① Song Painting Academy

In the history of China, during the Shang Dynasty, the imperial court had a special organization to direct artists. Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, the institutional division of labor has gradually become clear, and painting academies have begun to appear. The masters before and after the Western Shu attached great importance to painting, and the system of painting academy was more perfect. Gao Daoxing, Huang Quan and Huang Jucai in the Song Dynasty were all famous painters in the Academy. Song dynasty is the most complete period of the system of painting academy.

Song Huizong, like Zhao Jishi, opened a painting major and established the first royal painting academy in the history of China. As a painting discipline, there are six specialized courses, namely Buddhism, figures, landscapes, birds and animals, flowers and trees, and house art, and the public courses include Shuowen and Erya. The standard for selecting scholars in the Academy of Painting is "not imitating predecessors, taking the modality of things as natural and elegant".

② Yellow flower-and-bird painting

Huang Quan is a representative painter of flower-and-bird painting in Song Dynasty. He was already a famous painter in Southern Tang Dynasty and Western Shu. His painting themes and techniques reflect the requirements of the court nobles, and his works are famous for their rich craftsmanship. After the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Quan entered the Song Painting Academy, and his painting style became a model of flower-and-bird painting in the academy.

Because the flower-and-bird paintings of the Yellow School meet the aesthetic requirements of emperors and nobles, they have become the standard painting style of the academy for a time. "Artists regard the Yellow School as good." Huang Jucai, the son of Huang Quan, is the most favored by the royal family. His paintings inherit and develop his family's research. His painting style is gorgeous and exquisite, making flowers and feathers. Beauty lies in his innocence. "Mountain Birds" is his only original work. The birds and beaches represented in this painting are first outlined and then colored, with delicate lines and profound skills.

③ Hao Jing, a master of landscape painting.

During the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, landscape painters came forth in large numbers. These landscape painters inherited and developed the excellent traditions of landscape painters in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, and pushed the art of landscape painting to an unprecedented peak, becoming a model for landscape painters to study hard in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Hao Jing, Guan Tong, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran and other great painters appeared in the landscape painting field in the Five Dynasties, and they created the style of landscape painting in the north and south.

Hao Jing painted the scenery of Taihang Mountain, Guan Tong painted the scenery of Guanshan and Shaanxi, and Dong Yuan and Ju Ran painted the scenery of Jiangnan. They all created their own unique and brand-new expression techniques, and became excellent models of traditional landscape painting in China.

Hao Jing, whose name is Haoran, is a native of Qinshui. Crazy Road Map is Hao Jing's masterpiece. The picture depicts the scenery of Lushan Mountain and its vicinity. The mountains are mountainous and winding, huge peaks are flying in the air, waterfalls are like practice, and trees change with the topography of mountains and rivers. Using small and changeable brushstrokes to express the shape of rocks expresses the painter's reverence and admiration for the towering Lushan Mountain.

Hao Jing also wrote the theory of landscape painting-brushwork according to his own creative experience, which formed a complete system of China ink landscape painting. This paper puts forward six elements of painting: qi, rhyme, thought, scenery, pen and ink. With the "six essentials", we can draw the "spirit" of landscape painting and reach the highest realm of landscape painting-truth. He also put forward four criteria for evaluating landscape painting: spirit, strangeness, strangeness and cleverness. Hao Jing's paintings have a great influence. Guan Tong, who was already successful at that time, followed his example. Li Cheng and Fan Kuan in the Northern Song Dynasty were all related to Hao Jing. Ni Zan in Yuan Dynasty, Huang Dynasty and Tang Yin in Ming Dynasty all respected him as a master of landscape painting.

④ Three landscapes.

Landscape painting in the early Song Dynasty was mainly represented by Li Cheng, Guan Tong and Fan Kuan. These three schools all studied under Hao Jing, and Guan Tong rose suddenly. Li Cheng's Kuanglutu Kuangyuan and Fan Kuan's Xiong Jie represented three styles of landscape painting in the early Song Dynasty.

Li cheng (9 19 ~ 967) was a descendant of the imperial clan in the Tang dynasty. His artistic personality is mainly manifested in the description of the prospect of the smoke forest, "sweeping thousands of miles with his hands and writing thousands of miles with his fingertips." His representative works include "The Temple of Qingshan Temple" and "The Map of Reading Monuments and Stones". The picture of Xiao Temple in Qingluan is divided into far, middle and near composition, with the main peak as the center, the rocks on the left and right sides balanced, and the donkey rider in the lower left corner leads the viewer's line of sight to the center of the picture. The cold forest on the rocks adds to the bleak atmosphere in late autumn and early winter.

