imperial examination system
The imperial examination system sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, was founded in the Sui Dynasty, and was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty. In the history of 1300 years, more than 700 top scholars have been produced. The ancients valued literary talent, benevolence, mind and morality. From June, 5438 to February, 2007, the second year of "Chef Mo" Yuan He said, "From now on, any literati sent by the state government, such as insane, immoral, or punished by a lawsuit, or worked as a small official of the state government, are not allowed to send them, although they have the skill of writing." It can be said that most of the top scholars were romantic aristocrats in the society at that time.
In the process of thousands of years' inheritance, great changes have taken place in the subjects of imperial examinations, but they can be roughly divided into general subjects, specialized subjects, military exercises and boy exercises. Regular subjects are held regularly, resulting in Ming Classics, Jinshi, etc. Special subjects are temporary subjects set by the emperor, such as virtuous founder subjects, erudite and outspoken subjects, philosophers and scholars subjects, etc. In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi reformed, except Ming Classics and other subjects. Therefore, in more than 830 years after the sixth year of Song Huizong government, only scholars were selected as a formal discipline.
In addition, when different nationalities are in power, imperial examinations also have different characteristics. The Liao Dynasty did not allow the Khitans to migrate. The Jin Dynasty established the Jurchen Department, which used Jurchen script. There were two scholars in Yuan Dynasty, one was Mongolian and Semu, called "Right List", and the other was Han and Southerner, called "Left List".
Imperial Examination Site Model —— Gongyuanfu
Among all scholars, Jinshi is the most respected and influenced. Generally speaking, scholars are particularly expensive and have the most talented people. New trainers in the Tang Dynasty were known as Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Qujiang Flowing Water and Xingyuan Night Banquet. Li Chen, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was very envious of Jinshi and deeply regretted that he could not take part in scientific research. He wrote many times on the temple post in the palace that "Xianggong Jinshi Lee Hsien Loong" and "Xianggong Jinshi Li Mou" claimed to be Jinshi.
Don? Zhang Jianzhi: a late bloomer
Many famous people in the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Bo, Zhang Jiuling, Zhang Jian, Wang Wei, Yan Zhenqing, Bai Juyi, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, were all literati. Zhang Jian was the top scholar in the first year of Yongchang, Tang Ruizong. His road to the top is quite dramatic.
Born in Xiangyang, Zhang Jian's hometown, was born in, and the Han Dynasty became a big family. Zhang Jian was familiar with poetry books since he was a child, then went to imperial academy, dabbled in a wide range, and finally won the Jinshi. However, his official career is very poor. Until the first year of Yongchang, when he was 65 years old, he was just a county magistrate. However, in the first year of Yongchang, it was the year before Wu Zetian changed to Tang Jianzhou, and the court was in urgent need of a large number of talents. At that time, only eight scholars were admitted to the formal courses, and the court ordered the opening of two courses, namely, German Founder and Tang Li, which attracted a large number of talents and more than a thousand candidates.
The situation when the imperial examination was lifted.
In the Tang Dynasty, people who won the Jinshi had to take the exams in all subjects as usual, so Zhang Jian took this kind of virtuous and upright exam. However, when the list was published, he was listed in the class again. Just when Zhang Jianzhi lamented that he was unlucky and lost confidence in his career, things turned around. Because there are too few candidates, we have to retake the exam. This time, Zhang Jianzhi won the first prize and took him away from 075.
Zhang Jianzhi said, "If you are a monarch, you must respect heaven first." God appointed the emperor of the world, and naturally arranged for the civil servants and military commanders to perform their duties and assist the monarch. As an emperor, you should love the people and always regulate your own virtue, so that heaven will show happiness and educate the people.
On the specific issue of selecting officials, Zhang Jianzhi suggested that the emperor attach importance to the selection and appointment of local officials.
"I am a secretariat, the ancient twelve animal husbandry also. Today's county magistrate is indeed a hundred miles away. There is a relationship between officials and the state, which can be described as heavy. Whatever it is, it will do great harm. In the past, Zhou Xuanwang asked Fan Zhongyan, "I want to teach people. Who can be a vassal? Zhong You said: "Lu Hou Su Shen, who respects the old and loves the young, must ask his truth and his legacy." Famous officials in the Jin Dynasty also said that "giving one's life to wash the horse" was a high choice for a while, and one person should not be entrusted with two feet and two wings, making mistakes, being a leader, making suggestions and being a handsome philosopher of all countries. If it's for slaughter and animal husbandry, singing is good. In other words, it is not easy for people to slaughter in Gumufu, but those who are diligent in training and honest will make a fortune. Today, this is not too much. You will be awarded a position by your family, or you will accept a position with an honorary grade. Can't expect turbidity, no artistic ability. Violated the precepts, Anken Su Shen? Be gentle, be slow, and respect the elderly? Choose what you want, can you ask for what you want? Take the initiative to indulge, can Ann have an inheritance? An extraordinary talent is not a hero of all countries. I want to have more concubines, broaden my assets, have teeth and horns, take care of shame, stretch out my hand and build a car. Confucius said, "What you gain is what you lose." . If you lose something, you can do anything. Therefore, my deputies think that your Majesty has people from Huang San, but no officials from Huang San. "
Zhang Jian's two strategies have paid off for the marquis of Wu, and he has always been cherished by Tang Li. When he became prime minister, he was named the top scholar. Since then, his career has been smooth sailing, and he has served as an imperial supervisor and Mrs. Feng Ge. He served as prime minister in Chang 'an for four years. But in the second year of Cambodia, Wu Zetian was seriously ill, so he launched a dragon coup to get rid of _, forcing Wu Zetian to abdicate, marry her and change Zhou to Tang. The reason why Zhang Jian was once again worshipped as prime minister in Zhongzong Dynasty was because he was restoring the meritorious service of the Tang Dynasty.
