The situation of the gentry in Jiangdong is quite different from that in Shandong. Shandong gentry are represented by "five surnames and seven families" such as Qinghe Cui Shi, Boling Cui Shi, Zhao, Xingyang Zheng, Fanyang Lushi and Taiyuan Wang, which almost cover the main body of Shandong gentry. Jiangdong gentry include overseas Chinese gentry and Wu gentry with different surnames. Yongjia Rebellion caused a large number of northern gentry to cross south, and many of them crossed the river with "a hundred schools of thought". Coupled with the existence of a large number of Wu gentry, the number of Jiangdong gentry far exceeds the "five surnames".
Before the Yongjia Rebellion, there was a gentleman named Wu in Jiangdong. The gentry surnamed Wu was a native or an immigrant in the Han Dynasty, whose surname was about 19, among which Wu Jun: Qiantang Zhu, Zhang, Gu, Lu and Zhu; Huiji County: Yuyao, Shangyu Weishi, Shanyinkong, Xie, He and Ding; Yixing County: Zhou and Xu in Yangxian County; Danyang County: Mo Ling's Ji, Tao and Jurong.
The Yongjia Rebellion in the Jin Dynasty caused a greater wave of immigrants, and the gentry south of the Yellow River crossed south in succession. The northern gentry who moved south to Yongjia mainly included Zhuge's family of Langya, Wang's family of Langya, Yan's family of Langya, Huan's family of Qiaoguo, Yu's family of Yingchuan, Zhong's family of Yingchuan, Xun's family of Gaopingyang in Runan, Zhouyi's family of Fanyangzu in Runan, Ying's family of Runan, Xie's family of Chenjun and Yuan's family of Chenjun. They came one after another, formed the northern overseas Chinese regime, and together with the Wu clan, formed the Jiangdong clan in the Six Dynasties.
The regime of Sui and Tang Dynasties originated from the Northern Zhou system and was based on Guanlong. Nine years after Emperor Yangdi laid the foundation stone for Chen, "Chen and his ministers made great efforts to build a healthy and prosperous society, and the size was in the Tao, and the number was endless" (Zi Jian 177). A large number of talented people in Jiangdong gathered in Chang 'an, and Sun in the Tang Dynasty lamented: "Cultural relics are all dressed in Qin, and the Six Dynasties were prosperous and neglected." (Huaishui) After Yang Di implemented the primary practice, he began to reuse the gentry in Jiangdong. Good Yu Shiqi, Yu Shinan, Yu Chuo, all leaders of Liang, entered Sui after Chen's death. Wu's, know life's, and Yao Cha's have also been reused. During the Six Dynasties, the gentry in Jiangdong was a high cultural portal. Although the northern dynasty conquered the southern dynasty, the gentry in Jiangdong, as prisoners, still stood firm in the new dynasty with their academic accomplishment.
Emperor Taizong is the master of the world and is known as a prosperous man. At the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, the world was settled, and Emperor Taizong tried to conquer the sea with virtue. At that time, the aristocratic families in Jiangdong remained quite powerful. In the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Sansheng's son Tongzhi Jian's "Four Years of Martial Arts" notes: "Emperor Taizong used martial arts to make trouble, and those who came in and out were brave in the northwest. As far as the world is concerned, the selected Hong Bachelor of Arts and their daily discussions are all Southeast Confucian scholars. " Most of these "Southeast Confucian scholars" came from the Southern Dynasties, and most of them came from the gentry in Jiangdong.
In the early Tang Dynasty, many people of Jiangdong clan still held important positions in the court of the early Tang Dynasty, although the policy of "Guan Long standard" was adopted politically. For example, during the Zhenguan period, Yu Shinan was highly valued by Emperor Taizong, and Chu Suiliang and Xu of Hangzhou were able to take charge of confidential information for a period of time. Lu Dunxin of Suzhou in Gaozong, Shen of Wuhou, Lu and Gu Qiong of Suzhou, Huan of Runzhou in Zhongzong and Lu Xiangxian in Zongrui. , have served as prime minister. Emperor Taizong's sons and daughters of the gentry in Jiangdong, there are many Confucian talents, including Wu Jun's Lu Lu Deming, Bachelor of Qin Literature Museum and Dr. imperial academy; Zhu Zi's luxury comes from the Wu family, with a bachelor's degree. Zhang Houyin, from the Zhang family in the county, was introduced to this hotel when he was in Taiyuan, Gaozu Town. Emperor Taizong was awarded Zuo's surname in the Spring and Autumn Period, and served as a national son to offer wine and ride a regular waiter. Xu Cong Xu Shi, Levin, Bachelor of Chongxian Pavilion. Although the gentry in Jiangdong in Tang Dynasty were effectively dismembered by imperial power and reintegrated into the framework of imperial power politics, their social influence cannot be underestimated. They can also inherit the tradition of the Six Dynasties, and in the Tang Dynasty, talented people came forth in large numbers.
