Du Fu (7 12-770) was born in Gongxian County (now Gongyi, Henan Province). Du Fu's great-grandfather (Du Fu's father) moved from Xiangyang (now Hubei) to Gongxian (now Gongyi, Henan). A great realistic poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is concerned about the country and the people and has a noble personality. About 65,438+0,500 of his poems have been preserved, and his poetic skills are exquisite. His influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poetry is also called "the history of poetry". Du Fu and Li Bai are both called "Du Li". In order to distinguish it from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, namely "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li".
Du Fu's thought: The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and his poetic style is gloomy and frustrated, worrying about the country and the people. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, exposed and criticized the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and was even willing to make sacrifices to save their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, with the most ordinary people as the protagonist, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu themes and created many new Yuefu themes, such as the famous Three Officials and Three Farewells. After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and others hold Du Fu in high esteem, while Wen Tianxiang regards Du Fu's poems as the spiritual strength to stick to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book (volume 190). Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals.
Famous sentence: There are sixty volumes [1], good morning. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, Yuefu imitated plagiarism, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. The beauty of children is unique, and I felt it at that time. When the country is in trouble, it will be painful to go to Benjamin. I set a topic at random, trying to get rid of the previous stereotype [2]. Representative sentence: 1. Never starve to death, the Confucian crown will be wrong. " Twenty-two Rhymes of Wei, Volume II. Read thousands of books and write like a god. "Twenty-two rhymes are Wei Zuocheng Zhang, Volume 3. Give it to you, and then make the customs pure. "Wei Zuocheng" Zhang "22 rhyme 4. Outside the window is the autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat is moored at the door. Four quatrains (the third one) 5. All he can see is the smile of his new love, but he can't hear the cry of his old love! Five-character ancient poem "Beauty" 6. He knows that the dew will be frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! . The five-character poem "Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night" 7. The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones. "From Beijing to Fengxian, 500 words of love stories" 8. Although a country is divided, mountains and rivers last forever, and the spring of trees and grass is back. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, the less I can insert the hairpin. "Hope of Spring" 9. It's a beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and I meet you when the flowers fall. 10 meets Li Guinian downstream. I have heard of Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I have finally climbed to this tower. There is Wu in the east, Chu in the south, and Gan Kun floats in the sun and the moon. Climb Yueyang Tower 1 1. Who is cuter than her? However, she lives alone in an empty valley. "Beauty" Du Fu's "Five-character Poetry"
12. Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward. Climbing the Mountain 13. Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. The wild path is dark, and the river is bright. Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy. "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night" 14. Due to human nature, there are many beautiful sentences, and the language is not surprising. On a river, the value of water is like the tide of the sea. The river flows away, and the wandering sun and moon are five-character ancient poems. "Chengdufu" 16. Cong Ju wept again one day, and she was alone in the boat. Eight prosperous autumn songs 17. The stars tilt down from the empty place, and the moon runs from the upper reaches of the river. One night abroad 18. Be loyal to your art, you don't know your age, and let wealth and fame drift like clouds. Dan Qing presented General Cao Ba 19. Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. Four quatrains (the third) 20. The evening is beautiful and the spring breeze is fragrant. Two quatrains (1) 2 1. Song Xin doesn't hate thousands of feet, but evil bamboo should be chopped. On the way to Chengdu Caotang, I will first give five poems to Gong Zheng (Part IV). On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army. Second, the name of the grass is destroyed, and the rivers are abandoned forever. The play is six quatrains. Butterflies dance from time to time, and charming songbirds just crow. Seven Flowers Alone by the Riverside (Part Two) 25. There are thousands of buildings in Ande, which greatly protect the poor in the world from all smiles and storms. Fujian Chai Men
[3] Hey! When I suddenly see this house in front of me, I will freeze to death alone! The hut was broken by the autumn wind. Fish are out in the drizzle, and swallows are inclined in the breeze. The water threshold of two hearts (I) 27. Since I came to Liang, I have been close to seagulls in the water. Jiangcun 28. Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky .. Wang Yue (Volume 29). There are rough waves between the river and the sky, clouds and the ground. Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (I) 30. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. Shuxiang 3 1. Li Bai's hundreds of poems are buried in Chang 'an Restaurant. The Eight Immortals in Drinking 32. Bai Ye's poems are invincible, and he doesn't consider groups. Li Bai's poems are the fresh wind of Yu Xin's poems and the backbone of Jun Zai's works. Now, I am alone on the spring tree in Weibei, and you are on each side of the sun, sunset and sky in the southeast, and you can only miss. When can we have another drink and discuss our poems? In Spring 33, we learned that it is unlucky to have a son, and it is much better to have a daughter ... Girls can also marry their nearest neighbors, and boys will die in battle. "Military vehicle shop" 34. Bows should be strong and arrows should be long. Shooters should shoot horses, and leaders should catch their leaders. Poetry and Painting of Spring Hope in Fortress (Part Six)
35. This song should only exist in the sky. How many times can people hear it? Send flowers to Qing 36. The forest is wet with the swift and the water grows with the wind. Qujiang to rain 37. Stark sounded the fifth watch, drums and horns rang, and stars and Tianhe danced on three mountains. Pavilion Night 38. Her face! Can you imagine the spring wind? Huan Peikong returned to the soul of jathyapple. Five poems about historical sites 39. The side court bled into sea water, and Emperor Wu's heart was still beating for the war. Military Vehicle Shop 40. Have you seen Qinghai Head? On all the abandoned old bones, new ghosts wail there. In the stormy dark sky, the new ghosts have the loudest voice. "Military Vehicle Shop" 4 1. Juanjuan plays butterflies on idle curtains, and light seagulls fly under them. A little cold food on the boat 42. She came out of the purple palace and entered the desert. Now she has become a green grave in the yellow dusk. Five poems about historical sites
Poetic style: depressed and frustrated
In terms of language, Du Fu's poems are generally regarded as "gloomy". The word "depression" was first seen in the Southern Dynasties, "the body is depressed and thoughtful, and the sun and the moon are beautiful" [4]. Later, Du Fu wrote the words "depressed and frustrated", which accurately summarized the language of his works. "As for depression and frustration, Du Fu is agile at any time.
The behaviors of Yang Xiong and Gao Mei can be compared with each other [5]. A further study of Du Fu's poems shows that the formation of his poetic style is closely related to his adherence to Confucianism. At the same time, Du Fu is already absolute beauty, and he was ambitious when he was young. "Once you reach the top, you will see that other mountains are dwarfed under the sky." [6]. Later, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the national movement declined, and the official career was ruined. The great gap between ideal and reality has also caused great changes in Du Fu's poetic style, approaching realism. The individualization of image selection in Du Fu's poems is the basis of his language. The images that often appear in Du Fu's poems, such as ancient blockhouses, autumn clouds, apes whistling, broken torches, steep gorges, defending the world, solitary boats, fallen flowers, sunset and other natural landscapes, as well as ordinary people such as weaver girls, old women, old farmers and wives, as well as powerful forces such as officials, generals and villains, all show Du Fu's urgent mood of "saving the world and helping the people" and his spearhead to confuse Gan Kun. The evaluation of Du Fu's later poems in Wu Ling's Poems Around the Stream: "Yang opens and Yin closes" says: "Only the meaning is far-reaching, and the next sentence is unknown". Wu Ling added: "When a mortal writes a poem, he only says one thing in one sentence, but he says two more. Du Fu's poems can say three, four or five things in one sentence; Ordinary people write poetry, but it is far more than dozens of miles. Du Fu's poem can be said to be a hundred miles, two armies and States, and the world is wonderful. " [8].
inclusiveness
As far as style is concerned, Du Fu's poems are diverse in style. Yuan Zhen's evaluation of Du Fu is: "As for the beauty of the son, it is called frivolous and coquettish. At that time, Shen Song seized Su Li and swallowed Cao Liu, hiding his face and thanking him for his loneliness. He was beautiful and beautiful, which was unique in ancient and modern times." [9] Qin Guan also has a similar view: "So people are poor and expensive, extremely luxurious, full of diluted interest, and delicate and clean, ready for the beautiful realm of algae bloom, which is beyond the reach of many families. However, if you don't gather the strengths of many families, Du can't be immune. " [10] For example, Du Fu also has a wild side, and we can see Du Fu's heroism from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals. The mainstream view holds that Du Fu's poems are gloomy in style, refined in language, rigorous in meter, skillful in craftsmanship, sincere in feelings, elegant in speech, profound in description, delicate and touching, and vivid in image. His writing style is "indulging in beautiful sentences for human nature, never stopping without accidents" [1 1]. As far as the narrative style and discussion style of Du Fu's poems are concerned, some scholars think that it is influenced by The Book of Songs Xiaoya, and its elegy is generous and similar to Li Sao. Some scholars believe that Du Fu's poems have the traditional spirit of benevolent government and the spirit of Sima Qian's record. There are also views that Du Fu's poems have "humanitarian spirit". Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, once compared Du Fu with Li Bai, saying that "Du Li's articles are there, and the flames are endless" [12]. Wang Anshi praised Du Fu's poems as "ugly and beautiful, and I don't see how to carve them" [13]. Chen Shan's "New Theory on Qin Tick" Volume 7: "Old Du Fu's poems should be six classics in poetry, while others' poems are philosophers". Jiang Shiquan's Collection of Zhongyatang, the first volume, Preface to the Collection of Du Fu's Poems, is also called "Du Fu's Poet, Four Books in Poetry".
The antithesis of exquisite words
In terms of meter, the words used in Du Fu's poems are refined, and the antithesis is neat, which conforms to the "architectural beauty" of China's poems, such as "wide sky and high winds, apes singing birds, blue lakes and white sands, falling leaves like waterfalls, I think the long river is rolling in" [14], which is the embodiment of Du Fu's superb words and antithesis. In addition, Du Fu also has many innovations in genre, such as his creativity in the Five-Seven Laws and his uniqueness in literary creation. [ 15]
Profound content
Among Du Fu's poems, most of his works reflect the social outlook at that time, with a wide range of themes and far-reaching significance, especially describing the sufferings of the people and expressing his sympathy for the people and his feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's poems, known as the history of poetry, first appeared in the late Tang Dynasty.
Du Fu's posthumous work (65,438+00) "The difficulty of Dushan, the flow of Yong Long trees, the success of poetry, almost no hidden, hence the name" [65,438+06]. In the Song Dynasty, the conclusion was drawn, but the significance of poetry history was different. Some people pay attention to Du Fu's poems about historical events, and think that Du Fu's poems are documentary poems, which can supplement and prove history, so they are called poetry history. This statement only pays attention to the truth and falsehood of historical events, but ignores the emotional characteristics of poetry. Some people think that Du Fu has profound historical knowledge and rigorous brushwork, which can be compared with Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty. The judgment of people and things in poetry can be "beautiful without concealing evil" [17], so it is called the history of poetry. This is desirable. On the other hand, Du Fu's poetic history is due to his sympathy for others and his feelings for hurting things, which is also desirable to some extent. [18] But some people don't want to assign poems. Yang Yi is not Du Like mansion. Liu Fang's Poems of Zhongshan says: "Yang Danian is not a poet of Du Like's Ministry of Industry, so he is called the owner."