiang Wei was still stationed in Jiange, without any damage. The latter heard the enemy approaching, panicked and at a loss. Hurriedly called the minister to discuss. It was suggested that the late Lord fled to the south-central region (now southern Sichuan and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou), but the situation there was complicated and it was uncertain whether he could stand firm. Some people suggested sending Sun Wu to the East, but Sun Wu became weaker and weaker, making it difficult to protect himself. Qiao Zhou, a doctor of Guanglu, argued for the surrender of Wei. The latter actually adopted the proposal of the surrender of Wei, tied his hands behind his back and went out of the city to surrender to Wargo. According to Wargo's orders, he ordered all the Shu troops to surrender.

Shu Han perished.

Liu Chan-Romantic Biography

Liu Bei's son Liu Chan, nicknamed Dou, succeeded to the throne after Liu Bei's death. When Liu Chan first became emperor, he trusted Zhuge Liang very much and entrusted all military affairs to Zhuge Liang. Later, listening to rumors and interfering in the military and political affairs made Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition futile. After Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and other sages died one after another, they were unable to control the state affairs. The eunuch Huang Hao began to monopolize the power, forcing Jiang Wei to leave the wasteland to avoid chaos, and Shu gradually declined. After attacking Shu on a large scale, Wei surrendered and moved his family to Luoyang, making him the Happy Duke.

Liu Chan-Historical Evaluation

Chen Shou: Ren Xian, the late master, the ruler of reason, is confused and dark. Then he said, "Silk is impermanent and only dyes." I believe! Li and Jun followed suit, and changed to Yuan Dynasty over the years, while Zhang Wu called Lite Xing for three years, which was contrary to the ancient meaning. The country has no history and no official explanation, so there are many things and disasters. Although Zhuge Liang achieved the goal of becoming a politician, he still didn't do all this thoroughly. However, it is not easy to become famous after the age of twelve, and it is also wonderful that the army is always prosperous! Since dawn, the system has gradually lost money, with both advantages and disadvantages.

According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei said to Liu Chan before his death: "Working with the Prime Minister is like a father." . In the early days of his succession, Liu Chan did abide by his father's behest, saying that "politics, big or small, depends on the light" and delegated all military and political power to Zhuge Liang. With the deepening of Liu Chan's understanding of military governance, he began to have different views on the policy of Zhuge Liang's northern expedition leading to the decline of national strength. However, based on the established policy of Liu Bei's Northern Expedition to unify China and Zhuge Liang's high prestige at home, Liu Chan put unity first and fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, according to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the prime minister system was abolished, and the three posts of minister, general and fu were set up to check and balance each other, and the military and political affairs were separated. Later, he put forward the policy of "taking care of the state affairs" and "taking advantage of the rebellion of Wu". Before the Northern Expedition, he cultivated himself and saved his strength to seek a long-term future, and personally handled domestic military and political affairs except foreign wars. Jiang Wei, who succeeded Zhuge Liang, also had many checks and balances, which seriously slowed down the progress of the Northern Expedition. However, because Liu Chan did not have reliable control over the army, he did not dare to be too tyrannical about the military generals who advocated a swift northern expedition, which led to confusion in administrative policies. Finally, he died in 263. After the death of Shu, he moved to Luoyang, the capital of Wei. He left a famous sentence "I'm happy here, I don't think about Shu". I left it to Si Mazhao: "I have no worries!" Good impression. It saved his life. According to historical records, Liu Chan knew people well and was good at his duties, which was his father's legacy. When receiving the report of Wei Yan's rebellion, he asked: "Wei Yan is a brave general, enough to refuse Yang Yi and others. Why did he burn the plank road? " After Wei Yan's death, he did not deny all of Wei Yan. "Now that his crime has been proved, he still remembers his previous job and gives it a coffin to bury." As the weakest monarch among the three countries, Liu Chan has his own ideas of governing the country. Although it may not be correct, according to historical records, Liu Chan is definitely not as fatuous and incompetent as described in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Pei Songzhi, a historian in the Southern Dynasties, commented that "the sage of the late master is unattainable".

Liu Chan, an atmospheric politician.

The "harmony and beauty" (relative) of the relationship between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang was praised by people of insight in past dynasties and regarded as the most ideal and perfect model of the relationship between monarch and minister in feudal society. As an heir, Liu Chan can completely inherit this "harmonious and wonderful" relationship between monarch and minister from his father and develop this relationship into a "golden partner", which fully illustrates Liu Chan's "atmosphere"?

