Qian Xuesen (19 1 1 year 165438 February +0-) was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, an aerodynamist in China, and an academician of China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering. He used to be a professor at MIT, a professor at California Institute of Technology, and one of the founders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology. Qian Xuesen is an important figure in the development of rocket, missile and space technology in China, and one of the winners of the two bombs and one satellite meritorious medal.
Biographical notes
19 1 1 year 65438+February 1 1 Born in Hangzhou [1]. Father Qian Jiazhi (word, 1880-1969) studied in Japan.
19 14 Father Qian Jiazhi worked in the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China Government in Beiping, and then moved to Xuanwu Gate in Beiping.
19 18 studied in Beijing No.2 Experimental Primary School.
192 1, transferred to the primary school attached to Beijing Normal University.
1923 Qian Xuesen studied in the middle school affiliated to Beijing Normal University. 1929 graduated.
/kloc-0 In the autumn of 929, Qian Xuesen entered department of mechanical engineering of Jiaotong University to study railway mechanical engineering.
1934 Qian Xuesen graduated from Jiaotong University. In August, I went to Nanjing Central University to take the Tsinghua Geng-style exam for students studying in the United States. /kloc-in October, he became one of 20 students studying in the United States at public expense.
From 65438 to 0935, under the guidance of Tsinghua University's mentor Wang Shichuo, professor of aerodynamics, Qian Xuesen made a one-year field trip to the aviation factory in Nanjing and the aviation college in Nanchang, and decided the future study direction in the United States. Wang Shizhuo originally graduated from MIT and suggested that Qian Xuesen enter MIT to study aerodynamics. In September, Qian Xuesen and other 20 students studying in the United States at public expense took the ship "President Jackson" from Shanghai to Seattle, USA.
1936 after receiving his master's degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he made a special trip to California Institute of Technology to call on Professor Theodore von Kármán, an American aerodynamic authority, for further advice. Von Carmen suggested that Qian Xuesen enter the graduate school of California Institute of Technology for further study. In the autumn of the same year, he entered the graduate school of California Institute of Technology, studied under von Carmen, and became his favorite pupil and right-hand man.
1938, Qian Xuesen and his tutor von Carmen jointly published important papers, such as Boundary Layer of Compressible Fluid and Supersonic Flow of Inclined Rotating Body.
1939 received his doctorate from California Institute of Technology. In August, he published an important paper, "Two-dimensional subsonic flow of compressible fluid", which clarified the pressure correction formula and was later called Qian-Carmen formula by academic circles. He was awarded the rank of Colonel in the Air Force of the United States Army for his great contribution to aerodynamic research.
1940 Joined the Rocket Development Group of California Institute of Technology to study rocket solid fuel, structural deformation and other topics.
194 1 year participated in wind tunnel development.
1942 published the paper "Design of Wind Tunnel Convergent Bucket".
1943, the American intelligence department found that the German army was building a large rocket launching base in Germany, and quickly allocated funds to set up the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of California Institute of Technology, which consists of four groups: ballistics, materials, jet and structure. Qian Xuesen served as the head of the jet research group and became a world-renowned rocket jet propulsion expert.
1944, the U.S. Department of Defense hired von Carmen as an adviser to the U.S. Air Force to draft a blueprint for American space research in the next 20 years. Feng Kamen Qian Xuesen went to Washington to participate in the scientific advisory group of the Ministry of National Defense led by him. 1in the winter of 944, Qian Xuesen resigned from various positions in California Institute of Technology and went to Washington to join the scientific advisory group of the Ministry of National Defense.
1In April, 945, the US Department of Defense sent an investigation team headed by von Carmen, including Qian Xuesen, to Germany to ask German rocket scientists. Qian Xuesen personally asked German rocket scientists including Werner Werner wernher von braun and Rudolf Herman [2]. At the request of Qian Xuesen, Wernher wernher von braun wrote a written report "Research and Prospect of German Liquid Rocket". Qian Xuesen also inspected the German top secret Goering Institute of Aerodynamics and wind tunnels in other parts of Germany hidden in the pine forest outside Brunswick, and wrote many reports. In winter, Qian Xuesen was promoted from teaching assistant to associate professor.
From 65438 to 0946, he published papers such as Superaerodynamics, Superaerodynamics, and Thin Gas Mechanics, and edited the collection of essays on Jet Propulsion in the New World. In August, I applied for MIT and resigned from all positions in California Institute of Technology and Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1947 was promoted to full professor at MIT. In September, she married the singer Jiang Ying.
1949 was hired as a full professor of California Institute of Technology, and served as the director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of California Institute of Technology, leading the research of American space rockets.
1950- 1955 In the United States where McCarthyism prevailed, Qian Xuesen was unable to conduct normal scientific research and was severely persecuted. It is reported that after the normalization of Sino-US relations, Qian Ceng was invited by the US government, but refused to go because of his attitude of only paying compensation and not admitting his mistakes.
