Four major unjust cases: Yang Naiwu v. Cai Xiao and Yang Sanjie, Zhang Wenxiang stabbing horse, and Huai 'an strange case.
Yang Naiwu was born in the 16th year of Daoguang (1836) in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province (now Yuhang Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province) to a well-off family. He has been diligent and studious since childhood, and he is honest. Married three times, the first time was Wu, the second time was Dayan, and later died in childbirth. After marrying Xiao Yangzhan, his wife at the time of the crime, she died.
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What did Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage suffer?
The real name of Chinese cabbage is life-long aunt, and the milk name is A Sheng. Little Yang Naiwu 15 years old, his father is Bi Chengxiang. Later, it was called Bi Xiugu in some literary works. At the age of eight, Chinese cabbage remarried to Yuhang County with her mother, and her mother married Yu, whom she called her stepfather. Yang Naiwu and Ge Pinlian are neighbors. Ge Pinlian's father Ge Fenglian died in his early years. Ge Pinlian's mother also married Shen Tiren, who is Ge Pinlian's stepfather. 1 1 years old, Chinese cabbage was given to Ge Pinlian by his mother Wang and his mother Shen Xu. When Ge Pinlian became an adult, his stepfather recommended him to be a friend in a tofu shop. When Chinese cabbage 16 years old, Ge Pinlian wanted to marry Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage and Ge Pinlian became 40% related at the beginning of March in the eleventh year of Tongzhi, and Chinese cabbage belongs to Ge Bi.
At this time, Yang Naiwu is explaining three new buildings in the corner. When building a house, Shen Tiren was a supervisor. When he learned that there was a new house for rent, he told Ge Pinlian's mother Shen. Through Zhao Lanrong, Shen Cong rented a building for Chinese cabbage couple to live in. Monthly rent 800 yuan, Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage live in the same building. Ge Pinlian is still helping in the tofu shop. Because he gets up early in the morning, he sometimes stays in the shop at night. Chinese cabbage is alone at home and has nothing to do. He often goes to Yang Naiwu's house for a walk, and sometimes eats with Yang Naiwu at Yang Naiwu's house. Chinese cabbage also learned to sing hymns. Because he didn't know much, he invited Yang Naiwu. At first, Dayan Zhan's family was still there, and the frequent contact between Chinese cabbage and Yang Naiwu would not be criticized. On September 8th, 11th year of Tongzhi, Dayang died in dystocia, and sometimes only Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage were left in the whole building. Chinese cabbage is still the same as before, not avert suspicion, and Yang Naiwu is very close. Later, the rumor that Yang Naiwu was having an affair with Chinese cabbage was known by all the neighbors. After the Chinese cabbage couple lived in Yang Naiwu for one year, Yang Naiwu demanded that the rent be increased to 65,438+0,000 yuan per month. The Chinese cabbage couple found it unbearable, so they rented a house next to Wang Xinpei in Taiping Lane.
Three months after the death of Yang Zhan's family, Yang Naiwu married Shawn's family, namely Zhan Caifeng. In August of the following year, Yang Naiwu took part in the provincial examination of Guiyouke, and won the 104 in Zhejiang Province.
The beginning of the case
On October 9, the twelfth year of Tongzhi, Ge Pinlian, who helped in the tofu shop, vomited several times on the road because of his discomfort and went home. I bought jiaozi at the pastry shop without breakfast. When I got to the door, I still threw up. When he got home, he went to bed. He thought he had filariasis again, so he asked Chinese cabbage to buy longan and Japanese ginseng fried clothes. Ge Pinlian didn't get better after taking it, but his condition got worse. In the afternoon, Ge Pinlian was seriously ill. By the time of the application, Ge Pinlian was dead.
The night after Ge Pinlian's death, blood flowed out of the body's nose and mouth. Ge Pinlian's foster mother Shi suspected that Ge Pinlian died of poisoning, so she consulted with relatives and friends such as Shen and asked the government to come to an autopsy to find out whether Ge Pinlian died of poisoning. If you die of poisoning, please get to the bottom of it. Wang Lin, the local sheriff, learned of the incident and had a statement written that night. The next morning, accompanied by Wang Lin, the local county magistrate, Shen submitted a statement requesting an autopsy to the county government.