History: Before Liu Bei died, Zhuge Liang lamented that Liu Chan was "brilliant and unexpected". Liu Bei also said modestly, "If I can do this, what am I worried about?" Zhuge Liang commented on Liu Chan in "The Book with Dewey": "The court was eighteen years old, and it was virtuous and kind, and the corporal was an adjutant." In the Book of Jin. In Biography of Li Mi, Li Mi thinks that Liu Chan, as a monarch, can be compared with Qi Huangong, the first ruler in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi Huangong was in charge of Guan Zhong, and Liu Chan used Zhuge Liang to compete with Qiang Wei. Regarding Liu Chan's surrender without a fight, Wang Yin said in Ji Shu: The reason why Liu Chan prefers to take responsibility without making excuses is "the best policy for the country". Liu Chan, a politician who pays attention to the actual interests of Chinese people, is not the same as a face politician who "punched his face and filled his fat face".

Shakespeare said: "pretending to be deaf and dumb and pretending to be kind depends on talent;" He must spy on the mood of the people he makes fun of, understand their identity and seize the opportunity; Then look at every bird in front of you like a wild eagle, and don't relax at every opportunity. This is a job as difficult as the art of smart people. "

After Liu Chan's subjugation, as the king of subjugation, not only his own life, but also the happiness of Shu people were in the hands of others. Their own treatment directly affected the easing of Jin's policy towards Shu people. Therefore, Liu Chan must play the fool and hide his talents everywhere to deceive the world and protect himself. Behind the superficial numbness and cowardice lies extraordinary cunning and wit. Zhou Shouchang's Collection of Records of the Three Kingdoms commented on Adou: "I am afraid that the rumors are not true and should not be listened to." Therefore, Liu Chan, the late ruler, can still be regarded as a monarch. When I was a child, when I was educated by my father, I always listened with one ear and said it with the other. When I hear something unpleasant, I want to say something. My youngest son comes from a family background. My son not only doesn't listen to every word I say, but also feels redundant. Once, I said too much, and my son said angrily, "I'll get even with you when your old bear is old!" " "The reason why I am so repetitive is to show that it is difficult for people to get along for a long time, and neither father nor son can do it, let alone the relationship between the monarch and the minister.

Liu Bei specifically told him before he died: "You are engaged to the Prime Minister just like a father." As a matter of fact, for Zhuge Liang, who is in charge of everything, Liu Chan basically achieved humility in everything, "taking the father as the thing". By convention, Zhuge Liang should have returned to Liu Chan. On the eve of the Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang still regarded 22-year-old Liu Chan as a child, and sent a special confidant to "supervise", "my late master benefited a lot". Moreover, in "The Former Teacher", he also showed his dissatisfaction with Liu Chan, and taught Liu Chan's "pro-leisure minister, far from being a villain" like a child, while the young son of heaven Liu Chan took the tail from wagging the dog and made a compromise.

Zhuge Liang violated the entrustment of the former leader and assisted the government, and the future generations were in politics, while the long-term army was outside, which made a big taboo. Although there were some disagreements between Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang, Liu Chan also restrained himself for the sake of the overall situation. Zhuge Liang felt guilty after making mistakes in employing people. The latter comforted him and said, "It is common for military strategists to win or lose." Shortly after Zhuge Liang was demoted, in order not to affect Zhuge Liang's authority, Liu Chan restored Zhuge Liang's post in time after Zhuge Liang won the battle. When the news of Zhuge Liang's death came, Liu Chan was sad for several days, unable to go to the court, and fell down on the dragon bed and cried. When the coffin was brought back, Liu Chan met the civil and military officials twenty miles outside the city. Zhuge's autocratic power excited the late master. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan opposed building a temple for him. However, under the repeated demands of everyone, Adou didn't stick to his opinion.

Nevertheless, Liu Chan did not lose the banner of Zhuge Liang. Only in this way can we win the hearts of the people and conform to the will of the people, thus ensuring the long-term stability of the political situation. Liu Chan knew the truth that "there is no harmony between the monarch and the minister, and domestic troubles and foreign invasion". As long as he is not awake for a while, a cruel line struggle is inevitable. ! Liu Chan, the young emperor, was able to take a long-term view and deal with the problem of power officials so properly, which was unprecedented. This kind of wise leadership is also a miracle in the long history of authoritarian system. Pei Songzhi, a historian in the Southern Dynasties, commented that "the sage of the late master is unattainable".

