To speed up the transformation of economic development mode, we must focus on solving the imbalance problem in China's economy, and the problems of imbalance, uncoordinated and unsustainable development in China are still outstanding. Adjusting the economic structure and changing the mode of economic development is to solve the imbalance problem in China's economic development, re-coordinate the main proportional relationship of the national economy, and promote long-term stable and rapid economic development. At present, the economic imbalance in China is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the imbalance between savings and consumption, high savings rate and low consumption rate. In 2008, China's savings rate was 5 1.4%, which was 27.5 percentage points higher than the world average savings rate. From 1978 to 2008, China's savings rate increased by 13.5 percentage points.
At the same time, the consumption rate dropped sharply. 1978 The consumption rate in China was 62. 1%, but in 2008 it dropped to 48.6%, down by 13.5 percentage points. The decline in consumption rate is mainly caused by the decline in household consumption rate. China's domestic and international demand is unbalanced, its export dependence is too high, and its domestic demand is insufficient. Its essence is a serious shortage of consumer demand. The insufficient consumption of residents has made China's economy increasingly embark on the strange circle of production for production, which has brought a series of economic and social problems.
Therefore, it is emphasized that expanding consumer demand is the strategic focus of expanding domestic demand, and promoting economic growth depends on the coordination of consumption, investment and export. The development of the tertiary industry lags behind, and economic growth is too dependent on the secondary industry. China's GDP per capita exceeded $65,438+$0,000 in 2002 and reached $3,600 in 2009. However, the proportion of the added value of the tertiary industry in GDP has not increased with the doubling of per capita GDP, and has been hovering around 40%. At present, the proportion of the added value of the tertiary industry in GDP in China is lower than that of other countries at the same level of development by more than ten percentage points. The lagging development of the tertiary industry, especially the modern service industry, restricts the improvement of the quality and efficiency of China's economic growth, the transformation of economic development mode and the improvement of residents' living standards. At the same time, China's economic growth is too dependent on the development of the secondary industry, especially the "two high and one capital" industry and the real estate industry. In the future, we should accelerate the development of the tertiary industry, strive to make the growth rate of the added value of the tertiary industry faster than the GDP growth rate, and shift from promoting economic growth to relying on the coordinated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Unreasonable investment structure, excessive consumption of material resources and low contribution rate of scientific and technological progress. For a long time, China's economic growth mainly depends on extensive expansion, which consumes a lot of material resources and is inefficient.
In 2009, China's GDP accounted for 8% of the global total, but it consumed 18% of the world's energy consumption, 44% of steel and 53% of cement. Such a huge consumption of resources is unsustainable. The external dependence of some major mineral products (such as crude oil and iron ore) in China has increased from 5% of 1990 to more than 50% in recent years.
On the other hand, China's scientific and technological progress is not fast enough, and the expenditure on research and experimental development accounts for a low proportion of GDP, and the technology is highly dependent on foreign countries. China is the largest automobile producer in the world, but almost all the core technologies are foreign. China is known as the "factory of the world", but there are almost no world famous brands, and 90% of its exports are OEM products. In the future, we must focus on changing from extensive growth with high consumption, high emission and low efficiency to intensive growth with low consumption, low emission and high efficiency, and promote the change from relying mainly on scientific and technological progress, improving the quality of workers and management innovation. The relationship between man and nature is not harmonious enough. The cost of resources and environment for China's economic growth is too high, and the relationship between man and nature tends to be tense. The reason for the deterioration of environment and ecology lies in the blind development of industries with high energy consumption, high pollution and high emission in various places. In the 11th Five-Year Plan, energy conservation is listed as a binding goal, but it is very difficult to accomplish this task. It should be noted that resources and ecological environment have become the biggest bottleneck and realistic hard constraint for the sustainable development of China's economy. We can't continue to take the old road of partial improvement and overall deterioration, but we must make up our minds to build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and take the road of sustainable development. The income gap between residents is too large.
For example, in 2009, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 1, 7 1.75 yuan, while the per capita net income of rural residents was 5 1.53 yuan, which was less than the former 1/3. If the urban-rural inequality of public services such as medical care, education and social security is added, the income gap between urban and rural residents will further widen. The per capita GDP gap is not small. In 2007, Shanghai was 78,225 yuan, and Guizhou was 10258 yuan, the former was more than 7 times that of the latter. The main reasons for the excessive income gap among residents are urban-rural division, industry monopoly, power and money transaction, and poor redistribution adjustment. Paying attention to fair distribution, accelerating the improvement of the income and consumption level of low-income groups, and focusing on safeguarding and improving people's livelihood have become the key to maintaining social stability and enhancing the endogenous motivation of economic development.
The connotation of changing the mode of economic development expands and enriches with the development of economy and society. 1995 when formulating the ninth five-year plan, we first proposed to fundamentally change the mode of economic growth, that is, from extensive to intensive. In 2005, the central government's proposal on formulating the Eleventh Five-Year Plan once again emphasized the transformation of economic growth mode, and at the same time its connotation was expanded. It is proposed to form an economical growth mode with low input, low consumption, low emission and high efficiency to change the economic development mode step by step, and its connotation has also expanded from one change to three changes, that is, to promote economic growth from relying mainly on investment and exports to relying on the coordinated development of consumption, investment and exports. From relying mainly on the secondary industry to relying on the coordinated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, from relying mainly on increasing the consumption of material resources to relying mainly on scientific and technological progress, improving the quality of workers and management innovation. Since the beginning of 20 10, the central government has been emphasizing on accelerating the transformation of economic development mode, pointing out that it is urgent to change the economic development mode after the outbreak of the international financial crisis.
