Keywords: Fu She; Family background; The aristocratic society began in the second year of Chongzhen (1629) and was formed by the merger of several famous literati associations in the south of the Yangtze River at that time. After several years of development, by the late Chongzhen period, the total number of members of the association had reached about 3,000, making it the largest literati association in the history of China, further pushing the influence of traditional literati associations to the peak. In the past, scholars mostly investigated Fu's society from the perspective of political history. Only a few scholars involved the family background of the members of Fu's society when studying related issues, but it was not systematic enough. ? The author thinks that, to some extent, the social status of the members of Fu's society is determined by their family background, and the family composition of the members of Fu's society greatly affects the development direction of Fu's society. The classification of the members of Fu's society is based on Biography of Fu's, referring to other historical books and taking family background as the standard. The author divides the members of Fu's society into four categories: The Biography of Fu's by his son Wu Yufu contains 65,438+0,240 members of Fu's society, of which 65 are related by blood, in-laws or teachers and students. These members can be divided into two categories: when the society rose, their parents and grandparents had been killed, represented by Huang Zongxi, Zhou Maolan and Wei Xuelian; His father and ancestors were still alive and held important positions in North Korea, represented by, Fang Yizhi and. What happened to Zhen Shi Group after its collapse in the early years of Chongzhen? Revenge for my father and ancestors? Mode appeared in political life and immediately attracted people's attention. However, most of them did not have a decisive influence on the development of the buildings except for Gao Gu and others who participated in the initiation of "protecting the capital and preventing the chaos". The latter, relying on the prestige and power of their parents, often prides himself as a pillar hero, making many guests and spreading his reputation, and gradually becomes the core figure within a complex society. Aristocratic Children After the mid-Ming Dynasty, a number of aristocratic families with well-to-do families appeared in the society, and their children often led the trend and occupied a leading position in various literati associations. There are also such aristocratic men among the members of complex society. Take Songjiang Prefecture as an example. There are 140 members of the Fu's society here, including: Xu Jie, Lu Qingzhen, Lu Shusheng and Shu De, and Pan Huan, Paine. According to Ye's Records of Reading the World, there are 20 prominent families in Songjiang area, among which the children of 7 families participated in the complex society. Take Jiaxing as an example, many families such as Qian and Li have children to join the society. Mr. Pan Guangdan takes Wu Fujiu's Record of the surname of Fu as the statistical object, and draws the conclusion that there are 140 people in Jiaxing, including 59 people from noble families, accounting for 42% of the whole government. 1%, nationwide 2. 6%。 [ 1] (p97) Max？ Weber thinks:? In China, since 12 century, education, especially the qualification of being an official stipulated in the examination, is far more important than property and determines people's social class. [2] (P 159) It is precisely because of this that aristocratic children are more willing to join social alliances and learn from contemporary literature, and as the most influential literati association at that time, Fu She naturally became their first choice. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were some big families living in groups all over the country, and their children were also keen to participate in complex society. Take Danyang County as an example. There are 26 members of the Fu society in the county, including Jing 10 and He10/person, accounting for 2/3 of the total. Judging from the county annals, Jing and He are two big families living together in Danyang County, and they have always maintained a good family style of farming and reading, and their children have certain influence in the local society. However, compared with aristocratic families, these big families lack cultural advantages. For a long time, no one has won a high reputation in the imperial examination, so they cannot provide more social capital for their children, and their children cannot play an important role in society. For those who come from cold countries, the total number of such members should be quite large. Because the members themselves and their parents and grandparents have nothing to do with their deeds, they are rarely recorded. Shen Hong, a member of the Fu Society, once described his family background like this. My family has been cold for generations. What about my father's writing? He died at the age of 23. There were eight days in May when I was born, and the walls of my house were erected, leaving only seven acres of land. ? [3] (Volume 3 1) So-called? Cold? There are two meanings: the family's economic situation is tense and life is relatively poor; Lack of clan loyalty to the party, or the support of social relations such as teacher-student love. Such members are in a subordinate position in a complex society, and it is difficult to stand out if they are not outstanding or especially favored by leaders of complex society. From the above analysis, we can see that social members can be roughly divided into two categories, namely, bureaucratic children and civilian children. In terms of quantity, the two types of members each account for about half of the total number of members of the complex, but their positions in the complex are far from each other. Generally speaking, the influence of family background on members of complex society is mainly reflected in the following aspects: social ability. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the social ability of scholars largely depended on their economic strength. Mr. Wang Yanan believes that the long-term bureaucratic politics has given all kinds of social and economic benefits or privileges to those who are officials, those who are preparing to be officials, and even those who quit the officialdom. Although it is not clearly defined, it is very real. Those benefits or privileges are to protect property in a negative sense and to increase property in a positive sense. ? [4] (P 1 12) The official position and power are transformed into economic privileges, and the economic benefits brought by this privilege provide strong support for the social activities of bureaucratic children. According to the available data, the economic situation of members from bureaucratic families is obviously better than that of members from civilian backgrounds. Take Maoxiang as an example. Shi Mao was an official of the Ming Dynasty, and Mao Xiang used this as a means to attract more guests: it was just the right time, although Qin Jin was destroyed by Chu and Yu, the whole country was still celebrating. Celebrities in South China are all talented people. What they have learned from governors so far will stay in Beijing, set up altars, carve names, respect festivals, observe current events and weigh officials. Shangjiang, one of the princesses of Liu Bozong, Wu Ciwei, Shen Meisheng and Mi Fang; Jiangnan, Yang, Zhang, Gu Zifang, Chen, Qian Jishi; Mr. Zheng Chaozong and Mr. Liang Zhanzhi set up an altar in Guangling Cinema, connecting the upstream and downstream, and galloping through the eight southeast provinces. Therefore, a few clubs, such as Loyalty and Filial Piety, Nanhai, Guide and Minshu, are dedicated to them. [5] (Volume III "Mr. Mao Bijiang's Eight Begging Words") It is difficult to determine what kind of economic strength scholars in the late Ming Dynasty should have to maintain basic social needs. According to Mr. Jason's estimation, it costs 65,438+00 taels of silver for a boy to attend two trials in the county government in the early Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, 10 silver can usually buy 10 grain, which is equivalent to a farmer's family of three for one year, or even the whole family property. Therefore, the cost of imperial examinations is generally unaffordable for poor farmers. [6] (P69) Considering the economic recession caused by the war, the price level in the late Ming Dynasty was higher than that in the early Qing Dynasty, and the assets of scholars in the late Ming Dynasty should be no less than 2,000 taels of silver to meet their needs of taking the imperial examinations and coping with basic social exchanges, which is unbearable for ordinary scholars. Li once reminded: General Wang is a poor man, not a customer? . [7] (Volume V Biography of Li Ji) It can be seen that staying at home and planning large-scale parties can only be the privilege of a few rich officials. The speed of fame in traditional society, the social capital of bureaucratic children is more abundant, and it is easy to become famous. Few celebrities in society are born in poverty. /kloc-When he was 0/4 years old, Mao Xiang became famous quickly because of the encouragement and support from Chen Jiru and Dong Qichang. Later, Shi Kefa and other famous celebrities interacted with him and soon became a celebrity in Southeast Fushe. Among all the members of Fu She, Lin Dong's descendants are the easiest to be famous. Soon after Gu Xiancheng's grandson, Gao Gu, joined the Society, he stood out from the activities of expelling Ruan Dacheng and became a celebrity of the Society. Hou Fangyu, the son of Hou Yao, didn't join the Fu Society until the twelfth year of Chongzhen, but he soon became famous: Hou Fangyu, who was different in his life and learned several lines. Although he is widely used, the five senses are mutually used, but there is no distinction between gods and goddesses. The family background is clean and the door valve is expensive. When I was young, I followed my father's official residence and learned about China and North Korea, but I was always familiar with gentlemen and villains. I am very friendly with Wu He in Guichi, and often talk about state affairs. I am warm and generous, and at one time I was compared with Ethan and Bo Meng. Ruan Dacheng, the son of Yan (Yan), lived in Jinling when he traveled and wanted to use it. Celebrities such as Wu and Chen all felt guilty and suffered greatly. Make friends with Wu and Chen and secretly make friends with guests. Because of this, he wanted to communicate with Wu and Chen, but he was rejected and reviled at the meeting. He is so tolerant that he is the second bone. [8] (Volume 9) Generally speaking, Lin Dong's descendants have a strong political complex and are keen to advocate distinguishing and discussing state affairs. Therefore, restoring society is their best choice. This is a responsive literati association. Fu She also needs such clean children to improve their status, so as soon as the children join the society, the leaders of Fu She will give them momentum and make them quickly become celebrities who can represent the image of Fu She. In addition, mutual praise among family members also helps to become famous quickly. Zhang, Zhang Pu's younger brother, became famous for his elder brother when he was a teenager. I don't travel much in imperial academy, but I have a surname in your family. I am eager to travel, there is no need to let the scribes run around. . [9] (Volume 39 "Fifty Prefaces of Zhang Gui Yellow Gate") It can be seen that from the speed of fame, bureaucratic aristocratic families have an absolute advantage, which is beyond the reach of members of a complex society born from civilians. Therefore, unless it is a special opportunity, most members of society from civilians can only be in? Directory? Leaving a surname on it has no substantial impact on the development of complex society. Cultural quality The cultural quality of social members has a great relationship with their family background. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there appeared Zuo, Jiang, Song and other aristocratic families in Laiyang area, among which Song's literary achievements were the most remarkable, and members of the Fu Society such as Yi, Jiang and Song also enjoyed a high reputation. Learn Laiyang? . [9] (Volume 59, Addendum? The Preface to Poetry Collection is another example: Yun Jian Song, a noble family with high brightness, whose children are good at poetry and fu, which has influenced the poetry fashion here to some extent. [9] (Volume XXVIII "Preface to Poems by Bao Zhentang of Mu Shang in Song Dynasty") The members of Fu She, who were born in an official family, are the leaders of the style of study in society because of their learning roots. Although there are also knowledgeable and literate members from ordinary people, their schooling experience is much more tortuous. Chen was born in a declining merchant family, and his father was not interested in studying for exams. He completed his studies by self-study, and came into contact with Chinese very late, but he was quite accomplished in Chinese writing and criticism. [10] (Volume 9: Biography of Chen III) Looking at Chen's way of doing scholarly research, he is less bound and does not advocate retro, which may be related to his academic experience. However, his literary creation is full of enthusiasm, and there is not much artistry to speak of, which shows that his knowledge has no origin and it is difficult to be widely recognized by people at that time. It can be seen that from the end of the Ming Dynasty, those noble families who flourished in Kejia's generation were easily admired by the world. Therefore, whether they have family background or not, to a certain extent, determines the recognition of a scholar, and also determines its popularity and status in the literati alliance. The influence of members' family background on complex society. All the existing lists of complex societies are based on the administrative divisions of Ming dynasty, which makes us mistakenly think that complex societies manage their members on the basis of geographical relations, or members further form small groups because of geographical relations. In fact, regional identity only constitutes the background of investigating complex society, and the family background of its members has a more direct and significant impact on complex society. First of all, the ethical tendency of complex social internal relations has always been very obvious. Blood relationship is one of the important ties to maintain the internal relations of complex society. It is common for many brothers to join a club together. In addition to Zhang Pu, there are six Zhang family members in Taicang, namely, Zhang, Zhang Jun, Laiyang, and the Chiang brothers and Zuo brothers. In addition, Shen Shoumin and Shen Shouguo of Xuancheng County, Zhang Liping and Zhang Lilian of Suzhou Prefecture, and Wang, Wang and Wang of Wuxi County are also brothers. There are also examples of father-son co-operatives: Xiushui Feng Yannian and Feng Shouchuan, Huating Xiahe, Changzhou Xu and Xu Hui, Liu Cheng and Liu Tingluan and Liu, Pan Kai and Pan, Huai 'an Zhizhong and Zhang Ben. But compared with brothers, the cooperation between father and son is rare, because of the differences in age and fame between father and son. On the other hand, from the traditional ethical relationship, monarch, minister and father belong to the same ethical level, while brothers and friends belong to another ethical level, which should not be confused generally. In addition, the same clan is also included in the category of consanguinity. Wu, Wu and Wu, members of the Fu family, all belong to the Wu family in Taicang. Considering that there were many large families living together for generations all over the country at that time, most of the complex social members with the same surname in the same place would be related by blood if they were based on the same clan relationship. Affinity is another important link to maintain complex social internal relations. Wu Fujiu and Ji Qinglin, who initiated the Rehabilitation Society, are their children's in-laws. Xu Xiang and Wu Changshi, Yang and Wu Changshi are also children. When Wang Chongjian was a teenager, he was already a married man. The in-laws between other members are formed after joining a complex society. Huang Zongxi proposed to Liu, a member of the alumni association, for his younger brother, so Huang Zongxi and Liu became in-laws. According to Liu Cheng's records: Friends give birth to Wu Sheng and Ying Ji, and women give birth to sons-in-law. ? [1 1] (Volume 10, The Funeral of Li Ruren) Jin Ruren is the mother of Ethan, a member of Fu Society, which shows that Wu and Li are also in-laws. In addition, Ge is the son-in-law of Xia. The conclusion of in-laws further expanded the blood relationship, which was one of the important ways for scholars to accumulate social capital. Whether because of joining the club or getting married, the relationship between club members has been further consolidated and strengthened on a new basis, making the club more stable because of the existence of family ties. The relationship between teachers and students is also a link to maintain the internal relations of complex society. According to Fu She's Surname Biography, Fu She has 25 pairs of mentoring. In addition, Dai Zhijun is Yang's disciple, Shen Shizhu is Wan Maoxian's disciple, Shen Yes's disciple, Zhang Gonggan is Zhou Bi's disciple, Yang's disciple, Zhang Pu's disciple and Lu Shiyi's disciple. Due to the implementation of the imperial examination system, the relationship between teachers and students has become complicated. A scholar who won the imperial examination fame must have many teachers. However, the situation of the complex society is quite special. Apart from the fact that individual members are educated, the teacher-student relationship between most members is mutually reinforcing. Guizhuang has a vivid description of this teacher-student relationship:? However, people in the north of the world do not have to be convinced of their talents and wisdom, but should strive for progress in the three. In the name of borrowing money, they help them and praise others. A teacher is also my teacher. ? People are also heavy enough to say: A son, a disciple of a gentleman. ? Ask him to preach and teach, talk about ancient and modern times, poor words, but he got nothing. ? [12] (Volume 5 Hanlin and Zhang Shishu) With the expansion of the influence of the society, voting for the leader of the society is undoubtedly a shortcut to fame and fortune. Scholars not only actively run for it before middle school, but also talk about it after middle school. Wu and his later papers were published and engraved, but Zhang Pu's name was only listed in violation of convention, and the examiner who built the house caused a sensation, which is the concentrated reflection of this teacher-student relationship. It can be seen that the relationship between father and son, brother, Weng Xu and master and apprentice constitutes the basis of complex social internal relations. However, this internal relationship of ethics has had an important impact on the daily activities of complex society. How many people are in contact with each other? Social brother? This kind of address with friends as brothers is easily recognized by the broad masses of scholars. In various social activities, Fu She pays special attention to the birthdays and funerals of members' parents, and takes this as an opportunity to hold * * *. Qian described the grand occasion of Zhang's birthday party: Ding Chou, the mother of Taicang people, was 60 years old during the Chongzhen period (1637). It's the first day of 10, just like celebrating his brother's birthday. So Zhang Jun, a friend of Heaven, was invited by his disciples to join forces with Wu and scholars from more than ten states, set up a few tables of banquets with them, made mutton wine, said that he was under the Confucian scholars' hall, and invited the rest to celebrate his birthday. ? [13] (Volume 39 Preface to Taicang Zhangshou Banquet) In the twelfth year of Chongzhen, Zhang Pu's first mother died and thousands of mourners went. After the funeral, a conference was held in Tiger Hill, which was of great scale. In addition, Zhang Cai's mother's birthday, Zhou Zhong's mother's birthday and Xu Dexian's mother's birthday were all congratulated by a large number of social people, which made the birthday party a small-scale * * *. Under the vigorous advocacy of leaders of complex society, the ethical color of internal relations in complex society is getting stronger and stronger, which enables complex society to maintain and carry out some political and academic activities without corresponding rules and regulations. However, it is this ethical color that makes the relationship between society and family overlap and even leads to contradictions within society. The five Zhou brothers in Jintan were at odds, and they called their proteges to attack each other. Zhang Pu and others mentioned this matter many times in their articles, which became a case-solving within a complex society, and the internal unity of the complex society was also affected. See Xu Xie's Biography of Oda (Volume XIX). Thus limiting the further development of complex society. Secondly, the activities of the Rehabilitation Association are funded by aristocratic children with well-off families, showing strong dependence. Fu she was born out of the society and was keen on choosing engraving. The first to fourth episodes of Guo Biao collected a large number of stone works of its members. During the Chongzhen period, there were many social members, especially Wu and Chen Mingxia. From this, we can draw a conclusion that the social election works at that time must be popular, and the social election works at that time were profitable, so the money earned by social election should be not small. According to Du Fu's "Country Story", in the twelfth year of Chongzhen, he landed again. Zhang Pu sympathized with his predicament and handed him the election. It can be seen that most of the income of the society belongs to some members who have the right to choose articles, rather than being used for the society's daily activities. Long before the formation of the complex society, in order to expand the social bureau, Wu Fujiu? Twenty-two ounces of platinum (400 ounces or 480 ounces) and 200 grains for Meng Pu? [14] (Volume 2 1) Since then, Wu Fujiu has also donated money to support the society, so his son-in-law Jidong called it supporting the society. Losing your family? . Pan Lei once recalled:? This complex society was established in our city, and Loudong is the first harmony corresponding to it. At that time, Mr. Xian Fujun, Mr. Shen and Mr. Wu Fujiu actually presided over the matter. In the home of the Three Kings, celebrities speak clearly, the feast of wine and literature is not empty, and the villagers can still tell the truth. Mr. Wang's family is exempt from the capital, and he lives in a spacious house with fertile land and a back to the mountains. As Zhong Changtong said, he married his guests with a happy event, but his family declined. ? [15] (Volume 10, preface to Shen's eightieth birthday) What did Wu Fujiu and Shen Yingrui say in the Chronicle of Houshe? Wu and Shen are two main surnames? . In addition, many wealthy members have provided some financial support for the association. Wu's Complete Works of Wu Meicun, Volume 48, Epitaph of Weng Tairu, Mother of Xu Jie, says: At the beginning, my teacher rose to the southeast with the country, not as a comrade-in-arms. He tasted the autumn of the congress, boats and cars filled his throat and the driveway was full. It has leaned down to receive it, set up a post in the suburbs, asked the guests to thank you, and then pushed my friend first. The first virtuous person was Yuan Kai. At that time, children will take care of their families, Germany will spend a lot of money to think about the cost of food and drink first, and few children will be stingy. ? Dong Shouyu of Yinxian County? The house was closed, which was used to treat guests and relieve relatives, causing the sun to set. ? [16] (Volume 28, Hermit? After Wanli, with the rapid development of commodity economy, great changes have taken place in social atmosphere, and luxury enjoyment has become the universal pursuit of people, leading to a sharp increase in the communication cost of scholars. Because most of the associations are folk activities, it is impossible to get official support, and the social league itself was relatively loose at that time, and there was no common industry to provide stable economic support for it, so the funding problem became a major problem that must be solved in this period. Most sects spread in the late Ming Dynasty? Interrupt? To raise money. The Witness Society founded by Liu and others solved the funding problem in this way. In addition, a few social alliances solve part of the funds by imposing fines on members who violate social regulations. Is it? Interrupt? Okay, or? A fine? Anyway, the money that can be raised is limited, and it can't meet the needs of large-scale * * * and anthologies. However, in a complex society, there are hundreds of people and more than 1,000 people. Obviously, it is impossible to obtain funds by the above methods. The activities of the society are mainly funded by a few wealthy members, and the number is considerable enough to support it to hold large-scale * * *. Those aristocratic men who provide financial support for the rehabilitation club have certain decision-making power in the whole social alliance, and many affairs of the rehabilitation club need their consent, so they are also the leaders of the rehabilitation club. But after all, individual ownership is limited, and it is difficult to ensure the stability of the fund source of the rehabilitation association by a few people alone. Six years after Chongzhen, Fu She stopped holding national social gatherings, and there were also factors that the funds were unsustainable. Finally, family background also affects the political orientation and lifestyle of members of complex society, and then determines the political image of complex society. There is no unified political proposition in the complex society, and all kinds of speeches in the political life of the late Ming Dynasty have supporters in the complex society. However, because the children of bureaucrats, especially the children, have the right to speak in society, the foreign society and the complex society inherited party member's mantle and acted as leaders in the political life at that time in the name of successors. From the way of life, aristocratic children have the ability to hold banquets and collect songs, and some of them are very famous outside Qinhuai. This kind of life style is admired and imitated by most members of the society, and it has become a trend in society. So, when people talk about the lifestyle represented by Fu She, they say? Charming, shining for a while? . In short, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, economic strength, imperial examination fame, parents and their parents' achievements were twisted together, forming a new family evaluation standard, which determined the position of scholars in social life. Within Fu society, those bureaucratic aristocratic families from Tsinghua have absolute advantages in social skills, speed of fame, cultural quality and so on. They hold the right to speak in society and the social resources that society can mobilize, and they are the core members of society. Therefore, just because the main body of the association is a member, it cannot be considered as an organization of middle and lower class scholars, representing the interests of small and medium-sized landlords and businessmen. In fact, the ethicalization of social internal relations and dependence on the sources of funds make the society unable to get rid of the limitations of traditional literati associations, and eventually become an important medium for aristocratic bureaucrats to pursue fame and fortune, express political opinions and participate in social life. References: [FL (K2) [1] Pan Guangdan. Aristocratic families in Jiaxing in Ming and Qing Dynasties [M]. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1947. [2] Max? Weber, translated by Wang Rongfen. Confucianism and Taoism [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1995. [3] Jiashan County Records [Z]. Taiwan Province Province: Wencheng Publishing Co., Ltd. [4] Wang Yanan. Research on China's Bureaucracy [M]. 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