Chu Xun of magistrate of a county
Yuhang county magistrate Liu Xitong is nearly seventy years old. Liu Xitong took the speech and was preparing to go to an inquest with Shen Xiang to mend Shen Caiquan. It happened that the doctor came to my office to treat Liu Zhifu. Chen Zhushan and Liu Xitong have close ties and frequent contacts. So he consulted the doctor and talked about the upcoming inquest. When Chen Zhushan learned that Ge Pinlian should identify the cause of death, he told Liu Xitong what he had heard about Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage when he was wandering in the street. He also said that neighbors believed that Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage were responsible for Ge Pinlian's death.
After that, Liu Xitong took Shen Xiang to Ge Pinlian's mortuary to mend Shen Caiquan. After post-mortem examination, Shen Xiang found that Ge Pinlian's body was light blue on the back, with faint blood flowing from his nose and mouth, and there were more than a dozen big bubbles on his body. But probing the throat with a silver needle is blue and black, which can't be wiped off. It doesn't seem to be a sign of poisoning. I'm confused. So I told the magistrate that I was poisoned and didn't report any poisoning death. Liu Xitong did not ask. Shen Caiquan asked Shen Xiang, who said it might be raw tobacco poisoning. Shen Caiquan said that it can't be raw tobacco soil, and taking raw tobacco soil is for personal gain. It was suicide, not homicide, but poisoning. Shen Xiang refused to accept it, so he argued with Shen Caiquan. The silver needle that was originally tested for poison had to be scrubbed with saponin water many times, but I forgot it. Liu Xitong was puzzled by Chen Zhushan's words, but actually believed Shen Caiquan's words and thought that Ge Pinlian died of arsenic poisoning. When I was about to ask Pakchoi for interrogation, I asked her, "Where did the poison come from?" Chinese cabbage answered "I don't know". Liu Xitong brought Chinese cabbage back to the county government for interrogation.
Liu Xitong took Chinese cabbage back to the county government and tortured it. According to the "Shen Bao" of that year, the punishment for cabbage was "burning red silk to stab the chest and pouring boiling water on the back". Under torture, Chinese cabbage confessed to the crime of killing her husband Ge Pinlian for adultery with Yang Naiwu.
After Chinese cabbage confession, it was already the third night of the second day. When Liu Xi got the confession of Chinese cabbage, he immediately sent Wang Xing Bookstore and took Ruande, a strongman, to catch Yang Naiwu. Ruandehe forcibly took Yang Naiwu to the county government bookstore. Yang Naiwu was forcibly taken to the county government in the middle of the night for no reason, and he was furious. When questioned by the magistrate of a county, he not only denied conspiring with Chinese cabbage because of rape, but also rudely contradicted Liu Xitong, which made Liu Xitong very angry. Yang Naiwu learned that the confession of Chinese cabbage was given to him on the fifth day. So the client asked her mother-in-law's relatives and friends to testify for her, proving that she was in Nanxiang on the fifth day and returned to Yuhang on the sixth day. It is intended to deny the fact that Chinese cabbage admitted that arsenic was handed in on the fifth day of the first month. Wu Yukun, the dry brother of Yang Naiwu's father-in-law, Zhan Shanzheng, Yang Gongzhi, Shen Zhaoxing, Feng Diangui, Yang Naiwu's cousin and others, all submitted official documents to Yuhang magistrate according to this requirement.
Because Yang Naiwu has the status of a juren, he is the son of heaven's protege, so he can't be punished. Liu Xitong was very helpless and could not get the final confession. The next day, he reported to the Hangzhou magistrate and asked to change his juren status in Yang Naiwu. Chen Lu, the magistrate of Hangzhou, raised a question to the court through Yang Changjun, the governor of Zhejiang. Emperor Tongzhi personally approved Yang Changjun's title: "Yang Naiwu went to the imperial court to raise a man, and he should be tried and recruited for killing his husband."
Hangzhou government retrial
On the tenth day after Ge Pinlian's death, that is, on October 20, the twelfth year of Tongzhi, Liu Xitong sent Yang Naiwu, Chinese cabbage and the whole case file to Hangfu. However, Yang Gongzhi, Wu Yukun, Zhan Shanzheng and others were the official announcements of Yang Naiwu's return to Yuhang City on the sixth day of the sixth day, which were suppressed by Liu Xitong and were not presented to the Hangzhou magistrate with the file.
At this time, the order of royal approval of Yang Naiwu leather to juren has been issued, and the magistrate Chen Lu used severe punishment. However, Yang Naiwu endured the punishment, but he had to admit that he colluded with Chinese cabbage. When Chen Lu asked about the source of arsenic, Yang Naiwu made up a story, saying that he bought arsenic in the name of tetramine in the well-known Airentang drugstore in Zangqian town on his way back to Yuhang after completing the recruitment procedure in China. Chen Lu got this confession and thought that the case was clear, so he asked Liu Xitong to take money from Baosheng's testimony.
Qian Baosheng came to the county government and said that his name was not Qian Baosheng, but Qian Luming Literature, also known as Qian Tan, and he did not sell arsenic to Yang Naiwu. Liu Xitong worked for Qian Liu many times, saying that he would not be held accountable for selling arsenic, nor would he be sent to Hangzhou to testify, and wrote a written guarantee to Qian Liu. Qian Liu later agreed to testify according to Liu Xitong's intention.
Chen Lu got the testimony of "Qian Baosheng" and the confessions of Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage, so he thought the evidence was conclusive and could be convicted and sentenced. On the sixth day of November in the twelfth year of Tongzhi, Chen Lu, the magistrate of Hangzhou, made a judgment and sentenced Pakchoi to death for raping and killing her husband, in order to instruct Yang Naiwu to make a decision and report it to Zhejiang provincial judges.
Zhejiang provincial judge Ji began to think the case was suspicious. Because Yang Naiwu is a juren, he is also a juren. He doesn't quite believe that a juren will give up his future for a woman and pay his own life. So I called Liu Xitong and asked about the case and whether there was anything unusual. This Liu Xitong assured the provincial judge that the case was irrefutable and there was no unjust, false and wrong case. Kuai and Sun were relieved when they saw this. Then, according to the opinions of the magistrate in Hangzhou, the case was reported to Yang Changjun, the governor of Zhejiang Province.
During this period, Yang Naiwu wrote a complaint about being tortured in prison. His wife, the youngest family member, namely Zhan Caifeng, appealed to various yamen in Hangzhou, but it did not attract the attention of local officials such as the Governor of Zhejiang and the company.
Go to Beijing to sue for "imperial form"
In April of the thirteenth year of Tongzhi, her sister Ye accompanied Wang Tingnan and Wang Amu, the long-term workers of her mother-in-law's family, to Beijing by boat, and submitted the written complaint materials to the Duchayuan under the guidance of Kyoko, a fellow villager in Beijing. It is agreed in advance that Wang Ting will enter Douchayuan in the south. Before entering Duchayuan, Wang Tingnan said that he had poor eyesight and asked Wang to hand in his papers. This Wang says he is Wang Tingnan. In this way, Wang Amu was sent back to Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province as Wang Tingnan.
After accepting Yang Naiwu's submission, Douchayuan wrote to the Governor of Zhejiang, requesting a retrial of the case. Yang Changjun transferred the case to Chen Lu, the magistrate of Hangzhou, for retrial. Of course, the result can only be upheld.
