Mei Ju is commonly known as the Four Gentlemen. Because they are neither too hot nor too cold, they like to talk like gentlemen, so they are called Four Gentlemen. Plum blossoms come in the snow, the arrow orchid hides the valley, the bamboo wind blows, and the purple chrysanthemums float lightly.
Gentleman is a good name for virtuous people in ancient China. Being commensurate with the Four Gentlemen means personalizing Mei Lan and Zhu Ju, combining the natural characteristics of flowers and trees with people's good moral character, and giving them life. Bamboo, modest and restrained, tall and straight, can be said to be upright and upright; Mei, the snow is proud, and jade bone's ice muscles are complacent; Orchid, elegant and fragrant, self-pity, very totally; Chrysanthemum, Ao Shuang, proud and fragrant, do not compete with others. Mei Zhu Lan Ju has always been the creative theme of China literati, which is reflected in poetry, calligraphy and painting!
May: Noble and proud.
Plum blossom fragrance comes from bitter cold, likes the elegant temperament of plum blossom, is not afraid of the cold, and blooms freely in the snow, regardless of anyone's care.
The ancients also liked plum blossom because she was arrogant and natural. When the snow and ice are not gone, the petals are red and the fragrance is light. Why else would there be that poem? I knew from a distance that it was not snow, but a faint fragrance. Snow, pink peach blossom, lining each other, don't have some gratitude in my heart.
People often compare plum blossoms to beautiful beauties. It's better than being those who make progress despite difficulties, standing on the highest mountain top and seeing through the most beautiful scenery. Now the plum blossom is still the same as before, often stretching itself in the unfrozen spring, which is absolutely outstanding.
There is an old saying: "Xue Mei refused to surrender for spring, and the poet pavilion paid a comment." . Mei Xu Xun's snow is three points white, but the snow has lost a plum. "
Lan: Elegant and ethereal.
Lan is the best of the four gentlemen, her elegance and fragrance. Small flowers bloom in sparsely populated places and bloom by themselves. We can see that she is not secular or rich, only for herself. Bloom, the moment when a flower blooms, the moment when a myth is born.
People like orchids and their elegance. What a noble and elegant beauty, quietly blooming, people say that orchids are the king of incense. I have never seen her beauty, but there must be something extraordinary about her elegance.
Wang Lanhua in the grass is narcissistic, but the arrogant one is the grass of beauty after all.
The ancients said: "The ancient meaning pities the secluded grass, and the world pays attention to the late love."
Bamboo: modest and restrained.
The elegance of bamboo is also quiet and graceful, and it is tied with three other friends. People often say that thin bamboo poles are compared with those who are honest and clean. Presumably, some people who have no desire are mostly thin, so you must think of bamboo.
Of course, there are beautiful myths and legends about bamboo. It is said that in distant ancient times, Shun's two concubines once threw themselves into the river. Finally, tears were sprinkled on bamboo, which became the "spotted bamboo" that is still talked about by people today. This is a magical love legend. Princess Xiaoxiang's story is a good endorsement for bamboo.
Of course, bamboo also represents nobility, luxuriant foliage and strength. In Chinese painting, we see the sharp contrast between ink and white. Very old, very old, very shocking, very thoughtful.
There is a poem praising: "Lingyun will be more modest if there is a knot before it is unearthed."
Residence: Qingzhen, Leng Yan
Chrysanthemums, like plum blossoms, are flowers. It's talk, and its fragrance is hidden and unknown. Tao Yuanming once wrote a story about the Peach Blossom Garden, which showed his sincere desire to return to nature, and at the same time brought people to the world of "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely". Who in the world is not looking forward to this?
Chrysanthemums, different from the world's colorful, are not secular, nor can they be compared to weeds on the roadside. She is not an arbitrary metaphor. She is cold and cheerless, she is elegant, she is beautiful, and she is different from ordinary people.
Take a sip of chrysanthemum tea, or watch the clouds for a long time and see a pale yellow chrysanthemum.
People say, "People are as light as chrysanthemums."
This is the Four Gentlemen, Mei Zhu Lan Ju. They have a common romantic pride, or thin and cold, or carefree, just like the Peach Blossom Garden and Shangri-La in people's hearts, they have never arrived and are fascinated by it.