Emperor Taizong liked Yu Xin's poems, and his poems were obviously influenced by the poetic styles of Liang Qiyan and Lian Li in the Southern Dynasties. There are a variety of poets around Tang Taizong, all of whom are old ministers, many of whom are from Jiangdong gentry. They distinguish beautiful words and understand the past. They are all a branch of Pian Yu Denglin in Kunshan.
The most famous court poet in Zhenguan period was Yu Shinan. Yu Shinan is from Yu family in Yuyao, Huiji, and belongs to Wu family in Jiangdong. Yu Shinan was appreciated by Xu Ling when he was young. After Chen was destroyed, he and his brother Yu Shiji entered Chang 'an, the capital of Sui Dynasty. At that time, people praised him as Lu Ji and Lu Yun brothers who entered Luo in the Western Jin Dynasty. After entering the Tang Dynasty, Yu Shinan was highly valued by Emperor Taizong, calling him "a famous minister in the south of the Yangtze River, with five unique qualities of morality, loyalty, erudition, and literature." Zhenguan dignitaries "Volume 2:" At the beginning of Zhenguan, Taizong was a guest. Because of the opening of the museum, the medium-sized museum is a toast, and the fairy retreat heather is a literate Sect. He was assigned to an archive room to confront the peace party. Yu Shinan, Zeng and Sui Dynasties were famous for their court poems and were deeply influenced by the poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties. Their graceful and delicate poems were imitated by the literary world at that time. After entering the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong wrote a court poem, ordering his ministers to make peace, but Shi Nan remonstrated: "I'm afraid this poem will be popular all over the world, and I dare not serve a letter." (Biography of Yu Shinan in the New Tang Dynasty) Yu Shinan's poems after entering the Tang Dynasty tried to get rid of Qi Liang's physique, showing a fresh and vigorous atmosphere and showing concern for real life outside the court. His masterpiece is praised by later generations for imitating Yuefu, and his frontier poems have obvious enlightenment significance to frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, such as Joining the Army;
Tushanfeng is waiting for the shock, which is a good time to spend the Dragon City. Ji Ma Loulanjiang, Yan Xishang Gu Bing. The sword is cold and the flowers don't fall, and the bow is bright. It's freezing, freezing and snowy, and the Yellow River is unique. Shade the sun, close the canopy, float the sky and scatter snow. The whole soldier was on duty at the full moon, and he rode his bike carefully. It's hard to leave early. If the horse is frozen, it will turn off the cold and turn out the danger. The unique general Xishan is odd every year.
The poem describes the hardships of the soldiers who fought in the frontier fortress in the bitter and cold place outside the Great Wall, but they were not given the gift of the court, showing the author's sympathy for the soldiers. Shen Deqian, a poet in A Qing, thinks that this poem "gradually opens up tang style" (Collection of Tang Poems, Volume I), and points out Yu Shinan's contribution to the development of Tang poetry.
Yu Shinan's poems about objects are also very interesting, and he often expresses his interest through them, such as cicada:
Drink clear dew, flow out sparse tung. Cicada is far away from cicada because cicada is on a tall tree, not relying on autumn wind.
This poem is ingenious in conception, natural in implication, profound in philosophy, and very in line with the author's situation, reaching the realm of unity of matter and feeling and integration of subject and object. Later, it was promoted to the "three musts" of Tang poetry with the same topic as Luo, Li Shangyin.
As a writer at that time, Yu Shinan was not only a poet, but also an excellent writer. During the period of Emperor Taizong, many political documents that pursued nostalgia and decorated Taiping were created by Shinan.
Chen Ziliang was another important writer among the gentry in Jiangdong in the early Tang Dynasty. His ancestral home is Yingchuan Chen, a family of overseas Chinese in Jiangdong, and a native of Wu. In the early Tang Dynasty, Jiangdong people Xiao Deyan and Yu Bao were both bachelor of Prince Edward. Chen Ziliang was the first writer in the early Tang Dynasty, and his poems were mostly fresh, such as "Singing Snow" and "Seeing the Bride's Parking Lane on Tanabata".
In the early Tang Dynasty, Palace-style poems occupied a dominant position in the poetry circle, and Chen Ziliang's Palace-style poems were also unique. For example, the poem "New Palace" says: "Spring shines in the blue palace, and Qin women sit by the window. Willow leaves to eyebrows, peach blossoms blush. Blow the dust to open the fan box, roll the money and draw the cage. The shirt is thin and afraid of the sun, and the skirt is lighter and more afraid of the wind. " This poem is fresh and natural, completely free from the shackles of Qi Liang's poetic style. Chen Ziliang traveled far beyond the Great Wall, and the theme of his poems also broke through the pattern of court poems, such as "Spring Thoughts Home in the North of the Great Wall";
My home is far away in Qingshan, and the white clouds are deep elsewhere. Tears for Ji Xu's sadness are more sad than spring. A bird that flies repeatedly has lost its companion, and its fallen flowers no longer return to the forest. How can this day be late? Sorrow will still be white-haired.