The late ruler Liu Chan was not only generous, but also clever. Zhuge Liang longed for the Northern Expedition. Liu Chan, the young emperor, was very clear-headed and advised, "It's difficult to travel south with my father;" Before returning to Beijing, I sat without a seat; Now I want to go north again, but I am afraid of worrying. " Although Zhuge Liang didn't listen to his advice, Liu Chan fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition once the resolution was formed. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan immediately stopped the Northern Expedition which wasted national strength and money. Unfortunately, the general Jiang Wei continued to fight Cao Wei for a long time, and the national strength and wealth of Shu continued to be consumed on the battlefield. Sima Yi led an army to conquer Gongsun Yuan in Liaodong. Liu Chan was afraid that Jiang Wan would make the same mistake as Zhuge Liang, so he warned Jiang Wan not to make a move. "Wu must act, and both East and West are embarrassed to take advantage." Wei Yan rebelled and Yang Yi rebelled. After listening to Wei Yan's performance, the late Lord immediately raised a question and said, "Wei Yan is a brave general who can resist Yang Yi and others. Why did he burn the plank road? " In order to prevent the powerful minister from being too powerful, Fei Yi was the secretary and general in charge of government affairs, and Jiang Wan was the fu in charge of military affairs. The powers of the two men cross and contain each other, but each has its own emphasis. After Jiang Wan's death, he monopolized the state affairs and power, which completely solved the political system of "everything depends on the prime minister" in Shu for many years.

The late ruler Liu Chan was not only good at analyzing problems, but also decisive and humane in dealing with them. Hu Jia, his wife, joined the ranks of Empress Dowager Cixi, and Empress Dowager Cixi stayed with Hu for a month, which aroused suspicion and led to a vicious incident. Liu Chan learned his lesson and immediately abolished the court ceremony of the minister's wife and mother. When Jiang Wei and others blamed the decline of Shu on eunuch Huang Hao, Huang Hao did not entrust this matter to anyone, but said, "The eunuch is just a listener." Xia Houba's father was killed by Huang Zhong. When Liu Chan appeased Xia Houba who came to surrender, he said, "Your father's murder was not done by my ancestors." Briefly, he said, "My son is still your nephew!" "After Wei Yan's rebellion was killed, he did not completely deny Wei Yan. Instead, it issued a decree saying, "Now that I have cleared his name, I still remember my previous work and give him a coffin to bury. "Later generations thought," It's not surprising that my late master can make this statement. "In dealing with people, Liu Chan's mind is much more generous than his father, Liu Bei, and he is worthy of the second generation's demeanor and temperament. Fozek said: "A hero is a person who has done something beneficial to human society at a decisive moment. "Sun Hao, a contemporary master of Wu, was still in the" Hundreds of Million Zhaoming Palace "when he was in Enemy at the Gates of the Jin Dynasty. Good at coachable, clear in decision-making and scheduling, after unifying the world, "lazy in politics, there is quite a feast to choose Wu, five thousand ladies-in-waiting entered the palace, and nearly ten thousand Yi Ting. Try riding in a sheep cart, do whatever you want, and then go to bed. The imperial court competed to insert bamboo leaves into the house and sprinkle salt juice on the ground to attract the emperor's cart. "

As the weakest party among the three countries, it can lead Shu for 4 1 year, which not only avoids the infighting of the team, but also does not launch a big movement every few years, and the political power is stable. The people of this country stay when they go. The latter pays attention to the people's real interests, abandons face politics and reduces unnecessary sacrifice of life and property.

In times of crisis, what should be broken is broken, so as to save the people of the country. Compared with Liu Bei, who constantly encouraged people to work for himself for his own self-interest, I don't know how many generations have evolved. Compared with Sun Hao, the contemporary king of Wu, and Emperor Wu of Jin, there are many benevolent people in Liu Chan. Such an atmospheric country is rare in the history of China.

Pang Yong thinks: "The cruel king is in power, and his subjects praise him as the savior;" King Rende is in power, and the people regard it as a wart. " Montesquieu said, "A country with boring history books is happy." Wang Xuetai said: "The courtship policy of the rulers can make more ordinary people survive, which should be a good thing from the perspective of ordinary people at that time and contemporary history. Because the recruited people don't have to pay the price of their lives for a day's food; From the perspective of historical development, less destruction of some social wealth is also conducive to social progress. Why do some historians think appeasement is worse than repression? Their logic is that repression makes class contradictions more acute, class struggle more intense, and the more intense class struggle, the more it can promote social development. Judging from historical facts, this is obviously absurd. After decades of war, social wealth and population have been almost swept away, and it is really puzzling that' fierce' can' promote social development'. "

"World in 2000, China in 5000" has an atmosphere of struggle. We still curse, and people can't afford it. Who can't afford it? ! Is it A Dou, us or our unhealthy culture? ! It is the biggest evil root in our history and reality to discuss heroes by success or failure and right and wrong by ruling needs. He said, "Without a correct historical understanding of the past, we can't talk about the present and the future."