Four gentlemen in the painting
In China ancient paintings, especially flower-and-bird paintings, there are many works with Mei Zhulanju as the theme, which are often used by literati to express lofty and refined interests, upright integrity, open-minded quality and pure thoughts and feelings. Let's start with May. As we know, plum blossoms are cold-resistant, bloom early and can bloom in early spring. With pine and bamboo, they are also called "three friends of the old cold". People paint plum blossom mainly to show its unique personality that it is not afraid of cold and is proud of snow after frost. So, when did plum blossom begin to be painted?
Judging from the history of painting, people painted plum blossoms in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and in the Northern Song Dynasty, painting plum blossoms has become a trend. The most famous monk is Zhong Ren, who created the ink plum blossom. He painted the plum blossom without color, but only with the shades of ink. It is said that he once saw the shadow of plum blossom reflected by moonlight on enough paper, and was inspired, so he created ink plum that was smudged with thick ink and ink painting. Since then, another painter, Yang, has further developed this painting method. Create a double hook method to draw plum blossoms, so that plum blossoms are pure, elegant and full of wild interest. Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, more people have painted plum blossoms. Wang Mian, the greatest master of plum blossom painting in Yuan Dynasty, should be the first. He claimed to be the owner of the plum blossom. His ink-and-wash plum blossom paintings have changed the habit of Song people to be cold, and turned into dense flowers, giving people a warm and vigorous feeling. Wang Mian's masterpiece is one of his masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, which vividly conveys plum blossom's muscle-clearing pride and entrusts the literati's aloof feelings.
There are countless painters in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Liu, Shi Tao, Jin Nong and Wang. In terms of style, they generally inherited the two painting styles of Song and Yuan Dynasties.
However, not everyone can draw plum blossoms well. Plum blossom painters should also have the character of painting plum blossoms. Some people call it "plum spirit", a noble sentiment, a clean and honest character. As the saying goes, "painting plum blossoms must have the spirit of plum blossoms, and people are as clear as plum blossoms."
Look at orchids again. When people draw orchids, they usually place a delicate and noble sentiment on them.
For example, Qu Yuan, a poet of Chu State, used the poem "Autumn is blue and clear, green leaves and purple stems are beautiful for everyone" to chant orchids. However, orchids entered the painting later than plum blossoms, probably starting in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, more people painted orchids. It is said that Su Shi once painted orchids with thorns in them, which means that a gentleman can tolerate villains. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, people often painted orchids to express a kind of integrity that did not rise and fall with the world after the death of the Song Dynasty. At that time, Zhao He was called Master Moran.
Zheng Suonan painted orchids in the Yuan Dynasty, which is the most famous and has the clearest meaning. It is said that he will sit in the south to show his nostalgia for the first dynasty and his shame as the second minister of the yuan dynasty; His orchids never draw roots, just like floating in the air. For human reasons, he replied, "My land has been taken away by the people. Can I still own it?" Therefore, to appreciate painting, we should also understand the historical background. Zheng Banqiao, one of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, was the most famous painter in Qing Dynasty. Zheng Banqiao is a person who pays attention to learning from nature. He drew a pot of orchids. But he especially likes painting wild orchids in the mountains. To this end, he planted dozens of orchids himself, and often transplanted them to the shade of wild rocks after the third spring, so that they could grow up in the second year, watching them stand upright and smelling their rich and pure fragrance, thus obtaining the beautiful essence of wild orchids in the mountains.
Bamboo painting, roughly equivalent to orchids, also began in the Tang Dynasty. Tang Xuanzong, painter Wang Wei and Wu Daozi all like to paint bamboo. It is said that in the Five Dynasties, Li Furen also created the Mohist bamboo method. It is said that she often sits in bed at night and sees the bamboo shadow shown on the window paper, which is copied by the window paper. In the Song Dynasty, Su Shi developed the method of painting bamboo, giving up the double hook coloring method of previous painters, and painting branches and leaves with ink, with deep ink as the leaf surface and light ink as the leaf back. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, famous bamboo painters came forth in large numbers. As long as they are landscape or flower-and-bird painters, they don't paint bamboo, and they begin to emphasize the overall momentum of bamboo. However, among many painters, Zheng Banqiao's bamboo painting is also a must.