This poem describes the author's sadness when he went to Saibei to miss his hometown in Jiangdong. The whole poem is neat, fresh and natural Although Chen Ziliang is in the court, his poems have extended to the society outside the court. Critics often attribute the expansion of the theme of poetry in the early Tang Dynasty to "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty", while ignoring Chen Ziliang's pioneering work.
Chu Suiliang and Xu were important poets in the early Tang Dynasty, among whom Chu Suiliang was the son of Chu Liang, a famous poet. Xu is notorious, but he has been in high positions for a long time. He is the son of Xu, a great scholar in the period of Chen Sui after Xu Xun, a famous writer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Xu was a college student in the Sui Dynasty, followed by Qin Xueshi. He was deeply appreciated by Emperor Taizong for his ability to properly draft imperial edicts. Xu has studied national history many times and made a pilgrimage to Wuhou. His poems should be written. New Tang Shu Yi Wen Zhi contains 80 volumes of Xu Wen Ji.
Among the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty", they came from the Luo family of Dongyang, a gentry in Jiangdong (see Volume 10 of Collection of Yuanhe Surnames). Luo was very clever since he was a child. At the age of seven, he was famous for his poem "Singing Goose". Wang Yisheng, who is full of youthful vitality, is full of eventful events. His life experience is far from that of the court poets at that time, and his poetry content has been greatly expanded, and he has a real understanding of life. Luo's military frontier fortress experience lasted for five or six years, and he created many frontier fortress military works, which opened the precedent of frontier fortress poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Such as "joining the army":
I've been thinking about it all my life, and I'm filled with emotion. The wild sun is divided into Ying Ge, while the stars are combined with the sword. Bow strings lead the Chinese moon, while horses practice Chen Hu. Live or die.
This poem expresses the poet's ambition to devote himself to death. Very infectious, more personal than Yu Shinan's works of the same name. Luo's poems about objects have also made great achievements, such as Political Prisoners Listening to Cicada;
Cicada sang in the western land and ordered me to make up my mind in my cell. However, it needs those songs with black wings to break the heart of a white-haired prisoner. His flight passed through the thick fog, and his pure voice was drowned in the world of wind. Who knows if he is still singing? Who will listen to me? !
This poem expresses its ambition by supporting things, lamenting that the court confused people and made loyal people suffer, and no one avenged them. It inherits the lyrical way of Yu Shinan's Cicada.
Luo is not only a poet, but also a master of parallel prose. Its parallel prose is still in the form of parallel prose, inheriting the rich rhetoric and elegant language of the Six Dynasties, but adding new factors and characteristics of the times, revealing the fresh breath of talented people and elegant people, enhancing the artistic appeal, and becoming a new parallel prose of the Tang Dynasty, which is quite different from Sui Chen's parallel prose. Luo's famous parallel prose "Wei" is a parallel prose for drafting, which has always been read by people. The combination of narration and lyricism calls for discussion, which has strong artistic appeal and political incitement.
The prosperous Tang Dynasty mainly refers to the reign of Kaiyuan Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. During this period, the economic and cultural development of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak, and so did the literature. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the first group of scholars in Jiangdong who were famous as the capital were "Wuzhong Four Scholars", all of whom came from the gentry in Jiangdong, including He, Bao Rong, Zhang Xu and Zhang.
"Knowing that Zhang is riding a horse is like being on a boat, but he is asleep at the bottom of the well" (Du Fu's Song of Drinking). Du Fu listed He as the first of the "Eight Immortals of Drinking", which shows Lao Du's love for He. He came from He Ji's family, the cremation of Jiangdong, and was the grandson of He Deren, the prince of Xima. He Deren and his younger brother De Jixian are famous for their ci. People call him: "He Deren can learn and learn, and he is gentle." There are eight brothers, He Deren. People call them "Xun's Eight Dragons". He is not very famous, because his literary words are especially good at Cao Li. He is a liberal figure who calls himself "Siming Ke Fan". He made great contributions to the formation of meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He hit it off with Li Bai in Chang 'an, leaving a literary allusion of "a beetle for wine". He made an important contribution to the literary history of the Tang Dynasty and was hailed as the first person to create the seven wonders of the Tang Dynasty.
