Since Chiang Kai-shek launched a counter-revolutionary coup on April 2, 1927, he and Chairman Mao, who also participated in the national revolution, have embarked on two diametrically opposite paths. 1 9491June1,the establishment of the new China proved self-evidently who is the real winner on the road to national salvation.
After 26 years, why did Chiang Kai-shek speak so highly of Chairman Mao? Before and after the Korean War, what changed Chiang Kai-shek's attitude towards Chairman Mao? Today, this program tells you about Chiang Kai-shek in the Korean War.
1On June 25th, 950, the Korean War broke out. Upon learning this news, Chiang Kai-shek immediately mobilized the relevant intelligence departments in Taiwan Province Province and reported to him the latest developments on the Korean Peninsula every day.
1September 2, 945, Japan signed the surrender. After the official end of the Second World War, the Korean Peninsula occupied by Japan was divided into north and south by 38 degrees north latitude, which was taken over by the US and Soviet troops respectively. 1948 From August to September, South Korea and North Korea successively declared the founding of the country, forming a confrontation between the north and the south. Both countries consider themselves the sole legitimate governments on the Korean peninsula.
Because of this, Chiang Kai-shek realized that the war that broke out on June 25, 1950 was not only a war between North Korea and South Korea, but also a global game between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. If one of the two superpowers leaves halfway, then this regional local conflict is likely to turn into a new world war. At that time, the authorities in Taiwan Province Province can realize Chiang Kai-shek's plan of "counterattacking the mainland" with the help of American forces.
The development of the war situation was as Chiang Kai-shek expected: four hours after the war broke out, North Korea broke through the south Korean defense line and arrived in Seoul. On June 25, US President Truman authorized the US Navy and Air Force to carry out military operations against the Korean People's Army. On June 27th, the United Nations, manipulated by the United States, approved military action against North Korea. On the same day, Truman approved the US Seventh Fleet to enter the Taiwan Province Strait and prevented the China People's Liberation Army from liberating Taiwan Province Province.
A series of subsequent actions by the United States made Chiang Kai-shek more convinced of his previous prediction, so he got in touch with General MacArthur, who commanded the American troops on the Korean Peninsula, and expressed his willingness to let Sun Liren take the lead and send the 52nd Army of the Kuomintang Army, with a total of more than 33,000 people, to participate in the US military action against North Korea.
The 52nd Army, the full name of the 52nd Army of the National Revolutionary Army, was founded after the July 7th Incident of Japanese invasion of China in 1937. At the end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the unit became a "semi-American mechanized" unit receiving assistance from the US military. 1948 September12 ——19481210 during the Liaoshen campaign in October, this unit was evacuated through Yingkou Port, and it became one of the few troops of the China Army in the Liberation War, which was the last of Chiang Kai-shek.
After receiving Chiang Kai-shek's request, MacArthur did not unilaterally agree to Chiang Kai-shek's power to send more troops, although he was the commander of the US military, so he reported Chiang Kai-shek's request to the then US President Truman. But to Chiang Kai-shek's surprise and disappointment, Truman finally rejected Chiang Kai-shek's "reinforcement" proposal.
Why did the Truman administration of the United States, which spared no effort to support Chiang Kai-shek during the War of Liberation, reject Chiang Kai-shek's proposal when it proposed to support the Korean battlefield with 52 troops?
Because US President Truman and other American high-level officials saw the real purpose of Chiang Kai-shek's "kindness" this time: it is false to support the US military's military action against North Korea, and it is true to use North Korea's way to attack New China from the northeast.
Maybe some friends can't help asking: Isn't the Truman administration's purpose just to deter 1 the new China in less than a year? Why did Truman finally reject Chiang Kai-shek's proposal?
The most fundamental reason is that Chiang Kai-shek's move is likely to really expand the Korean War into a world war, which in itself is not in the interest of the United States.
1On June 25th, 950, China immediately warned the United States that China would not sit idly by if the United States and South Korea crossed the 38th parallel. Although MacArthur swore to US President Truman at that time: "He thinks that the probability of China sending troops to North Korea is extremely low." However, from beginning to end, the United States kept a close eye on it, thinking that once China was further angered, the situation in the future Korean War might get out of hand.
If the current US military action on the Korean Peninsula makes MacArthur predict that the probability of China sending troops is not very high, then the transfer of Chiang Kai-shek's troops to the Korean Peninsula, which was at war with the People's Liberation Army before, will only greatly increase the probability of a full-scale war or even a world war. In the face of the Soviet-East camp, which also has atomic bombs after 1949, the United States is not sure to win the world war.
Another reason why the US military refused Chiang Kai-shek's proposal to send troops was because of the fighting capacity of the Kuomintang army. U.S. President Truman and senior U.S. military officers David and Marshall, who served as advisers to Chiang Kai-shek, all agreed that the fighting capacity of the national army supported by U.S. military equipment during the War of Liberation was still worrying, and now this defeated soldier who survived the War of Liberation will probably only "hold back the U.S. military."