For painting bamboo, Zheng Banqiao once wrote down his own experience: "The pavilion in the middle of the river is clear in autumn, bamboo is seen in the morning, and smoke and light are exposed, all floating among the sparse branches and dense leaves. All I can think about is paintings. In fact, the bamboo in the chest is not the bamboo in the eye. Therefore, grinding ink to spread paper, putting pen to paper is disguised, and the bamboo in the hand is not the bamboo in the chest. In short, it means to write first, and the rules are also; This machine is also available if you are interested in staying out of the law. Draw clouds alone! " Therefore, we can get inspiration from all kinds of natural scenery of bamboo, stimulate emotions, transform it into bamboo in the chest through bamboo in the eye, and brush it into bamboo in the hand, that is, bamboo in the painting. Zheng Banqiao's works have been handed down many times and widely circulated. Since the Qing dynasty, they have been lamented by experts all over the world and become treasures of "everyone vying for treasure".
Chrysanthemum entered the picture a little later, probably starting from the Five Dynasties. Compared with Mei, there are relatively few works that show chrysanthemums. According to the history of painting, Xu Xi and Huang Quan painted chrysanthemums in the Five Dynasties, but few people painted chrysanthemums in the Song Dynasty. Su Mingyuan and Ke also had chrysanthemum works in Yuan Dynasty. Not many people painted chrysanthemums in Ming and Qing Dynasties. At present, the Capital Museum has a "Chrysanthemum Stone" by Chen Chun, the most famous painter in Wu Pai in the Ming Dynasty, which is a rare chrysanthemum work.
The introduction of Mei Lan and Zhu Ju enriched the theme of art and expanded the aesthetic field. They are both rich in formal beauty and reminiscent of people's character, which is not only convenient for literati to display their interest in pen and ink, but also convenient for literati to express their ideas by borrowing things. Therefore, the wind of describing "Four Gentlemen" has never stopped.
In the category of flower-and-bird painting, plum blossom, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum are the objects that painters often like to express. This reflects the symbolic significance of Chinese painting: according to China's traditional concept, these flowers and plants have noble moral character, just like "gentlemen" between people. "Gentleman" is an important category in China's philosophy, which refers to people with high moral cultivation, second only to "saints". In the eyes of China people, plum blossoms are in full bloom in the snowy winter, and they are not afraid of the cold, which symbolizes that a gentleman is unyielding and not afraid of violence. The secluded valley and orchid, fragrant and fragrant, symbolize the elegance and independence of a gentleman. Bamboo is humble and vigorous, tall and straight, symbolizing gentleman's humility and open mind, noble morality and bright holidays. Chrysanthemum blooms against the wind in late autumn in Ao Shuang, symbolizing the loneliness and pride of a gentleman. These themes are not only often seen by painters, but also frequent visitors to various literary styles. Artists like these flowers and plants, which actually shows their admiration and pursuit of noble morality.
Plum blossom, also known as "Five Blessed Flowers", is a traditional famous flower in China, and it is also called "three friends in cold years" with pine and bamboo. She symbolizes happiness, happiness, longevity, smoothness and peace. It has neither the elegance of peony nor the romantic and gentle fragrance of rose. The beauty of plum blossoms is not just one flower, but a group, which gives people a warm feeling when they are in full bloom. When you look at plum in late winter and early spring, there will be a warm atmosphere, and people will not feel the cold in late winter and early spring. Her unique personality, which is not afraid of cold, proud of frost and snow, jade bone with ice muscles and cold ling with fragrance, is regarded as the essence of the nation and respected by the world. Throughout the ages, writing is also one of the most widely sung varieties. "I have no intention of fighting for spring. A group of people are jealous, and the yellow mud is broken into dust, and it is only as fragrant as ever." In Lu You's works, Mei is so lonely, which also sets off the narcissism of literati. "A few plum blossom in the corner, cold ling open alone. I know from a distance that it is not snow, because it has a faint fragrance. "Wang Anshi's wonderful pen makes people smell the faint fragrance of plum blossoms in the snow. "Don't come to spring and a half, amazing heartbroken. Bricks fall like snow and are still full. " Li Yu's words, thoughts on the motherland, resentment and people's worries are all incorporated into the notice.