Among the "Wuzhong Four Scholars", He is the most proud of his career, while the other three are frustrated. Bao Rong came from the Bao family in Yanling, and Liang Su's Preface to the Collection of Secretaries and Supervisors said: "(Bao Rong) is famous for its Wen Zao, named Kaiyuan." Bao Rong's sons, Bao Zheng and Baohe, have literary names, which can follow in his father's footsteps. Among them, Bao Zheng's literary name is more prosperous.
Zhang Xu comes from the Zhang family of Wu County, the cremation of Wu surname in Jiangdong, and is the nephew of Liu Yanyuan of Wu County. Zhang Xu is called "Zhangdian" and is famous for its cursive script. Later people called him "Cao Sheng". Tang Wenzong once called Zhang Xu's cursive script, Li Bai's poems and songs, and Pei Min's sword dance the "Three Musts" in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Xu's poetry presents a unique style of freshness, elegance, boldness and freedom. Zhang Xu is not famous for his poems, but his unique personality and cursive achievements are the embodiment of the romantic spirit in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Although Zhang Shiwen has few poems, there are only two in total, but he regards "Moonlit Night on the Spring River" as "a century-long atonement for palace poems". This poem dominated the whole Tang Dynasty and reached the peak of poetry creation. It was with this poem that Zhang became famous. "Wu Sizi", He Chao, Wan Qirong, Xing Ju and others are household names in Chang 'an, which is a manifestation of the continuous efforts of scholars in Jiangdong since Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Xiao, the seventh grandson of King Liang Poyang (brother Liang Wudi), is an overseas Chinese in Jiangdong. At the end of Kaiyuan, he was the first scholar. Xiao is known as "all literate people in later generations think that the law is difficult to understand" (Preface to the Collected Works of Yangzhou Gongcao Xiao by Li Hua), and the appearance of "a man who has a long reputation in the East has visited the sea and is willing to learn from his master" (Preface to Send Xiao Dongfu by Liu Taizhen) is by no means ridiculous. When Silla envoys entered the DPRK, they all said that "China people want Joy as their teacher." ("Old Tang Shu Xiao Chuan")
Xiao is an active advocate of retro style. In "To Wei Shu", he said: "A servant belongs to literature all his life, and his body is not vulgar. No matter what he puts forward, he must hope the ancients. I haven't paid attention to it since Wei and Jin Dynasties. " He emphasized that before Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was actually he who decided whether the popular parallel prose had been written since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Xiao has made great achievements in the creation and theory of ancient prose, and accumulated strength for the ancient prose movement through the cultivation of talents. He is a pioneer of the ancient prose movement.
Zhang Jiuling, a famous minister in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, also came from Jiangdong cremation. According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty Prime Minister's Descent Table, Zhang Jiuling came from the Zhang family in Shixing, and Shixing Zhang was an ordinary Zhang Hua in the Western Jin Dynasty. He moved south with the Jin family during the Yongjia Rebellion and belonged to the overseas Chinese gentry in Jiangdong. Zhang Jiuling made great achievements in Jinshi and his later official career, and he visited the shrine in the 21st year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan. Zhang Jiuling, who is only seven years old, is called "the crown of post-poets" by Zhang. There are 20 volumes of Zhang Jiuling's collected works handed down from generation to generation, among which five-character ancient poems are the most important. His Five-character Poem is a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation, and it is often compared with Chen Ziang's Poem of Chanting for the Huai. His modern poems are also very successful, and the five-character poems are often light and natural, with deep feelings.
As a generation of wise men, Zhang Jiuling was also a leading figure in the literary world at that time. He spared no effort to support later scholars and made great contributions to Wang Changling, Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Lv Xiang, Pei Di, Qian Qi and Bao Rong. Zhang Jiuling very much agrees with Chen Ziang's advocacy of "good luck" and "feng zhi", and opposes Qi Liang's style of writing. He thinks that the key to reforming the style of writing is "going to China to be pragmatic" ("Send a gift to Yan Xu"). He advocates simplicity and strives to be flashy. Wang Shizhen, a poet in A Qing, said in Selected Examples of Ancient Poems: "Chen Boyu won the power of Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the power of changing Liang and Chen was the greatest, followed by Qujiang Gong and Taibai." He opposed glitz, attached importance to literary features and made great contributions to literary innovation in the early Tang Dynasty.
In short, from the Six Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the regime was firmly in the hands of Guanlong Group, and it was difficult for other groups to have the opportunity to enter the official position, let alone the legacy of the Southern Dynasties. The gentry in Jiangdong lost their social status in the Six Dynasties, and gradually attached themselves to Guanlong Group, relying on their own literary talent to keep pace with the times. The gentry in Jiangdong in the early Tang Dynasty were Starlight Glimmer in the literary world, and made great contributions to the glory of literature in the early Tang Dynasty.
(Author: College of Humanities, Ningbo University)