Song? Wen Tianxiang: Integrity.
In ancient times, it was not easy to be a champion, and it was even harder for father and son. In ancient China, there were five father-son champions, four of whom were from the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that the Song people were strict with family education. Among the top scholars in the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, the top scholar in Chen Bing at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, was probably the most famous.
Wen Tianxiang is one after another.
Wen Tianxiang was brilliant since he was a child, and he was known as a child prodigy. In Bao _ four years, Wen Tianxiang went to Lin 'an to take the exam. Tired from the journey, he still felt uncomfortable until the exam. On the day of the imperial examination, Wen Tianxiang tried his best to take the exam. Due to the large number of candidates, he was caught in the crowd among the Jinshi and got started. He broke out in a big sweat and felt awake. After reading the topic of imperial policy, he was full of thoughts, thoughts and pen strokes. He wrote a policy of criticizing abuses and boldly innovating, which was praised by the emperor and deeply moved by his generosity and loyalty. Song Lizong Zhaoyun appointed Wen Tianxiang as the top scholar and encouraged him to write poems.
Like Wen Tianxiang, in "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty",
Wen Tianxiang pointed out in the last paragraph of "Policy Right" that Li Zong "failed to reach an agreement on long-termism. Over time, the weather changed and people's livelihood was low." Talent is scarce, but scholars are used to floating. The national plan is
"The road should be repaired, and the world is fair" and "The detour is like a rock, straight as a loss." Since ancient times, the emperor's actions have been hard, but nothing has come before. I am a mountain man, and I want to throw up. Your majesty is disappointed and suspects that my way is far-fetched As for the depth of ancient and modern achievements, it can't be delayed, but if you are greatly dissatisfied with today. I thought it was evil, justice was not in books, and straightforwardness was not in Taiwan. Because of your majesty's way, he exerted his strength, but he did not hold his ear with his esophagus. In this way, Zhongshu can treat general political affairs fairly, and the admonition book in Taiwan Province Province has accumulated more than 30 years' skill. However, there is a long way to go and there is no international evil. I began to use the word "endless" to correct the official evil, so that your majesty can stand up and see the so-called political effect even if he is crowned above Mu Qing. He mian, your majesty, has finally presented' justice' and' frankness' to your majesty. If your majesty has 10 thousand leisure time, think twice and become an emperor, a famous Han and a famous Tang, then his rank will be over. "
Wang Yinglin, the examiner, commented: "It is a book at the turn of ancient times, but it is like a turtle mirror, loyal to the liver and righteous." The emperor gave a poem saying:
It is reasonable to practice China in literature, so you should be pragmatic. It takes a long time to accumulate virtue, but it has no effect. Ai Wen er Shi vs Yan Ying.
If you are sincere and gentle, isn't it great?
Its function is invincible. It can bring peace to the royal family.
Ming? Zhao: The first test paper.
The earliest extant number one exam paper is the exam paper of Zhao, the number one scholar in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.
Test paper no.47. 6 cm, width 14. 1cm, the whole volume is 8.9 fold. The seal of seal script "Danielle Seal" is engraved on the top of the first fold, and half of this seal is engraved on the seam at the end of the fold. The first half of the test paper is Zhao's family resume, accounting for 40% and 15% of the text respectively. Written in neat fine print, the top right corner of the first page of the test paper has six characters of "No.1 scholar", and there are four characters of "seal head" below the regular script.
Zhao was the top scholar in the Ming Dynasty.
Detailed explanation of Zhao Tang's examination paper, the top scholar of Ming Dynasty.
As can be seen from the detailed drawings, when the emperor is mentioned in the article, the words "capital" and "minister" are smaller than other words.
In the paper, Zhao put forward the theory of "heavenly people" relative to "the son of heaven" and urged the emperor to attach importance to people's livelihood. He also made an in-depth analysis of the current situation of the country, put forward a series of reform suggestions, and discussed the relationship between rule of law, rule of virtue and clean government, showing his broad mind in governing the country and maintaining security, as well as his honesty and integrity as an official in the future. Chair Zhao's "real politics" and "reality" answered the question of "imperial power politics and imperial heart" in the topic of political theory. He said:
"What is real politics? Ji Gang and Kuaifa are both wearing the same watches, walking in Jialing, first facing Ning's Yan Gallery, scattered in the offices of various companies, and then came to a corner of the county. In latitude, Hong Ju county knows everything, everything is strictly managed, and there is no mistake. What is a solid? Laziness, diligence and shrewdness rising from the depths of the earth began in the Palace and Mu Qing, and flowed into the border areas. When you live in harmony with others, your mind and heart are smooth, your skin is broken, and so are those who do not hesitate.
"Real politics, Chen, liegeman, Li Meng, eyes and ears are not chaotic, audio-visual is not chaotic, there is no scattered and far away, and the ground is clear; Solid, have a tacit understanding of their position, flushed, strong in heart, good at tracking, not lazy, and cure the problem. With this fixture, you not only dominate the world, but also show that the world is observing, and the harmony between the two dimensions is gradually realized. If there is a way to cure this problem, we will not move to the world to write, that is to say, the world is a god.