1955 10, Qian Xuesen was able to return to China after several months of bilateral talks between the Chinese and American governments in Geneva.
1956, with Qian Weichang and Guo Yonghuai as the first directors, founded and presided over the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Starting from 1956, Qian Xuesen started to build a rocket and missile research institute in China, and served as the dean of this institute (the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense) to guide the planning and coordination of technology. 1958 began to develop space launch vehicles.
1958 initiated and participated in the establishment of the Chinese University of Science and Technology together with colleagues from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Influenced by the atmosphere of the Great Leap Forward at that time, 1958 wrote in China Youth Daily that "the ultimate limit of agricultural production depends on the solar energy per unit area every year": assuming that the photosynthetic efficiency of plants can reach 30%, assuming that 1/5 of plants can be converted into edible food, it is considered that as long as the necessary conditions such as water conservancy, fertilizer and labor can be met, then the food.
1In August, 959, Qian Xuesen joined China.
1960 Dongfeng-1 The short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile was successfully launched. The satellite project started in 1965, and the first satellite "Dongfanghong-1" was successfully launched in 1970. It has made great contributions to China's rocket orbit construction and space industry. 199 1 was awarded the title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class English Model Medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (CPC). 1September, 1999, 23 people, including Qian Sanqiang and Deng Jiaxian, won two bombs and one satellite medals for meritorious service. On June 5438+ 10, 2006, five experts, including Ren Xinmin, Tu Shoukai, and Liang, won the "Highest Honorary Award for China's Space Industry in Fifty Years".
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The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are located in Xiahe Village, 5 kilometers east of Xi Lintong, Shaanxi Province, China.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built from 246 BC to 208 BC, which lasted for 39 years. It is the first mausoleum of Qin Shihuang in China and the first large-scale and complete imperial mausoleum in China. The existing mausoleum is 76 meters high, and the layout of the cemetery is similar to Xianyang, Qin Dou. It is divided into two cities, the inner city is 2.5 kilometers and the outer city is 6.3 kilometers. The mausoleum is located in the southwest of the inner city, facing east from west, and houses coffins and funerary objects. It is the core of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum complex and has not yet been excavated.
According to the current research, the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located about 1.5km east of the wall of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. It is generally believed that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are located outside the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which means guarding the Mausoleum and are an organic part of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
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Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, ascended the throne (13 years old) and began to build his own mausoleum (246 BC or 247 BC). The construction process lasted for 39 years. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang covers a total area of 50 square kilometers, including the present Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the only mausoleum in the world. It is more like a city than a mausoleum. First of all, all kinds of raw materials are strictly sourced, and many of them are collected from specific producing areas and mined and processed by specialized craftsmen. A lot of manpower and material resources were used in the construction process. Some people think that up to 700,000 people will participate in the construction project.
[editor] figurines and their weapons
Terracotta warriors and horses are named after the pottery figurines were used as funerary objects. Life-size pottery figurines are processed and fired by craftsmen one after another, all by hand, without using molds. So the terracotta warriors and horses we see now have different appearances and postures. All the terracotta warriors and horses are made according to Qin Jun, including officials at all levels, arms, chariots and horses. After modeling, the pottery figurines are colored and fired. Finally, add real weapons and equipment. After each processing, it will be placed one by one according to the arms and levels deployed by Qin Jun. Therefore, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses we see are exact copies of Qin Jun. Military scholars can better understand "Qiang Qin" through the pottery figurines, which perfectly reproduce the style of Qin Jun. Since the prototype of pottery figurines may be real soldiers in Qin Jun, some researchers try to understand the customs of the Qin Dynasty through their appearance.
When people first saw the Terracotta Warriors, the colors of their clothes and weapons were still very bright, and they have maintained a strong power for two thousand years. However, when archaeologists excavated them, due to the influence of air oxidation, they gradually peeled off and disappeared within a few minutes, leaving only the clay color we see now.
Inspired by the analysis of terracotta warriors and horses and their weapons, Qin Jun's bow and arrow troops are equipped with various arrows to deal with complicated situations.
Chi doesn't wear a helmet. Some experts said, "Don't wear a helmet to show heroic momentum on the battlefield and overwhelm the enemy." Some experts said that it was because the "knife" did not have large-scale equipment troops at that time. At that time, infantry weapons mainly used "assassination weapons", such as halberds and swords. Infantry combat, long-distance use of "halberd", melee with a sword. Because most of these weapons are made of bronze, they have poor toughness and are easy to break when chopping, so they are mostly made into assassination weapons. Using these "assassination weapons", most of the attack parts are the chest and abdomen, so most of the Qin terracotta warriors and horses are covered with breastplates. Qin Jun doesn't wear a helmet, because his head is unlikely to be "chopped" in battle.