However, there is little information about Lu Tanwei's behavior and speech style in social life. Two paragraphs in Nan Shi about others involve Lu Tanwei. For example, Zong Bing's Biography of General Manager Sun said, "The fish will be returned to Jiangzhou as a gift. It is said that:' there are few crazy diseases, and it is so far from here to find mountains and collect medicines. Just relax your abdomen and follow Sheryl. "It doesn't matter enough," the child sounded his life and achieved it, but it can't be measured. After my son called without saying goodbye, the election went and it was a last resort. The towel is brown, and he didn't say anything. The bell rang out. Wang Xiuzhi, a public servant, highly praised Lu Tanwei for drawing a shape opposite to his own, and wrote a book saying:' In the past, there were overseas Chinese, but I ignored my own words.' Wang Jian is also elegant and heavy, presenting a bamboo mat. Another example is the biography of Fu Manrong, the great-grandson of celebrity Fu: "Man Rong was lonely in his early years and lived in the South China Sea with his mother and brother. ..... The Song and Ming emperors read the Book of Changes, tasted the courtiers' words in the Summer Palace in the Qing Dynasty, and made a letter to hold the scriptures. Manrong has a beautiful style and has been using Fang to celebrate his uncle's night, so that Wu can explore and draw his uncle's portrait at night for it. "These can only show that Lu Tanwei is a painter, neither official title, nor a celebrity of noble birth. According to the writing practice of China's historical biography, as long as Lu Tanwei has an official position, it will not be omitted in the records. Suppose Lu Tanwei is a famous person, he must be good at free conversation and have extensive communication. How can Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu not include such anecdotes at the same time? Gu Kaizhi, another great painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, who is equally famous with Lu Tanwei, also has many records. Gu Kaizhi is a painter who is famous for his talent and title. He has extensive reading, superb painting skills, and is good at metaphysics, so there are many allusions, such as The Book of Jin, Selected Works, Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature, Poems of Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, etc., all of which have stories about Gu Kaizhi or his poems. Gu Kaizhi is interested in poetry, calligraphy and painting. Although he has made no achievements in military and politics, he is a successful politician in a sense. He spends all his time among the dignitaries in the upper class, making fun of dogs and horses, and doing whatever it takes. He had a lot of contacts with powerful people at that time, such as Huan Wen, Yin Zhongkan and Huan Xuan. The government affairs in the palace were ups and downs, and the dignitaries they served died alternately, but Gu's position in officialdom remained unchanged. Even after Huan Xuan was killed, he was promoted to be a servant. According to the description of Gu Kaizhi's experience, we can infer the basic living conditions of Lu Tanwei and society in that era from the opposite side. The biggest difference between Lu Tanwei and Gu Kaizhi is that Gu Kaizhi is always at the center of society and culture, while Lu Tanwei is on the edge. Neither officialdom nor scholar-led cultural circles agree with Lu Tanwei. Maybe they don't pay attention to him at all. Lu Tanwei is just a highly skilled painter with a humble position, so he can't be on an equal footing with them. But after all, a real artist shows his value and significance through his art itself. Lu Tanwei's reputation in later painting history is proof.
According to historical records, our understanding of Lu Tanwei's painting style can be said to depend entirely on later writings. None of Lu Tanwei's paintings have survived to this day. Fortunately, Lu's painting style has a great influence on later generations. Later generations were lucky enough to see its true face, and all of them were respectful and eloquent. So far, we can still see the basic characteristics of Lushan water painting.
Sheikh, a theorist in Southern Qi Dynasty, first praised Lu Tanwei's paintings, saying that his paintings were "comprehensive and eloquent". Before and after pregnancy, ancient and modern independence, full of praise. But the price is extremely heavy, and there is no other news except the top grade, so it is the first. ""although there are six methods, it is rare to do it. Since ancient times and today, there have been good festivals ... Only Lu Tanwei and the Health Association have prepared it. " Obviously, in Sheikh's view, the ground painting has gone far beyond the perfection of the external form of the work and directly grasped the inner noumenon of art. The so-called "exhaustion, absolute words" is to exhaust the inner spiritual temperament of the object and achieve a superior ideal state, rather than being limited to the superficial description, so Sheikh put it on the top grade, and the first product is the first person. At the same time, in general, Sheikh thinks that the six methods of land painting are correct, that is, the picture receives the effect of "vivid charm" because of "fatigue"
This eulogy of Sheikh has a strong metaphysical color. Reading this passage can only make people roughly grasp the spiritual orientation and ideal state of Lu Tanwei's paintings. However, the perceptual image characteristics of his picture are still vague. Through the evaluation of Lu's paintings, people have a clearer outline of his painting style. "Shen spirit clever, with god, such as a sharp knife, sharp. Vivid display of bones and clear images make people feel surprised. Wonderful as it is, it's not in ink. A husband is like a man of character. Zhang is no less than Gu and Lu, and Zhang gets his flesh, Lu gets his bones and cares about his gods. "Subtle spirit and wonderful movements" is still a metaphysical compliment, while "writing like a cone knife" is a metaphysical description, which shows that Lu Gong's pen is as strong and powerful as a cone knife. The word "bone" is mentioned three times here, and the interpretation of this concept will help us understand Lu's painting style. For example, in the history of literature, "Jian 'an style" refers to the impassioned style embodied in the works of San Cao and Jian 'an Qizi.
In Shi Shuo Xin Yu, characters are often judged by words such as "strength of character", "strength of character" and "bonesetting". For example, Wang Youjun (Xizhi) said: "There are few ancestors, and the wind caused it. I am afraid I will never see this person again." He also quoted: "Di Chin Ji said that Xi's style is also distinctive." "Wang Youjun looks at Chen Xuanbo's base area" and "humanity is not as heroic as the right army". This word "bone" describes the beauty of a person's honest and powerful image. When the concept of "bone" is transferred to the art of painting, it is manifested in the aspect of bone method, that is, the lines are tight and powerful, giving people a sense of strength, and on this basis, the author's spirit is sublimated and the overall "qi" of the picture is formed. The word "show bones and clear images" has a progressive double-layer aesthetic connotation, which refers not only to the beauty of the external image of the characters, but also to the internal quality of the characters' clarity, rigor and wisdom detachment. We believe that Lu Tanwei's paintings have two main characteristics: first, the external image of the characters is delicate and exquisite, and the pursuit of pen is as strong as a knife; Second, it transcends the concern about the external form and reaches the spiritual level of the ideal personality ontology, so people will feel "stunned by nature" when facing the picture.
In order to create an ideal model, