Li Zicheng, formerly known as Hongji. Shaanxi mizhi people. When he proclaimed himself emperor, he called himself Mao. They are called Bravo and Li Chuang. One of the leaders of the peasant army in the late Ming Dynasty, the founder of Dashun regime.
Teenagers in Li Zicheng like guns, horses and sticks. After his father died, he served as a postman, responsible for delivering official documents of the Ming Dynasty and taking care of horses. There are many disadvantages in the post office system in the late Ming Dynasty. During the Chongzhen period, one third of the country's post offices were abolished, and Li Zicheng was abolished because of the loss of official documents. He lost his job and came home in debt.
In the same year, Li Zicheng was sued by Ai to the Mizhi county government because he was unable to repay Ai's debts. County magistrate Yan Zibin "swims in the city and dies." After being rescued by relatives and friends, he killed his creditor Zhao Ai at the end of the year. Later, because his wife Han Jiner committed adultery with the village chief, Li Zicheng killed her again. He lost two lives, so he joined the army with his nephew Li Taichong in Ganzhou, Gansu Province in February 1629.
At that time, Yang was appointed as the company commander of Ganzhou and joined the army. Li Zicheng was quickly promoted by the state to commander-in-chief of the army. In the same year, in Yuzhong, due to the problem of arrears in military pay, the participating countries and local county magistrates were killed and launched a mutiny.
Li Zicheng-Battle
After the uprising, Li Zicheng moved to Hanzhong and joined the melon led by the rebel army. 1629, when Hou Jin first entered the fortress, great changes took place in Beijing. General Yuan Chonghuan was executed by the emperor on 1629. 1630, Li was surrendered by the court and went to Zhang Cunxie. 163 1 In April, Zhang Cunxie defeated northern Shaanxi and fell into the hands of the Ming Dynasty. Li Zicheng led the rest of the army across the Yellow River to meet his uncle Gao Yingxiang, who was called "the brave king". There is another saying:.
In the seventh year of Chongzhen, the eighth Jin Army entered Cyprus for the second time. In June of the same year, Chen Qiyu led the army westward and ordered the governors of Shaanxi, Yunnan, Henan and Huguang provinces to surround the peasant army in Hannan. Zhang, Luo Rucai, Li Zicheng and other departments saw the Ming army assembled and mistakenly took Xing 'an. The valley is an ancient plank road, surrounded by steep mountains. It's easier to come in than to go out. The only exit was cut off by the Ming army. The horse was so tired that all the bows and arrows were taken off.' The situation is in jeopardy. Li Zicheng used Gu Junen's stratagem to bribe the people of Qi and cheat the officers and men. At this time, Chen Qiyu released Li Zicheng and others, and sent more than 50 appeasement officers to send the rebels home. As soon as they got out of the plank road, they immediately killed the appeasement officer and rebelled.
1635, thirteen 72nd battalion insurgents, including Zhang, Lao, Luo Rucai, Ge Liyan, Zuo, Gaishi Wang, She Duotian, Hengwang, Xiongnu Hundred Thousand, Guo Tianxing, Nine Dragons and Shun Tianwang, held a meeting in Xingyang, Henan Province, and Li Zicheng put forward the strategy of "dividing troops and commanding, attacking from all sides". After the meeting, Zhang and Li Zicheng led the troops to capture Fengyang and Nanzhili, dug up the royal ancestral graves, burned the ancestral temple where Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk, killed more than 60 eunuchs and hacked the guards. Li Zicheng discussed with Zhang, suited to the west, and took Gansu directly.
After 636 years, gold was exchanged. The Qing army entered Cyprus for the third time. When Gao Yingxiang attacked Xi, he was defeated and killed by Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting. Li Zicheng was promoted to "King" and continued to fight in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi. Call it a "broken thief".
In the tenth year of Chongzhen, Yang Sichang recruited 654.38 million troops and 2.8 million troops, proposing war.
