Analysis of the Battle of Jingnan
English name: Battle of Jingnan
Troops participating in the war: Ming Army (Southern Army), Jingnan Army (Yan Army, Northern Army)
The result of the war: Zhu Dijun captured Nanjing, the capital of Beijing, and ascended the throne.
Time:1399 August 6th-1402 July13rd.
Location: North China and East China in China.
Character: Geng Bingwen, Li Jinglong, Qu Nengsheng and Zhu Yongdi
Details of the battle of Jingnan
The prince stood up.
In December of the thirty-first year of Hongwu, in order to guard against the rebellion of the Prince of Yan, Zhu Yunwen sent Sharla Cheung, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, as the ambassador of Beiping, and Xie Gui and Zhang Xin were both in charge of Beiping. Then, he ordered the commander-in-chief Zhong Song to station troops in Kaiping, and handed over the troops to the prince of the northern plain.
Judy, the prince of Yan, saw several prisoners hacked to death one by one. Knowing that this situation could not escape, he made preparations for the war and bought time. In order to gain time, in the first year of Wen Jian, Judy pretended to be ill and asked Hui Di to put his third son back to Peiping. Later, because his subordinates were executed by the court, he pretended to be crazy and sold stupidly. However, because Wangfu often attended Katsuragi's rebellion, he secretly played the court? The prince pretended to be sick? . Judy was found playing the fool. I had long been dissatisfied with my father's designation of his nephew as the throne, so I immediately lured and killed the general who came to perform surveillance and arrest, and rose up against the central government of the Ming Dynasty in July of the first year of Wen Jian (1399).
The prince sent an emissary to Jinling, the capital. The emissary was interrogated by Qi Tai and others and was forced to give up the appearance of the prince. So the court issued a secret order, ordering Sharla Cheung and Xie Gui to arrest officials of the Prince's Mansion, and Zhang Xin personally arrested the Prince. However, after discussing with her mother, Zhang Xin told Judy about it. So he discussed with Yao the plan to transfer troops, and made Zhang Yu and 800 warriors enter the palace, waiting for changes.
After Sharla Cheung and Xie Gui got the secret edict from Zhu Yunwen, they led the army to surround the Yanwangfu on July 4th. Judy tied up the families of all the officials under the pretence and invited them to visit the mansion. After they entered the mansion, Judy sent a dead man from the mansion to arrest them and put them to death with Katsuragi and Lu Zhen who fled to the mansion. That night, Judy captured nine gates of Beiping and took control of the city.
When Zhu Yuanzhang was in power, he was afraid that the powerful minister would usurp power, and stipulated that Francisco Wang Youquan would ask the central authorities for traitors and send troops to the Qing side. In "The Emperor and the Ancestral Training of the Ming Dynasty", he said: The imperial court has no officials, but there are treacheries involved, so as to clear the monarch's side. ? Judy called Ji Tai and Huang Zicheng treacherous court official on this ground? Jingnan? , which means Jing disaster. Therefore, in history, it was called the internal struggle war of the royal family of Zhu Ming? Battle of Jingnan? .
After the Yan army took control of Peiping, Tongzhou volunteered to join the army on the sixth day of July; On the eighth day of July, Jizhou broke, and Zunhua and Miyun joined; On July 1 1, Juyongguan was breached; On July 16th, Huailai was breached, and Zhong Song was captured and killed. On July 18th, Yongping House (now lulong county, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province) was attached. On July 27th, in order to prevent Daning troops from attacking Peiping from Songting Pass, they used double spies to make Songting Pass infighting, and garrison commander Buwan was imprisoned. At this point, everything around Peiping was cleared. The strength of the Yan army has increased to tens of thousands.
After the Yan army invaded Huailai, because the territory was too close, on July 24th, the Valley King Zhu Yi fled from Fu Xuan (now Zhangjiakou, about150km from Beijing and 60km from Huailai) and came to Jinling. In August, Qi Tai and others worried about the help of King Liao and King Ning and suggested returning to Li. Liao Wang returned to Beijing by boat, but Wang Ning refused, so he cut the guards in Wang Ning.
After Zhong Song's defeat, Chen Zhi retreated to Datong. Dai Wangshu remembered to agree with Judy, but was controlled by Chen Zhi, but failed.
Beat Geng Bingwen and Li Jinglong.
At the beginning of Chu Imperial Army, Yan Army was only based in a corner of Beiping, and its strength was weak, while the imperial court had an overwhelming advantage in all aspects. Therefore, at the beginning of the war, the imperial court planned to use its superior forces to attack and encircle the Yan army in Peiping in two ways. Judy played inside, and Guo Zi defended Peiping (now Beijing), and quickly captured Juyongguan, Huailai and Miyun in the north of Peiping and Jizhou, Zunhua and Yongping in the east (now Lulong, Hebei), which wiped out the periphery of Peiping, eliminated worries and made it easy to deal with the imperial court's inquisitive teachers. After Zhu Yuanzhang wantonly killed the hero, the imperial court had no choice but to use the surviving veteran Changxing Hou Geng Bing, who was nearly old. As a great man, with Xu as the left deputy and Ning Zhong as the right deputy, he led an army of10.3 million to cut Yan, claiming to be a million troops, and at the same time dispersed the supply of military pay in three provinces of Lu Yu and Shaanxi.
In August of the first year of Wen Jian (the Battle of Calm), he studied in the Hutuo River area of Hebei Province. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, the prince took the opportunity of drinking and having fun with the Confederate army, broke through Xiongxian County and defeated the pioneers of the Confederate army. Then, on the north bank of the Hutuo River, the main force of the Southern Army was defeated. Geng Bingwen fled into the real city and stayed at home. ? Jingnan? The army besieged the city for three days and returned to Peiping. On the recommendation of Huang Zicheng, his son Li Jinglong, the son of Cao Guogong and Li Wenzhong, was appointed as the eldest son instead of Geng Bingwen to fight against Yan Jun. He also led Wu Hou's troops in Jiangyin, Liaodong to besiege Yongping (now northwest of Changli, Hebei). Judy left a small number of soldiers to stick to Peiping and helped Yongping with her own pro-unification army.
Li Jinglong is a dude and knows nothing about soldiers. Arrogant, arrogant? . In September, Li Jinglong went to Dezhou to collect Geng Bingwen's skirmishers and dispatch all kinds of charger, totaling 500,000, and arrived at the river. When he discovered the deployment of Li Jinglong's army, he said with a smile: Sun Tzu's Art of War failed five times, all of which were caused by Li, and his soldiers were bound to fail. This is that the decree is not repaired, and he is centrifugal up and down; Soldiers don't adapt to the frost and snow climate in Beiping, and lack food and grass; Regardless of risks and ease, in-depth profitability; Eager to win, headstrong, but lacking wisdom and trust, benevolence and courage; His department is full of rabble and disunity. In order to lure the Confederate army into depth, he made up his mind to ask Yao to help the prince stay in Peiping, and personally led the army to rescue Yongping, who was attacked by the Liaodong army, and warned him. Li Jinglong, should only stick to, can't play. ? Judy also withdrew the troops from Lugouqiao.
Facts have proved that Judy's measures are effective. Li Jinglong heard that Judy led an army to aid Yongping and came to Peiping at the gates in October. When I passed the Lugou Bridge, I saw that there were no soldiers. I couldn't help but say with joy that if you don't guard the bridge, I think Judy can do nothing. ? At this point, Zhu Gaochi was closely deployed in Beiping City, desperately guarding it. Li Jinglong, on the other hand, was lax in command, made mistakes in command, and besieged the city several times, all of which were repelled. Qu Neng, commander-in-chief of the Southern Army, led more than 1000 soldiers to Zhangye Gate, but there was not enough backup, so he had to stop attacking. Because of Li Jinglong's greed, Qu missed the opportunity to wait for the big troops to attack together. Yan Jun got a rest, splashing water on the wall for the night, and it was bitterly cold. Confederate troops could not attack the city until the next day. Wu Gao was too timid to fight and surrendered to Shanhaiguan. After Judy rescued Yongping, she led an army to Daning (now the west of Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia).
Lian Yu Zhan Shandong
Daning is a vassal state of Zhu Quan, king of Ning, belonging to Duoyan Zhu Wei, mostly Mongolian cavalry, who are brave and good at fighting. After Judy attacked Daning, she returned to Peiping with Wang Ning, and merged Wang Ning's men and the army of Duoyan Sanwei. In November, Judy returned to the suburbs of Peiping with these elite troops and advanced to Li Jinglong's military camp. Yan Jun was attacked from both inside and outside, and the Confederate army failed. Li Jinglong took the lead in escaping by night and retreating to Texas. The next day, the soldiers heard that the commander had escaped. Is to abandon the soldiers' food and run south day and night? .
He was blinded by the minister, but rewarded the defeated Li Jinglong. In April of the second year of Wen Jian (1400), Li Jinglong, together with Guo Ying and Wu Jie, assembled 600,000 soldiers and arrived at Baigou River (now Xiongxian North, Hebei Province). Judy ordered Changyu, Zhu Neng, Chen Heng and Qiu Fu to lead more than 100,000 troops to attack Baigou River. The fighting was fierce, and Yan Jun was once frustrated. However, the Yugoslav army has different decrees and cannot take the opportunity to expand the results. Yan Jun took advantage of this favorable opportunity to defeat the commander of the Confederacy, and the Confederate army was defeated. Li Jinglong retreated from Texas again. Yan Jun followed him to Texas. In May, Li Jinglong fled from Texas to Jinan. Judy led the Yan army in pursuit and defeated more than ten unstable people led by Li Jinglong in Jinan. Jinan was rescued by Governor Sheng Yong and Shandong Ambassador Tie Xuan. In March, Judy besieged Jinan, fearing that she would cut off the route for providing food, retreat to Peiping and win the victory to recover Texas.
Li Jinglong was repeatedly defeated in a few months, and his post was removed. His plan was adopted by Huang Zicheng, and in order to slow down the attack, he sent an emissary to make peace. He also appointed Sheng Yong as Yan Ping and replaced Li Jinglong with Sheng Yong. Sheng Yong stationed troops in Texas to stop the Yan army from going south. In September of Wen Jian's second year, Sheng Yong led his troops to the Northern Expedition. In October, he went to Cangzhou and was defeated by Yan Jun. /kloc-in October/February, Yan Jun went to Linqing, Guantao, Daming, Wenshang and Jining in Shandong. Sheng Yong led the Confederate army to prepare for battle in Dongchang (now Liaocheng, Shandong).
Yan Jun defeated his enemies many times, but he was defeated by the Confederate army. Judy's trusted general Changyu died in the war, and Judy was surrounded by herself, so he was able to break through with the help of Zhu Neng reinforcements. The battle of Dongchang was the first major victory of the Confederate army since the two sides fought. After the defeat, Judy concluded: In the Battle of Dongchang, you immediately retreated after receiving the battle order, and all your previous achievements will be wasted. In the future, we must not underestimate the enemy and retreat. We must be desperate and not afraid of life and death and defeat the enemy.
In February of the third year of Wen Jian (140 1), Judy led an attack and defeated the confederate army in Hutuo River, Jiahe River and Zhending. Then it captured Shunde, Guangping and Daming. The war has been going on for two years, and the Civil War is mainly in Hebei and Shandong. Although the Yan army won many battles, the southern soldiers could not attack more, and the cities held by the Yan army were lost and could not be consolidated. Only Peiping, Baoding and Yongping can stay in China.
Take Ying Tian and Judy directly to seize the position.
Just as Judy was worried about this, the eunuch who was dissatisfied with Emperor Wen Jian in the Heavenly Palace sent a message that Yingtianfu was empty and should be taken directly. Judy's counselor also advised Judy not to attack the city and cross Shandong, so as to move to the capital quickly, because the capital is weak and unprepared and will succeed. So Judy decided to fly over Shandong and go straight to the sky. Based on this, Judy decided to transfer troops south and point to the capital.
In the first month of Wen Jian's fourth year (1402), Yan Jun entered Shandong, bypassed Jinan, broke Dong 'e, Wenshang and Zouxian, and went straight south until Peixian and Xuzhou. The Yan army has passed Xuzhou, and the Shandong army is pursuing south. In April, the Yan army arrived in Suzhou, where it fought with the Confederate army following the attack at Qimeishan (now Lingbi County, Anhui Province), and the Yan army was defeated. The two sides confronted each other at the Fei River. At the critical moment of this decisive battle, influenced by some courtiers' suggestions, Wen Jian transferred the troops led by Xu Huizu back to Nanjing, weakening the military strength at the front, and the grain transportation of the Confederate army was intercepted by the Yan army. Yanjun seized the opportunity and defeated the Confederate army in Lingbi, only capturing hundreds of Confederate generals. Since then, the morale of the Yan army has been greatly boosted, and the Confederate army has been greatly weakened. Judy led the army to break through the Huaihe River defense line, crossed the Huaihe River, captured Yangzhou, Gaoyou, Tongzhou (now Nantong, Jiangsu), Taizhou and other important places, and prepared to cross the river. At this time, Zhu, the son of Zhu, came on horseback, and the army pursued him.
Wen Jian tried to make peace with the Prince on the condition that the North and the South were divided, but was rejected. On the third day of June, the Yanjun crossed the river from Guazhou, and Zhenjiang was lost. Judy led the army straight to Jinling. Arriving at Jinchuan Gate in Jinling on 13th, Li Jinglong and Gu Wang, who were guarding Jinchuan Gate, opened the door to greet Judy. When the Prince of Yan entered Beijing, hundreds of officials knelt on the side of the road to meet him. With the support of ministers, he became emperor for the sake of Ming Chengzu and Yongle's title. Four years? Battle of Jingnan? It ended with the victory of Judy, the prince of Yan.
? Battle of Jingnan? It lasted for four years, and the confederate army lost in a row in the early stage. However, after the defending war in Jinan, the main force of the South Army stationed in Texas, and the camera attacked to contain the Yan army. Dezhou is located on the canal line, with convenient transportation from north to south. Yan Jun has been under the surveillance of Texas since Hebei went south. When the Yanjun attacked south, the Confederate army either crossed the road from Texas and harassed its supply line, or took advantage of it to go north. Therefore, despite Judy's skillful use of troops, the Confederate army never experienced the kind of crushing defeat at the beginning of the war, and Yan Jun troops were basically stuck in Lubei. Judy failed to defeat Shandong, so although he won many battles and fought for two and a half years, he still failed to break the ice. After crossing Shandong and heading for Jinling, he seized power in half a year.
However, Judy left Shandong and went straight south, which was desperate. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Liu Song and Liu Yilong made a northern expedition to Wei, and the Northern Wei relied on the national strength and the great talent of Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty. After Liu Song broke the Yellow River army, he began to divide his troops into five roads and return to the south on a large scale to drive the Jianghuai area and drink horses from the Yangtze River. At that time, Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty achieved the goal of shocking the Southern Dynasties, but he did not dare to cross the river for the south. On the other hand, Judy's tactics can only succeed under the special circumstances at that time. After Zhu Yuanzhang killed the hero in the early Ming Dynasty, there was no general who could match Judy in the Ming Dynasty, so Judy went south to hide. Second,? Battle of Jingnan? In the concept of that era, it was purely an internal dispute of one family and one surname, so although Emperor Wen Jian repeatedly wrote a letter? King Qin? However, there are few kings who are really diligent, and many who submit to the Yan army. Otherwise, Judy went south alone, and his emperor only needed to stick to Jinling and wait for the teacher of the diligent king to meet him, while Shandong cut off the supply line and retreat of the Yan army. In this case, Judy's situation must be extremely dangerous. Therefore, if you put on another person and put on another background, you will never dare to take this tactic and ignore Shandong.
Although the war is over, its related history is developing. After the prince entered Beijing, the palace caught fire and his whereabouts were unknown. Some people say that Emperor Wen Jian died in the palace and set himself on fire. Others say that Emperor Yun Jian Wen died in a tunnel, became a monk and traveled around the world. It is said that the orthodox court entered the palace and died. There is also a saying that Wen Jian fled to Southeast Asia, and one of the purposes of Zheng He's voyage to the West was to find him. The true whereabouts of Wen Jian became an unsolved mystery in the Ming Dynasty.
After Judy became emperor, she wantonly killed civil servants and military commanders who offered suggestions to Wen Jian and refused to welcome him. The whole clan of Qitai, Huang Zicheng and Jing Qing killed:? Life is red, home is hometown, on the contrary, it is called Guateng Copy, and the village is the city. ? what's up Reading seeds? The so-called Fang Xiaoru was completely punished by Jiuzu for refusing to write an imperial edict for Judy's accession to the throne. That's not all. He also killed all his friends and disciples as a clan, and a total of 873 people were punished by ten clans. This kind of cleaning was extremely cruel, and thousands of people died tragically by Judy's butcher's knife.
Four years? Battle of Jingnan? It caused great damage to the social economy that had just been restored in the early Ming Dynasty, but it was serious to the areas directly trampled by the war. Is the bow in Huaibei lush grass? When the truth comes out.
Reasons for Wen Jian's Failure in the Battle of Jingnan
First, reuse Qitai Huang Zicheng to intensify contradictions
In Zhu Yuanzhang's later years, the heroic generals were completely annihilated, and many princes were heavily armed. Zhu Yunwen, the great-grandson of Qin Shihuang, was deeply worried about this. Because Zhu Yuanzhang's second son, Zhu Shang, the king of Qin, and his third son, Zhu Jin, died one after another, the fourth son, who was guarding Beiping, was the most powerful and became a big worry.
In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (AD 1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died of illness. Zhu Yunwen is the emperor. Rebecca? Mourning from Beiping? Zhu Yunwen said that Mao had a testamentary edict, which prevented the kings from coming to Beijing for the funeral. Kings believe that there is a reason why children can't attend the funeral because of their father's death, and they doubt the authenticity of the testamentary edict. For a time, rumors spread everywhere, and the relationship between Zhu Yunwen and many uncles suddenly became tense.
Zhu Yunwen used Ji Tai as the history of the Ministry of War, and Huang Zicheng as Tai Changqing and imperial academy, both of whom joined the army as state affairs. Qi and Huang insisted on cutting, so they discussed cutting with them.
Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng have different views on how to cut the vassal. JiTai want to cut the prince first, Huang Zicheng said? Otherwise, the emperors of Zhou, Qi, Xiang, Dai and Min were lawless and famous. If you want to make a mistake today, you should do it first. Zhou Wang, Yan's mother and brother, chopped Zhou Wang to chop Yan's hands and feet. ? In his view, the vassal regime should start from the illegal vassal king, so that it can be justified. Zhou Wang Zhu is the half-brother of Yan Wang. If he has illegal behavior, he should behead Zhou Wang first.
It happened that the second son sued his father for conspiracy, implicating the Prince of Yan, the King of Qi and the King of Xiang. Cao Guogong and Li Jinglong were ordered to go to Kaifeng House and take Zhu back to Beijing. Soon after, the court arrested Zhu Chu, the king of Qi, Zhu Gui, the king of Min, and Judy, who had been vigilant against the court. Doubt? .
Second, not listening to Zhuo Jing and Gao Wei led to war.
Zhuo Jing, assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, is also thinking about how the court should solve the problem of the self-respect of the princes. He secretly ignored Zhu Yunwen: The Prince of Yan is very smart, talented and cool. Beiping, scenic spots, Lingma, Jin and Yuan dynasties. It is appropriate to move to Nanchang today, and it is easy to control in case of change. ? It is suggested that Yan Wang be renamed Nanchang Wang and transferred from Beiping. The next day, Zhu Yunwen summoned Zhuo Jing and said? Prince Yan, I am a close relative of flesh and blood. How did you get this? ? Zhuo Jing kowtowed and said, I say the world is public, and I hope your majesty will abide by it. ? But Zhu Yunwen didn't take his advice.
Gao Wei, an official of the official department, did not agree with the imperial court to cut the vassal. He wrote to Zhu Yunwen and said? Compared with the ancient system, it was too much for the high emperor to enfeoffment the kings. The king also led the illegal way, violating the regime. If you don't cut it, the court discipline will not stand, and if you cut it, you will hurt your loved ones. Jia Yi said:? There is no better way to maintain world public order than to establish vassals. ? Today, I will cover the teacher's wishes, not Chao Cuo's separatist plan, and take the initiative to help my father suppress his kindness. The northern princes and brothers enfeoffed the south, and the children of the south enfeoffed the north. So don't cut it. ?
Gao Wei advised Zhu Yunwen? Don't do Chao Cuo's plan to cut it off, but take the initiative to suppress his father's kindness? Similar to Zhuo Jing's suggestion, it should be a good solution to the difficult problem of the vassal state system in the early Ming Dynasty. But Zhu Yunwen hesitated. Jia Zhi can't use it? . He resolutely pursued the separatist policy and soon set fire to Judy, the prince of Yan.
Third, we should emphasize benevolence and repeat the mistakes of Song Xianggong.