Orchids are flowers with "three beauties" of flowers, fragrance and leaves. It is also called "elegant flowers and plants" with chrysanthemum, narcissus and calamus, and it is one of the top ten famous flowers in China. Orchids, which grow in deep mountains and valleys, are elegant and magnificent, swaying in the breeze, graceful and fragrant, and touching. Its noble quality of "not for no one, not for fragrance, not for cold" has ushered in the reputation of "empty valley beauty" for itself. In ancient times, a good article was called Zhang Lan, and a friend with deep feelings was called You Lan or Lan Yi. Therefore, orchids have become a symbol of beautiful things on earth. In the endless stream of China literature, orchids account for a considerable proportion. "Qiu Lan is very clear, with green leaves and purple stems, and there are beauties everywhere." Dr. Qu Yuan used such words to praise orchids and let people appreciate the beauty of orchids. "Lanxi is full of spring, and orchid flowers are in the rain." The orchids written by Du Mu are beside the blue water in Lanxi. The river and orchids set each other off, and orchids give off a unique fragrance. It's raining, which presents a hazy and elegant picture in front of us. "If you don't see Lansheng in the deep valley, you can catch the wind." Although the artistic conception of Su Zhe's poem is quite Zen, it admires the simplicity of the orchid.
Bamboo, traditionally in China, symbolizes the elasticity and longevity of life. Bamboo, pine and plum trees are collectively called the three auspicious plants in winter. Many bamboos with sheath-like leaves are flourishing, rippling in the bamboo waves and merging into the sea. Some are like green beads falling to the ground, some are like Cui Yun connecting with the sky, and bamboo leaves are dancing in the sea of bamboo, swaying Wan Li. Being in the sea of bamboo, the fragrance of bamboo is everywhere. Its scenery and fragrance are intoxicating. Grow up silently in the barren hills and survive tenaciously in adversity with perseverance. For thousands of years, bamboo's delicate and upright characters are exemplary and admirable. Scholars love bamboo since ancient times. Su Dongpo's "It is better to eat without meat than to live without bamboo." No meat makes people thin, no bamboo makes people vulgar. "There are many people who know and many people who like it. Bamboo is more important to Su Dongpo than the necessary food every day. Li He's "heartless, everyone hates, and there are thousands of cigarettes. "I wrote some sadness of bamboo and a sigh of love and hate of bamboo. Fan Chengda's "Bamboo groves at the stern cover counties and cities, so an old friend is still self-reliant. "Then I wrote a tearful parting in the bamboo, which made people feel that the bamboo also had the same parting as others.
Chrysanthemum, also known as yannian, Shouke, etc. Chrysanthemum is a traditional famous flower loved by China people, with a cultivation history of more than 3,000 years. Chrysanthemum is elegant and noble, with beautiful flowers and bright colors. Since ancient times, it has been regarded as a symbol of integrity and elegance. In late autumn, flowers wither, and only chrysanthemums bloom in the frost. After the severe frost, waiting for the flowers to bloom may be the origin of being called pride. The chrysanthemums written by literati are even more colorful. Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan" is a well-known sentence, which is well known to women and children. Wang Anshi's "Rain hits the garden at dusk, and residual chrysanthemums fall all over the ground" compares the landed Huang Ju to the gold after the rain. Li Qingzhao's "Who is lonely and proud of the world?" After the wine was released in Dongli at dusk, there was a faint fragrance full of sleeves, "and write your own melancholy."
The four gentlemen of Mei Lan and Zhu Ju, with their elegant and indifferent characteristics, have been loved by the world for thousands of years and become a cultural symbol of personality, although this is due to their own nature; But it is also related to the appreciation and admiration of literati and recluse gentlemen in past dynasties. The origin of the name of the Four Gentlemen is probably due to the fact that ancient sages and gentlemen often took Mei Zhulan's residence as their responsibility, and Mei Zhulan's residence can be used to describe their high morality and integrity. Based on this inherent moral metaphor, the name "Four Gentlemen" is indeed appropriate.
Looking at the four gentlemen of "Mei Zhu Lan Ju", they are closely related to the ancient culture of China and our life today. If everyone can learn the noble quality of "Mei Zhu Lan Ju" and reasonably apply it to normal life and work, then this chaotic world of mortals will be much less troublesome and more fresh than before. With the rapid development of urban civilization, people who have lived in the city for a long time are always in a state of tension and fatigue in the rapidly changing modern life, so every wandering soul is eager to stay away from the world and find a quiet downtown and a quiet place of its own.
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