In August of the eleventh year of Chongzhen, the Qing soldiers captured the city wall from Qingkou Mountain and Qiangziling and launched the fourth invasion. In order to carry out the strategy of "taking home as home and beggar your neighbor", he advocated making peace with Qing Dynasty, but was strongly opposed by the commander-in-chief Qin Hexuan. The battle of Chongzhen is uncertain. Hong Chengchou and others were rushed to the East to be diligent, and Li Zicheng survived.
King Li Zicheng.
1639, Zhang set out again in the old city, and Li Zicheng led thousands of people out of Shangluo Mountain. 1640, Li Zicheng used the main force of Ming army to pursue Zhang in Sichuan. In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Lian recorded the grand occasion of helping the hungry in Li Zicheng: "Thieves take this as a way to show their position and help the hungry. Hungry people from far and near leave with hoes, and those who respond are like running water. They call on millions of people day and night, and their potential is irreparable.
Since then, Li Zicheng's army has grown to tens of thousands, and put forward the slogan of "tax-free land", that is, the folk song "Don't eat when you meet the king" captured Luoyang in the 14th year of Chongzhen (65438120), killed Zhu, the son of Wanli, took some deer from the backyard and cooked them with meat. It is called "Fulu Banquet" and shared with soldiers. Send tens of thousands of stones and hundreds of thousands of dollars to help hungry people. Known as "Marshal Tian Feng is righteous".
After a year and a half, Sanwei Capital failed in Kaifeng, and the Yellow River levee was finally destroyed in 1642 Kaifeng. There are many civilian victims in this city. Killing Shaanxi Governor Fu, and at the same time, the Ming Dynasty was unfavorable to the Qing Dynasty. In March, Hong Chengchou was cleared. 165438+ 10, the Qing army entered Cyprus for the fifth time and went deep into Shandong, sweeping 360,000 people.
1643 65438+ October, Li Zicheng was called the "new king" of Xiangyang. In May, Wuchang took the first place, and Zhang was called the "Great West" king. In October, Li Zicheng breached Tongguan, killed Governor Sun Chuanting and occupied Shaanxi. 1644 1 month, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Ann, established the Tangut Mao, and established Dashun. In November, Zhang was called the West Emperor in Chengdu.
Li Zicheng-Beijing
In January of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng led the troops into Beijing with 500,000 yuan. On February 2nd, he built 3,000 ships at Shawokou, crossed the Yellow River and occupied Fenzhou, Yangcheng and Zhou Pu. The next day, he occupied Huaiqing and killed Wang Zai in Lujiang. On the fifth day, Taiyuan fell, and Niu Yong, Wang Yongkui and other five thousand overseers were exhausted. On the eighth day, Commander Zhang Xiong took the lead in shelling the city. Cai Maode hanged himself. Rest in Taiyuan for eight days. 16, Zhou Kexin officials and people welcomed the surrender, and Zhou Yuji, the company commander guarding the pass on behalf of the country, held fast to the city. After ten days of war, he retreated to Ning Wuguan, where he met soldiers who ate very little.
Zhou Yuji tried her best to refuse to keep it. Finally, he ran out of gunpowder, opened the door and died in an accident. His whole body is like a hedgehog. His wife Liu led more than 20 women to their home and shot them. They were all burned to death. On March 1st, more than 70,000 soldiers died in Li Zicheng, Ningwuguan, with heavy casualties. Record: "After the thief entered Beijing, there were many brothers and sisters who fought against Ningwu." Li Zicheng ordered the massacre. That night, Jiang Qian, the company commander of Datong, surrendered, and Wang, the company commander of Xuancheng, left his watch and went to Juyongguan and Changping. Chongzhen urgently dispatched Wu Sangui, the company commander of Liaodong, Wang Yongji, the governor of Hebei and Liaoning, Tang Tong, the company commander of Changping, and Liu Zeqing, the company commander of Shandong, to Wei Jincheng and called on officials in Beijing to donate money.