Because his wife complained in various yamen in Hangzhou many times, there were rumors on the streets of Hangzhou. This incident attracted the attention of Hu Xueyan, a red top businessman and Jiangnan drug king who was very popular at that time. Yang Naiwu's wife got financial support from Hu Xueyan, and she was able to go to Beijing again. In September of the 13th year of Tongzhi, Yang Naiwu's wife Zhan Caifeng went to Beijing with Yao Shifa, a domestic helper, and brought Yang Naiwu's complaint materials, which were submitted to the Bujun and the yamen. Step army at the head of the yamen will Yang Naiwu's complaint on the emperor, the emperor, the case to the governor of Zhejiang Yang Changjun overseers YanXun with the company. However, Yang Changjun didn't personally ask Yan Xun, but handed over the case to the newly appointed Huzhou magistrate Xiguang, Shaoxing magistrate Gong Jiajun, Fuyang magistrate Xu Jiade and Huangyan magistrate Baoshan Chen. After attending several trials, Xiguang, the magistrate of Huzhou, found an excuse not to attend the trial. I don't know why. Later, the case was mainly tried by Gong Taishou, but due to the death of Emperor Tongzhi and the national examination, the case could not be concluded again.
Punishment trial
Due to the protracted case and huge social impact, the Ministry of Punishment called Wang Shurui and asked for a retrial of the case. Empress Dowager Cixi ordered Zhejiang scholar Hu Ruilan to review it. Although Hu Guanju studied politics, he was not familiar with the name of punishment, so he was incompetent. Familiar with Yang Changjun, failed to overturn the original judgment.
Since then, the case has experienced many twists and turns and was handed over to the Ministry of Punishment. The punishment department found some doubts in the process of reviewing the files.
Zhejiang Beijing officials are also very concerned about the trial of this sensational case in their hometown. Based on all aspects of analysis and judgment, they think this case is an unjust case. So they signed a letter to Duchayuan, and heard more news from their hometown according to the doubts raised by the Ministry of Punishment in the aforementioned case. After receiving the submission, Duchayuan appealed to the empress dowager and the emperor. The empress dowager of the two palaces actually approved the invitation of Douchayuan.
After accepting the case, punishments mobilized the relevant witnesses of the case and Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage to go to Beijing. As the main witness of the case at that time, Qian Liu, had died, the punishments could not rely on witness testimony and prisoner's confession to finalize the case. Although it was found in the trial that both Yang Naiwu and Pakchoi were tortured to extract confessions, this was obviously inconsistent with Yang Changjun's title and Hu Ruilan's last performance of not extorting confessions by torture, and Yang Naiwu and Pakchoi also overturned the confession of murder and drug abuse because of rape, but the penalty department thought it was difficult to finalize the case only by these. During the interrogation of witness cards in Beijing, officials of the Ministry of Punishment found that Liu Xitong, the magistrate of Yuhang County, had doubts about the conclusion of the inquest on Ge Pinlian's poisoned body. Therefore, at the request, Ge Pinlian's coffin was transported to Beijing to re-examine Ge Pinlian's death.
On December 9, the second year of Guangxu, the punishments opened the coffin at Haihui Temple in Beijing for autopsy. Because this case has a great impact, many people come to see the autopsy. After Xun Yu's autopsy and Lianshun's drinking newspaper, it was found that Ge Pinlian was yellow and white, and he was really nontoxic and died. Liu Xitong and the original appraiser Shen Xiang also had to recognize this appraisal conclusion. Officials of the Ministry of Punishment also questioned Liu Xitong and Shen Xiang about the original inspection. The two admitted that the silver needle was not scrubbed repeatedly with saponin water as required during the initial inspection, which did not meet the inspection requirements stipulated by the court. Shen Xiang only reported to Liu Xitong that he died of taking poison, but did not report any poison, and so on.
Therefore, Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage are really wronged. Their guilty confession of "seeking drugs for rape" was obviously false. As a result, the emperor was played by the Ministry of Punishment, and Liu Xitong was relieved of his position as magistrate of a county. Other relevant trial officials were also punished for unfavorable trials. Yang Changjun, Hu Ruilan and Chen Lu. All were dismissed, while Liu Xitong was severely punished and sent to Heilongjiang for atonement, and he was not allowed to be redeemed. Shen Xiang was sentenced to two years in prison with 80 sticks, and Shen Caiquan was sentenced to 100 sticks for two thousand miles. Yang Naiwu and Chinese cabbage were washed away, but they were also punished with eighty sticks and one hundred sticks. So far, the case was concluded on February 16, Guangxu three years, and the whole trial process lasted about four years.
After returning to Yuhang, Yang Naiwu worked in Shanghai Shenbao, and soon returned to Yuhang to plant mulberry and sericulture. He died in the third year of the Republic of China (19 14) at the age of 74. After he returned to Yuhang, because his relatives and friends had no food and clothing, Chinese cabbage finally became a nun in buddhist nun. Chinese cabbage died in the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930) at the age of 75.
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I'm not sure about the progress of this year, but let's see if it's useful for you:
Lingchi Lingchi is also called Lingchi, which is called "Thousand Pieces" by the people. The original intention of Lingchi is that the slope of the mountain gradually decreases. When it is used as the name of the death penalty, it means that when a person is executed, the bodies are cut off one by one, so that the victims die slowly and painfully. Lingchi punishment first appeared in the Five Dynasties, and was officially named Liao Dynasty punishment. Since then, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties have stipulated it as a statutory punishment, which is the most cruel death penalty. This criminal law is mainly used to punish some of the ten evils, such as rebellion and rebellion. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, if parents or in-laws, sons killed their fathers and wives killed their husbands, it was also a felony against ethics and morality, and they were sentenced to death. But later, in order to suppress the peasants' resistance, those who failed to pay taxes on time were also punished by late death, which was particularly prominent during the Ming Taizu period. Ling Chi's punishment is cruel. Generally speaking, it means to cut off pieces of human flesh. There are also differences in execution methods in past dynasties. Usually cut eight knives, first beheaded, then cut hands and feet, then cut the chest and abdomen, and finally beheaded. But it's actually more than eight knives. There were 24 knives, 36 knives, 72 knives and 120 knives in the Qing Dynasty. Twenty-four knives are: one or two knives to cut eyebrows, three or four knives to cut shoulders, five or six knives to cut chest, seven or eight knives to cut elbows, ninety knives to cut the part between elbows and shoulders, eleven or two knives to cut leg meat, thirteen or four knives to cut leg belly, fifteen knives to stab the heart, sixteen knives to cut head and seventeen or eight knives to cut hands. The actual execution was more, most of which was that Liu Jin, the evil eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, was cut for three days, with a total of 4,700 knives. By the Guangxu period of 1905, the punishment of year in year was abolished. At first, the executioner would skillfully cut out the Adam's apple of the prisoner with a knife to prevent him from shouting. Then quickly bleed to dress the wound. The first part is the back, and the meat cut by each knife must be only the size of the fingernail. To kill an adult, you must use 3357 knives, and the knives must bleed and lose meat. It should be glued to it with a large white porcelain plate for the audience to appreciate and get appreciation. If the prisoner dies before the specified number of knives, the executioner will be laughed at by the audience and may lose his job. Among all kinds of cruel punishments in ancient China, the most inhuman one was AD. Lingchi, formerly known as Lingchi, originally meant the gentle slope of the hill. Xunzi said, "Three feet on the shore, you can't board empty cars." A mountain, let the negative car climb. What is this? The year has arrived. "It means that the car can't be pulled up on a three-foot steep slope, but because the slope is gentle, the car can be pulled to the top of the mountain. Later generations took Ling Chi as the name of punishment, only taking its slow meaning, that is to say, putting people to death at a very slow speed. In order to reflect this "slow" intention, it is to cut off the human flesh one by one until the meat is almost cut, and then cut off the head by caesarean section and let the prisoner die. So the year is also called cutting, cutting, inch cutting and so on. The so-called "thousand pieces" refers to the year. The Yuan Dynasty chopped the prisoners into ten thousand pieces, and the number of knives in the Ming Dynasty was far more than that in the previous generation, which was shocking enough. There were two famous cases of execution in Ming dynasty, and the number of knives was clearly recorded. One is Liu Jin, the eunuch of Zheng De, and the other is Zheng Zhi, a scholar during the Chongzhen period. Zhicheng Deng's "Gu Xu Dong Ji" Volume II "Inch" said: "According to the custom, the punishment of burning an inch in the Ming Dynasty was 4,200 yuan for Liu Jin and 3,600 yuan for Zheng Zhi. Li Ciming's diary also said. "The number of knives that Liu Jin was cut down here may be misinformation. In fact, Liu Jin was chopped 3357 times. Such a large number is really amazing. Folk women often say "you get a thousand knives" when swearing. It doesn't seem to be a function word to chop down more than 1000 knives in ancient times. Let's start with Liu Jin. In the fifth year of Zheng De (15 10), Liu Jin was sentenced to death for treason, and the imperial edict granted him "three days within the year", and then his body was filed. Zhang Wenlin, who participated in the implementation of the Tenth Plan, explained in detail: On the same day, Hu Yuan, head of Shaanxi Division, was sentenced to prison and beheaded. He was surprised and told the above-mentioned Mr. Liu Jing, "How can I do this? Liu Huiyan: "I'll let undergraduates help you." "Response. After the official breakfast, I asked the official to follow the company to Lang Zheng in the west corner. Liu Jin had already had an operation. The number of knives in a year, for example, 3357 knives, take a break every ten knives and shout. On the first day, you should cut 357 knives from the left and right sides of the chest, such as large nail pieces. There will be blood in the first operation, but there will be no blood in the second operation. It is said that the prisoner was frightened and blood entered his lower abdomen and calf. After the incision, the blood came out, so I think it should be Send the gold to Tianfu wanping county at the latest and let it go. Kim still ate two bowls of porridge. That's the way to prevent thieves. The next day, he was taken to the east corner. On the first day, Kim was punished, and he said a word. He gagged his mouth with hemp walnuts and died after dozens of knives. At sunrise, Liu Jin played the imperial edict with the supervisor, several feet late, filing the corpse to avoid beheading. The victim's family tried to sacrifice its meat to the dead. Filing a corpse is a big axe in the chest, and the chest counts. It's a pity to repay a thief. When Liu Jin was in charge of state affairs, it was more evil to destroy loyalty It is true that he finally became like this, but judging from the process of his punishment, it cannot be said that it is really inhuman. Look at Zheng Zhi. It's a pity that when Liu Jin was tortured, Zheng Zhi was tortured like this. Zheng Zhi, a native of Henglin, Changzhou, was a scholar in the second year of the apocalypse (1622). His literary talent and reputation were once famous. In the early years of worshipping the imperial court, Zheng Zhi was involved in the political disputes caused by party struggles within the imperial court. He was accused of two heinous crimes, namely "the mother of the staff" and "the sister of the raped person". After the crime, Emperor Zhu Youjian personally instructed him to execute the death penalty that year. With regard to the detailed background and merits of Zheng Zhi's case, I don't want to make a specific textual research here, but just talk about the general process of his punishment. In the 12th year of Chongzhen (1639), at dawn on August 26th, the imperial edict was issued and implemented on this day. Some officials immediately ordered the relevant personnel to be summoned. Escort the prisoner to the west side. At that time, Xi Shi was located in the Si Xia archway of Ganshiqiao on the west side of the Imperial City of Beijing (hereinafter referred to as Xisi archway, now Xisi in Beijing), where the execution of the condemned prisoners was often carried out. According to the convention, the beheading is downstairs in the west row and the year number is downstairs in the east row. So, that morning, a group of people set up a shed next to the East Row, where the supervisor, beheading officer and others sat. A thick wooden pole was erected in front of the shed, and a fork was inserted into the wooden pole. Soon, the executioner of the execution also arrived ahead of time. Each of them brought a small basket with iron hooks and sharp knives. The executioner took out an iron hook, a sharp knife, etc. Put them in the sand and sharpen them very sharply. In the morning and the third hour, the supervisor took Zheng Zhi to the execution ground with a captain and a servant. Zheng Zhi was temporarily parked in the south row downstairs. He is sitting in a big basket, without a headscarf, shoes and socks, and is talking endlessly with a nerd about things at home. At this time, the onlookers were crowded, blocking the surrounding roads and open spaces, and the nearby roofs were full of people. An official said that the judge of Xicheng court had not arrived yet, so he had to stop temporarily. Just then, the magistrate was crowded with followers and came here separately from the dense crowd. After sitting down, he read out the imperial edict loudly. Because of the noise around, people couldn't hear clearly what he was reading, except his last sentence: "According to the law, you should cut 3600 knives." The executioner echoed in chorus, which sounded like Lei Zhen. The onlookers trembled with fear. Only three shots were heard, and then the execution began. The crowd became more excited, and some people who climbed into the room stood up and craned their necks to see how the executioner chopped people. However, due to the dense crowd nearby, the execution site is far from being seen. After a long time, I saw a rope hanging from the forked thick wooden pole. Someone pulled the rope behind the wooden pole, and something was hanging from the other end of the rope, dripping with blood. It turned out to be human lungs and liver, which were hoisted to the highest point of the wooden pole. This shows that the prisoner's meat has been cut off, and he has begun to gut. After a while, put down the rope on the wooden pole, took out the liver and lungs, and hung a head, indicating that Zheng Zhi had been beheaded. Then, hang Zheng Zhi's body, with his chest on the wooden pole and his back facing the crowd. Everyone saw that the muscles on his back were cut into strands, but they were not cut off. Thousands of dense hemp clusters were like hedgehogs. At this time, the one-year punishment came to an end. Two captains waved red flags and rode fast Ma Xiangdong. They went to the palace to report to the emperor how many knives they had cut. Later, an executioner took down Zheng Zhi's body and sold some pieces of his meat. It is said that people buy these human flesh as raw materials for preparing medicines for treating scabies. In the Qing dynasty, there was punishment for the New Year. Once the rulers catch the leader of the peasant uprising, they will always be executed in the middle of the year. For example, when the Northern Expedition Army of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed, eight generals, including Li and Li, were captured and sent to Beijing for public display. The leader of the Nian Army and Lai were defeated and captured, and they were also punished in the same year. Shi Dakai, the famous leader of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was defeated in Dadu River and surrendered to Sichuan Governor Luo. However, he was not treated leniently. The Qing court ruled that Shi Dakai need not be escorted to Beijing and executed on the spot in Sichuan. Luo, the executioner who suppressed the peasant uprising, cruelly used the punishments of Shi Dakai and others. It was June 25th, the second year of Tongzhi (1862). Luo led the Qing soldiers to the big opening, while Zaifu Zengshi and Zaizhong went to the execution ground. Shihe was tied to two cross-shaped stakes face to face. When executing the title, the executioner cut Zeng Shihe first, but Zeng Shihe was in great pain and screamed. Shi Dakai scolded him and said, "Why can't you stand such a short time?" Zeng Shihe just gritted his teeth and stopped shouting. When Shi Dakai was tortured, he was cut more than one hundred times. He remained silent from beginning to end. Shi Dakai's awe-inspiring righteousness and strong will shocked the officers and men of the Qing army. Liu Rong, the envoy of Sichuan deployment, said that he was "arrogant and strong, but his words were neither supercilious nor flattering." ..... At the time of execution, I looked very happy, and I was the ugliest. "In the punishment lasted until the end of the Qing dynasty. After the Reform Movement of 1898, the Qing court was impacted by various internal and external contradictions and had to follow the trend and carry out some reforms on traditional disadvantages. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Shen Jiaben, the minister of the Ministry of Justice, was asked to delete severe punishments such as Ling Chi, and the Qing court allowed him to play them, and ordered laws such as Ling Chi, beheading and slaughter to be "deleted forever, and all laws were changed". From then on, the inhuman torture of that year disappeared from the code and was replaced by beheading.