Furthermore, after the Korean War broke out, the important reason why the US military sent the Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Province Strait on June 27th was that it was worried that the China People's Liberation Army would take this opportunity to liberate Taiwan Province Province. If Chiang Kai-shek transfers almost the only 52nd National Army with complete fighting capacity to the Korean battlefield, Taiwan Province Province will face a situation where almost no one is available, and the probability that the PLA will conquer Taiwan Province Province will greatly increase.
Because of the above two concerns, the United States finally rejected Chiang Kai-shek's proposal of "full of enthusiasm". Chiang Kai-shek was deeply disappointed and thought that the US military missed an opportunity to learn from "the troops that fought against the People's Liberation Army". After several requests from Chiang Kai-shek, the US military finally agreed that Chiang Kai-shek could send an unarmed "advisory group" to observe the beginning and end of the Korean War.
Chiang Kai-shek immediately contacted Mao Renfeng, then director of the Secrecy Bureau, after sending an advisory group to the Korean Peninsula, asking him to contact the remaining bandits and spies in Chinese mainland, sabotage the economic construction activities of New China, and echo the military actions of the US military on the Korean Peninsula.
However, as the saying goes, "The enemy will block you, and there is plenty of water to cover up": To the surprise of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek, the new China, which they had previously regarded as very passive, took a series of counterattacks that caught them off guard. 10.8, at the initiative of chairman Mao, Chinese people's Volunteer Army was formally established, ready to fight in Korea. 1950 10 9. Chairman Mao called Luo Ruiqing and Peng Zhen to draft a document to suppress counter-revolutionary activities, which is the famous "Double Ten Instructions" in history.
19501June19th, Chinese people's Volunteer Army secretly crossed the Yalu river to fight in the DPRK. 1 181On October 25th, the 40th Division of the Chinese people's Volunteer Army Army joined forces with the South Korean troops, wiped out most of the troops of a reinforced battalion of the South Korean troops, and recaptured Wenjing, an important town within an hour, which started a "good start" to resist US aggression and aid Korea. At the same time, the suppression of counter-revolutionaries and the movement to suppress bandits were also in full swing, and a large number of bandits and Kuomintang spies who stayed in the mainland were eliminated and arrested by the People's Liberation Army.
Under the leadership of Chairman Mao, China won the battle on two fronts between China and North Korea, which surprised Chiang Kai-shek. Even MacArthur couldn't believe it: under the leadership of Chairman Mao, why did the new China, which had just been established for more than a year, have such decisive courage?
But they are even more surprised: 1950, 65438+1October 25th-165438+1October 4th, and 1950, 65438+/kloc-. The mighty American army that used to fly tanks and planes was defeated by Xiaomi plus rifle volunteers.
After two large-scale battles, MacArthur was dismissed by US President Truman. In addition, Li Qiwei and Clark, the top US generals, also took brave volunteers to no avail. 1952 65438+1October14th, under the command of U.N. Army Clark, the U.S. military launched a military operation code-named "showdown", which mobilized 280 cannons, more than 200 fighters and bombers before and after, and launched an attack on the position of Shangganling Volunteers.
But to the surprise of the U.S. military, it is estimated that Shangganling, which can be captured by killing 200 people in five days, takes nearly eight times and takes a hundred times as much manpower, but fails to touch the position of the volunteers.
Here, the US military has to lament from the heart that the Korean War, which seems to have no hope of victory, really needs a truce.
Chiang Kai-shek was not surprised to hear that the United Nations army was defeated in the Battle of Shangganling. He said: "The US military will not understand why the volunteers have such a tenacious fighting consciousness." However, when the real situation in Shangganling is reported to Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Kai-shek will still be surprised by the heroic fighting of the volunteers. After the Battle of Shangganling, Chiang Kai-shek specially printed the article "Which is more important in the battle, material or spirit" in National Defense magazine for discussion by the national army.
Shortly after the Battle of Shangganling, the US military knew that victory was hopeless, and gradually started armistice negotiations with China and North Korea. 1On July 27th, 953, the armistice agreement was signed in Panmunjom, thus ending the three-year Korean War.
Clark, the American general in charge of signing the contract, lamented: "I have set a disgraceful record in history. I was the first general in American history to sign an unsuccessful armistice agreement. "
When the news of the signing of the Korean War Armistice Agreement reached Chiang Kai-shek's ears, he could not help feeling: "It seems that no one in this world is Mao Zedong's opponent!"
Just when people around him were surprised by why Chiang Kai-shek made such a sigh, Chiang Kai-shek added: "The United States thinks it is the world's number one superpower and thinks its national army is weak and incompetent, but when it fought the People's Liberation Army, it was not beaten everywhere. 16 the allies were rushed around like stupid pigs. In this way, we lost to the People's Liberation Army, and there is nothing wrong with losing. "
Perhaps this is the highest evaluation of Chairman Mao since Chiang Kai-shek and Chairman Mao parted ways for 26 years, and it is also his heartfelt feeling. As a great man in history, Chairman Mao is naturally loved by the people, and the respect of the enemy can also set off his greatness from the side.
However, Chiang Kai-shek's praise of Chairman Mao this time cannot deny his nature as a reactionary side of history. During the Korean War, he used the Secret Service to undermine socialist construction, which doomed him to be an enemy of the people. Chinese people's Volunteer Army, who defended the country, and Chairman Mao, who led them, are eternal heroes of the people of China.