On March 15th, Dashun Army arrived at Juyongguan, and eunuch DUZH and company commanders Tang Tong surrendered without a fight. 17 Enter Gaobeidian and Xizhimen, hold the city tightly, and attack Pingzemen, Zhangzhimen and Xizhimen at noon. Late at night on March 17, Cao Huachun, the eunuch guarding the city, took the lead in opening the Guangning Gate on the west side of the outer city. Today the peasant army entered the southern suburbs of Fuxingmen. On March 18th, Li Zicheng sent Du Xun, the eunuch who surrendered in Changping, into the city to commune with Chongzhen. According to Li Zicheng's four-year "Attached Examination of the Year of Death", the following conditions were put forward: "Break the people and strengthen the people, plan to divide the northwest king, reward millions of soldiers, and retreat to Henan. After being blocked, I am willing to destroy the bandits in the imperial court, especially the elite soldiers to help Liao Fan. " The negotiations between the two sides broke down.
On the morning of March 19, Zhang Yu, the minister of the Ministry of War, took the initiative to open the front door to meet Liu Zongmin's army. At noon, under the guidance of eunuch Wang Dehua, Li Zicheng entered the inner hall from Deshengmen and crossed the city gate. At this time, Chongzhen took eunuch Wang Chengen to Jingshan Park to watch the battle, and then returned to Gan Qing Palace. All the ministers fled. Finally, Chongzhen committed suicide in Jingshan. Li Zicheng ordered a "ritual burial", held a public sacrifice in the factory outside Donghuamen, and then moved into a Buddhist temple. On the 27th, he was buried in Tian Guifei's tomb.
Li Zicheng stayed in the Forbidden City and sealed Dou Fei. When Dashun entered the city, there were less than twenty thousand soldiers. Li Zicheng ordered, "Whoever dares to hurt people and plunder women will not be killed!" Orders in Beijing are still good, and shops are open as usual. "Two thieves ransacked the silk shop and opened a shop in Pan Qi Street. The villagers are jubilant and can't stop. " However, since the 27th, Dashun Army began looting Ming officials and their families everywhere, and stipulated that the amount of aid was "Zhongdian100000, Ministry of Industry 750000, Taoist 530000, Hanlin 32. 1 0000, and thousands of subordinates." Liu Zongmin made 5000 hair clips. "All trees are born with edges and corners. They are connected with nails to trim people without bones. " The atmosphere of terror in the city is gradually dignified and people are worried. Quoted from Wei Zaode, Fang et al. "Every one hundred handcuffed officials usually take huge sums of money, forcing twenty thousand to thirty thousand, and they are slightly dissatisfied with the figures. Then they make a strict comparison, put a cannon on it and prepare an extremely vicious poison that will never die. " Qi Ranxing, Joan, Zhang and Xu won awards. According to Tan Qian's Henan Yi Zhuan, the death toll exceeded 1600. Li Zicheng foot soldiers plundered, and his ministers were extravagant. "Kill people. Soldiers usually plunder people's wealth. " . /kloc-In April of 0/4, a notice appeared on the West Chang 'an Avenue: "The days of the Ming Dynasty are endless, and people think of loyalty. It is scheduled to be the emperor of the East Palace on the 20 th of this month in the first year of Yuan Dynasty. " On 13th, Li Zicheng led hundreds of people to enter the customs, and Wu Sangui stayed in Beijing for an invitation-only banquet for Liu Liang and Li Jia.
