(a) writers of the former Soviet Union
biography
Gorki (1868 ~1936)-full name: Gorki (Maxim).
Soviet writer. Formerly known as Alexei Macsimovici Peter Skov. 1868 was born in a carpenter's family in Nizhny Novgorod on March 6th and died in Moscow on June 8th. 1936.
Masterpiece: Mother
It depicts the magnificent revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, shapes the touching images of Barville, an employee of * * *, and Nirva, a revolutionary mother, and is recognized as the foundation stone of a brand-new socialist realistic literature in the history of world literature.
Literary works
1, Early Life and Creation
Gorky lost his father at the age of 4, 1 1 made a living independently, and worked as an apprentice, porter and baker. 1884 went to Kazan, and 19 visited Russia twice in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and got a wide understanding of people's feelings. In the meantime, he was arrested on 1889 for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his actions were still monitored by the Constitutional Police. 1892, he published his first novel, Markard Cudla, and soon began to work as an editor and journalist in the local newspaper. 1898 published two volumes of prose and short stories, which are well-known in Russian and European literary circles. He only went to school for two years, and he was completely self-taught.
Most of his early works are short stories. Among them are Markard Cudla, Maiden and Death, Old Lady Izgil, and Song of the Eagle. With a strong contrast between darkness and light, praising heroes who yearn for light and devote themselves to people's interests has distinct romantic characteristics. Novels such as Cerca Shi, Konarov and Because of Boredom focus on describing the miserable life of the lower classes and expressing their anger at reality, which belongs to artistic realism. The two-volume short story "The Reader" and the critical article "Paul Welland and the Decadence School" also show that the author has attached importance to the social role of literature from the beginning and has a clear artistic stance against decadence.
Two novellas, Fuma Goyle Deyev and Three Men, were completed at the turn of the 20th century from 65438 to 2009, focusing on revealing the life exploration theme of young heroes through a broader realistic picture.
Starting from 1900, Gorky participated in and presided over the work of Knowledge Publishing House, and United a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time by publishing knowledge series. 190 1 year, he wrote leaflets in St. Petersburg, exposing the atrocities of the czar government in suppressing demonstrators and calling for the overthrow of the autocratic system. Song of Haiyan, a prose poem published in the same year, is full of revolutionary passion and is considered as a "revolutionary declaration". This year, he was also entrusted by the revolutionary party to set up a secret printing factory and was arrested and exiled for the second time.
Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, among which Ordinary Citizen exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created a vivid image of workers. The bottom deeply criticizes passive waiting for happiness, and a character in the play declares, "How proud the word human sounds." Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun and Barbarian revealed the split of Russian intellectuals at that time and flogged those who abandoned revolutionary ideals. 1905 at the beginning of the revolution, as a witness against the shooting of petitioners by the czar government, he wrote leaflets and called on the people to fight, and actively participated in the publication of New Life and Fight by the Social Democratic Labor Party, trying to plan funds and weapons for the insurgents. During this period, he also published a lot of political comments, among which "On the Habits of Ordinary Citizens" deeply analyzed its social roots, psychological characteristics and its harm to the revolutionary cause.
2. Mid-term life and creation
1at the beginning of 906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised money for the party. In the same year, he wrote the drama Enemy and the novel Mother in America. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class without fear of sacrifice through fierce face-to-face conflicts between workers and factory owners in a factory; The latter highlights the image of Barville and his mother Nilovna, who consciously struggled for the cause of socialism, who changed from resignation to firm revolutionary fighters under the realistic education, based on the May Day tour behavior of women in Sormo in 1902. Both works are permeated with firm belief in historical progress and embody the creative principle of expressing reality in the development of real revolution, and are recognized as the foundation works of socialist realism. During his stay in America, the writer also wrote My Interview and In America, which exposed and criticized the capitalist system.
After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went to Italy from the United States in the autumn of 1906 and settled in Capri Island. In May of the following year, he and Lenin attended the fifth congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held there. In the following years, he wrote novellas such as The Life of a Useless Man, Summer and the Town of Ogulov, and plays such as The Last Generation and Vasa Zhileznova, as well as a number of outstanding works such as Italian fairy tales and Russian fairy tales. During this period, due to work reasons, he had a close relationship with bogdanov, then a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. His novella Confessions advocates obvious creationism. At that time, some papers and monographs published by him, such as the History of Russian Literature, also contained some wrong views such as "concept compound", "experience organization" and "creationism" to varying degrees. With the help of Lenin's criticism, he gradually raised his consciousness and broke away from the progressive group.
192/kloc-0 went abroad for medical treatment in the summer of, and basically lived in sorrento until 1928. During his recovery, he tried his best to resist the ultra-left and sectarian mistakes of some groups such as Lapp through letters and interviews, and did a lot of work to train young writers and unite writers of different styles. He also worked hard to create, published his memoirs lev tolstoy and Close-up Lenin, and completed the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University, describing the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road and the laborer's pursuit of truth and light. The novel Life of Artamonov Family was written from 1924 to 1925. Under the broad historical background of Russian serfdom reform to October Revolution in the middle of 19 century, it describes the changes of three generations of a family and shows the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie from the psychological and moral perspectives.
1928 After Gorky returned to China, he traveled around the country twice and wrote a long reportage, Travel Notes of the Soviet Union. He has lived in Moscow since 193 1. In his later years, the plays Egor Blichoff et al. and Dosch Geff et al. showed the decline of capitalism and the victory of socialism. The novel The Life of Kerim Samgin, with an individualistic intellectual as the central figure, describes the 40-year historical changes of Russian society before the October Revolution and reflects the growth of revolutionary forces. He also published a series of papers such as "On Socialist Realism" and advocated socialist realism. 1934 was elected as the first chairman of the Soviet writers association.