Fan Kuan (about 950 ~ 1027) was born in China. His artistic creation is deeply influenced by Taoist aesthetics. He has lived in Zhong Nanshan for a long time, and often lingers in the cliffs and valleys of mountains and rivers to enjoy the fun of mountains and rivers. He condensed his feelings for mountains and rivers on the brush, "conveying the spirit for mountains and rivers." His The Journey to the West is a model of ancient landscape painting.

⑤ Green landscape painting

In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the turquoise landscape painting in landscape painting entered a mature development period. The main representative works are Wang Ximeng's "A Thousand Miles of Mountains and Rivers" and Zhao Boju's "Autumn Color Map of Mountains and Rivers".

A Thousand Miles of Mountains and Rivers is 12 meters long, with a panoramic view of green mountains and rivers, great boldness of vision and rigorous composition, which fully embodies the advantages of scattered perspective of Chinese painting, giving viewers a good visual effect and making people feel relaxed and happy. This painting adopts the traditional sketching method of green mountains and rivers in the form of expression, and the colors of all kinds of mountains, stones, water and vegetation have changed. If the upper part of the sky is painted cyan, it will become shallower as it goes down, which not only makes the outline of the mountain clear, but also has the feeling of sunset, and the use of color is very successful.

"Jiangshan Autumn Color Map" has exquisite brushwork and ingenious layout. Its style is rich in green mountains and green waters, and elegant in literati painting. It shows a transition trend from "big turquoise" to "small turquoise".

2. The rise of literati painting

① Michaelis landscape

Influenced by the painting style of "literati ink play" in the middle of Northern Song Dynasty, a new school of landscape painting appeared at the end of Northern Song Dynasty, that is, the so-called "Mi's landscape".

Mi Fei was originally from Taiyuan, Shanxi, and later moved to Jiangnan. The sight of the smoky trees in the clouds along the Yangtze River inspired him, so on the basis of Dong Yuan's painting method, he formed his subtle and ethereal charm. When he paints, he paints in an informal way, mostly covering trees and stones with smoke clouds, just seeking meaning. Mi Youren, the son of Mi Fei, inherited his father's law, and there are not many works handed down from generation to generation, among which Yunshan Moxi and Xiaoxiang Baiyun Atlas are representative works.

② Li, a master of figure painting.

As far as painting style is concerned, Li is a scholar-bureaucrat painter. Li, a native of Shucheng, Anhui Province, was active in the years of Xining and Yuanfeng (A.D. 1068- 1085). At that time, scholars and scholars had frequent contacts and ink opera prevailed. His greatest contribution to painting is to show the literati's interest in character story painting. In the form of painting, he vigorously explored the artistic form of "line drawing". His "iron line drawing" from convergence to release, from birth to maturity, subtle and vigorous, known as "the best art in the world." Works handed down from ancient times include Vimalakīrti Map, Five Horses Map, Wei Yan Animal Husbandry Map, and Elegant Map of West Garden. Among them, Elegant Pictures in the West Garden depicts Su Shi, Mi Fei, Huang Tingjian and other literati talking about Zen, writing poems and painting in the garden of Wang Xian's former residence in Ma Xu. The composition of this painting and the method of expressing characters became the popular format of portraits of some scholars later.

③ "reduce pen and ink"

In Song Dynasty, "simple brushwork and ink painting" set each other off, and the representative figures were Liang Kai and Chang Fa. Liang Kai developed ink brushwork on the basis of Shi Ke in the early Song Dynasty, and Taibai Poetry is his masterpiece. In addition, he also enriched the expression techniques of traditional figure painting in China by splashing ink and freehand brushwork. His main works include "The Painting of the Fairy with Ink Splash" and "The Painting of Six Ancestors and Bamboo Trees".

3. A portrayal of the secular-Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival

In the Song Dynasty, with the development of urban economy and the expansion of the citizen class, genre paintings with the theme of "ordinary people" in urban and rural areas began to appear in large numbers. At that time, Wang, Wang and Wang were masters of genre painting, and Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival was a new achievement of genre painting.

Zhang Zeduan, with correct words, was an outstanding figure and custom painter in the late Northern Song Dynasty. He works in the Painting Academy, and The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is his immortal masterpiece. The full picture is 525 cm long and 25.5 cm wide. The author describes the activities of people from all walks of life on both sides of the Bianhe River with Hongqiao as the center in Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, during the Qingming period, which reflects a scene of social life in this period and is a long scroll of genre painting with historical and artistic value.

Other works that reflect the daily life of the city include Wang's Textile Map, Wang's Street Vendors Map and Wang's Baby Play Map in the Spring and Autumn Period of Baizi Opera.