It is said that after Li Zicheng arrived in Beijing, he learned from the palace that "silver is 37 million ingots, and gold10 million ingots", and "the treasury of the old city has no 37 million ingots for years, and these ingots are all 500. Xu Chongxi, a contemporary, borrowed a sentence from Tan Qianqiu in Miscellanies of Zaolin: "If you lose zero points, the school can add two years, but you have to take the exam today and look for it tomorrow. The sea is full of sadness, but the tone remains the same. "Didn't the emperor see the legacy first? Can't chase. " But the credibility is not high. Ji thought to himself, "You said you would carry so much gold with 18.5 million mules and horses, and you can return it in one lap. If you can't finish it in a month, then you know that your words are not credible. " Liang estimated that from 1390 to 1486, the domestic silver production in China was only about 32 million taels. Before the demise of the Ming Dynasty, although a large amount of silver flowed in, it was only 45 million taels of silver.
Li Zicheng-collapse
In April of 2 1 year, Li Zicheng led 60,000 troops to fight with Wu Sangui, the general stationed in Shanhaiguan. After the war ended on April 22nd, Wu Jun gradually became tired. Wu Sangui was captured by Duke Dogon, the regent of Qing Dynasty, and the two armies jointly defeated Li Zicheng. Commander Liu Zongmin was injured and ordered to retreat urgently. On 26th, Li Zicheng led more than 30,000 people to flee to Beijing, killing 34 Wu Sangui family members. On the 29th, Li Zicheng took Li as the emperor, proclaimed himself emperor in Wuying Hall, and implemented the imperial examination system for seven generations. Let his wife be the queen and Niu Jinxing the maid [24]. The next day, he fled to Xi and retreated from Shaanxi and Henan. Burn the Forbidden City and some buildings in Beijing before you leave. Dourgen ordered Wu Sangui not to enter Beijing and directly pursued Li Zicheng's army. On May 2nd, Li Zicheng was defeated by Qingshui River in Dingzhou again. On May 3rd, Dourgen's army entered Beijing. In July, Li Zicheng crossed the Yellow River and defeated Xi. Soon, he left Xi and arrived at Wuguan via Lantian and Shangzhou. Many Ming generals who surrendered to Dashun returned to Nanming or Qing Dynasty because of the establishment of Hong Guang court in Nanming and the collapse of Dashun army. Li Zicheng more think more doubt, finally killed Yan Li and others in vain, leading to distraction.
In December of the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing army attacked Tongguan, and Dashun army joined forces with it. The Qing army did not take part in the war because its main force and large troops had not yet arrived. In the second year of Shunzhi, the red cannon of the Qing army broke Tongguan, and Li Zicheng fled the war. After Xiangyang, Dengzhou and Hubei, they called themselves Nanjing, and they went hand in hand by land and water.
Zuo Liangyu tried to unite with Zuo Liangyu, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, to fight against Qing Dynasty in Wuchang. He crossed Nanjing, came to the "edge of the Qing army" in Nanming court, and attacked Ma Shiying before he died. Li Zicheng entered Wuchang in April, but was defeated by the Qing army. In May, after Jiangxi was defeated again, he was killed by Cheng Jiubo who was loyal to the Ming Dynasty in Nanzhugou Mountain, Tongshan County, Hubei Province. I don't know where his body is. After Dashun's sacrifice, his troops were filled with grief and indignation, and immediately swept through Jiugong Mountain to retaliate against the local regiment training. The rest of Dashun called Li Zicheng the first emperor, his wife Gao as the queen mother, and Li Zicheng's third brother Li as the leader.
That is to say, after the defeat, Li Zicheng fled to Jiashan Temple in Shimen County, Hunan Province and became a monk. In the 13th year of Kangxi, he became a monk for Feng Tianyu. It is also said that Li Zicheng lives in seclusion in Qingcheng, Lanzhou, Gansu.
There are different opinions on the cause of Li Zicheng's death, but thousands of cultural relics related to Li Zicheng and Dashun have been found in Tongcheng, Hubei Province, among which dozens of straight books are Li Zicheng's death in Jiugongshan, Tongcheng County, Hubei Province. I believe that in the near future, history will restore the mystery of Li Zicheng's death to a true innocence.