Accelerating the transformation of economic development mode is an inevitable requirement to adapt to the major changes in the global demand structure, enhance China's economy's ability to resist international market risks, improve its ability of sustainable development, seize the commanding heights, strive for innovative advantages, rationalize the distribution of national income, and promote social harmony and stability in the post-international financial crisis period. Adapt to the new requirements of realizing the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way and meet the people's new expectations for a better life.
It is on this basis that accelerating the transformation of economic development mode is a profound change in China's economic and social fields, which must run through the whole process of economic and social development and all fields to improve the comprehensiveness, coordination and sustainability of development.
Changing the mode and adjusting the structure need to appropriately reduce the economic growth rate. As a large developing country, China must maintain a certain economic growth rate in order to solve various economic and social problems. However, the pursuit of ultra-high-speed economic growth year after year has also become an important reason for the imbalance of China's economic structure.
In order to pursue short-term ultra-high-speed economic growth, all localities have continuously increased investment and squeezed consumption by investing heavily in industries, especially heavy chemical projects. Excessive investment growth and extensive expansion will inevitably pay too much resource and environmental costs. In order to maintain economic growth, fiscal expenditure is mostly used for infrastructure construction, while financial resources for supporting underdeveloped areas and increasing the income of low-income groups are insufficient, and the development of social public utilities lags behind.
Therefore, in order to alleviate the imbalance of the economic structure, it is necessary to appropriately slow down the economic growth at present, and gradually shift from pursuing double-digit growth to pursuing growth of around 8%, for example.
Recently, actively eliminating backward production capacity, canceling the export tax rebate for some products with "two highs and one capital", increasing energy conservation and consumption reduction, controlling the scale and growth rate of bank lending, rectifying local financing platforms, standardizing the real estate industry, and raising the minimum wage in various places have all made the economic growth rate rebound, which is conducive to economic restructuring and the transformation of development mode.
Some people worry that China's economy will suffer a "double dip" because of these measures, which is not conducive to the steady and rapid economic development. This understanding is incorrect. A certain adjustment of the current economic growth rate is the requirement of macro-control, which is conducive to changing the mode and adjusting the structure, not a "double dip".
According to the current development trend, the economic growth rate this year will still be above 9%. If we can't tolerate a certain degree of growth callback and want to maintain double-digit growth, then the transfer mode and structural adjustment will fail, and even the structural imbalance will become more serious, and finally we will move towards a "hard landing."
Only by thoroughly implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, changing the concept of development, and changing from pursuing double-digit growth to pursuing normal medium-high-speed growth, that is, about 8% growth, can we create a better environment and conditions for adjusting the economic structure and changing the mode of economic development.
In fact, under the current system and policy framework, we don't have to worry about the bottom of the economy at all. At present, all aspects, especially local governments, are still very motivated to pursue rapid economic growth.
Therefore, at present, the most difficult thing is to control the shortage of resources, environmental deterioration, inflation and the disparity between the rich and the poor brought about by rapid economic growth. This puts forward urgent requirements for promoting government transformation and building a service-oriented government. Focusing on deepening reform and adjusting policies, promoting mode transformation and structural adjustment, reform is a powerful driving force to accelerate the transformation of economic development mode.
Changing the mode and adjusting the structure require comprehensive measures such as improving the ability of independent innovation, developing strategic emerging industries, and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, among which it is very important to focus on deepening reform and adjusting policies. In deepening reform, we should focus on government transformation and financial transformation. In 2005, the central government's proposal on formulating the Eleventh Five-Year Plan clearly pointed out that speeding up the reform of the administrative management system is the key to comprehensively deepening the reform and improving the level of opening up. This shows that we realized at that time that the transformation of economic growth mode must be promoted and guaranteed by government transformation. The 12th Five-Year Plan proposal once again emphasizes the promotion of administrative system reform and further transformation of government functions.
In accelerating the transformation of economic development mode and economic restructuring, we should emphasize the transformation of government, that is, from an economic construction-oriented government to a service-oriented government, and properly handle the relationship among government, market and enterprises. The government can no longer take the pursuit of rapid GDP growth as the main goal, but should put public services in the first place.
In the process of government transformation, financial transformation is very important.
Actively build a fiscal and taxation system that is conducive to changing the mode of economic development. This requires that finance should change from economic construction finance to public service finance, and financial expenditure should be mainly used for public service rather than economic construction.
In addition to the necessary infrastructure, economic construction expenditure is mainly used for "agriculture, countryside and farmers", such as building water conservancy projects, improving varieties, popularizing advanced agricultural technologies and directly subsidizing grain production. We will substantially increase the expenditure on public services such as education, medical and health care, employment training and services, social security and public cultural construction, effectively improve the income and consumption level of the public, especially low-income people, and increase the proportion of household consumption in GDP.
It is also important to adjust policies.
For example, the long-term low-price policy of resources and production factors is actually encouraging extensive expansion. Major adjustments are needed in the future, mainly to relax price control, so that the prices of various resources and factors can reflect the relationship between market supply and demand, the scarcity of resources and the cost of environmental damage.
For another example, to adjust the economic structure, it is necessary to speed up the development of the service industry. However, at present, the actual tax burden of the service industry business tax in China is about 2 percentage points higher than the value-added tax of the secondary industry, which is obviously not conducive to adjusting the industrial structure; There are also various policies that restrict private capital from entering monopoly industries, which are not conducive to the technological progress and efficiency improvement of these departments and need to be adjusted urgently.