Gorky's works have been introduced to China since the early 20th century. Many of his novels, plays and works have not only been translated into Chinese, but also edited and published into single-volume and multi-volume Gorky collections. His literary creation and literary theory had an important influence on the development of China's new literature after the May 4th Movement.
(2) Italian doctors, neurologists and histologists
Camillo golgi (1844- 1926) is an Italian anatomist, pathologist, neurologist and histologist. The discoverer of golgi apparatus. 1906 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
(3) Gorky State
State name. Now call it Novgorod. In central Russia, the middle reaches of the Volga River and the lower reaches of the Oka River. It covers an area of 74,800 square kilometers. The population is 3.688 million (1987), of which 94% are Russians, and the rest are Tatars, Moldava, Chuvash, etc. 1936 establish a country with Novgorod as its capital. The left bank of Volga River is low-lying, the right bank is hilly, and the karst landform is below 243 meters above sea level. Mineral deposits include peat and apatite. Temperate continental climate, 10 monthly average temperature-12℃, July average temperature 19℃. The annual precipitation is 400-600 mm, and there are reservoirs and hydropower stations on the main stream of Volga River. The industries are mainly machinery manufacturing (automobiles, ships, machine tools and televisions), metal processing, chemical industry, petroleum processing and electric power. Agriculture mainly produces wheat, potatoes and yafu. Convenient land and water transportation. The main cities are Dzerzhinsk, alzas Shimar and pavlova.
(4) Gorky City
City name. 1932 was previously called "Nizhny Novgorod". 1990 was renamed "Nizhny Novgorod". A big city in Russia, the capital of Nizhny Novgorod. At the confluence of the Volga River and its tributary Oka River on the right bank, the urban area spans the banks of Oka River. Large river port. The population is 1399000( 1985). Established in 122 1 year. 16th century was an important industrial and commercial center. Shipbuilding rose in the middle of19th century. Oil and gas pipeline transportation and land and water transportation hub, with machinery manufacturing (automobile and ship manufacturing, etc. ) and petroleum processing (annual processing capacity180,000 tons) are the main industries, and military production such as tanks, planes and ships is also very important. There are large hydropower stations in the north (with an installed capacity of 520,000 kilowatts). Gorky's hometown. There are Gorky Memorial Hall and 1 1 institutions of higher learning.
Introduction to Gorky
Gorky (1868- 1936) is a great proletarian writer and the founder of Soviet literature. Formerly known as Alexei? Macsimovici? Peter Skov was born in 1868 in Gorky Road, Nizhny Novgorky, Russia. Father is a carpenter. He lost his father in his early years and lived in his grandfather's house, which ran a small dye house. 1 1 years old began to make a living independently, and spent his childhood and adolescence at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary early experiences are vividly described in his famous autobiography trilogy. The suffering of the world and the bitterness of life have honed his fighting spirit; In addition to heavy work, he also studies hard by himself. The experience and profound understanding of the painful life of the people at the bottom of society has become an inexhaustible source of his creation. 1892 with maxim? Under the pen name Gorky (meaning the greatest pain), he published his first novel, McArdle? Cudla. Among Gorky's early works, the most famous romantic short stories "Old Lady Izgil" and "Song of the Eagle" and the representative work "Cerca Shi" describing the life of vagrants were published in 1895. 1899, Gorky completed his first novel, Fuma? Gore deyev. 190 1 year, Gorky was arrested for participating in a demonstration in Petersburg. The famous prose poem Haiyan was written after he participated in this demonstration. He used this passionate revolutionary prose to meet the revolutionary storm of the proletariat in the 20th century. In the same year, he wrote his first play Ordinary Citizen, and his outstanding achievement was to create the image of the first revolutionary proletariat (revolutionary worker Neil) in the history of world literature. 1902, he wrote "At the Bottom", which is a summary of the author's observation on the life of the homeless in the past 20 years and a masterpiece of Gorky's drama. Gorky joined the revolutionary movement as a soldier during the high revolutionary situation in 1905, and his residence became one of the strongholds of the armed uprising in Moscow in 1905. 1906, Gorky's best masterpiece Mother was published. In the history of world literature, it is an epoch-making masterpiece and opens up a new historical period of proletarian literature. In the same year, he wrote a drama "The Enemy" about American workers' riots, which was one of Gorky's best plays. 1906- 19 13 years, Gorky lived in Italy and became a political exile because of the persecution of the czar government. 1in the spring of 907, attended the fifth congress of Russian social democratic labor party held in London. Since then, he and Lenin have established close ties and profound friendship. During the period1911913, I wrote the story collection Italian Fairy Tales. Gorky wrote Childhood, the first part of the autobiographical trilogy, on 19 13. Gorky returned to the motherland in 19 13, presided over the literary column of Pravda, and engaged in cultural organizations and literary activities. 19 16 published the second autobiographical trilogy "On Earth"; The third book My University was published in 1922. After the victory of the October Revolution, 1925 published the novel The Cause of the Aldamonov Family. 1925- 1936 wrote the epic "Kerim? The Life of Samgin is Gorky's last masterpiece, and this epic is one of Gorky's most outstanding artistic achievements. 1934, the first Soviet writers' congress was held under the auspices of Gorky, and Gorky was elected as the chairman of the Soviet writers' association.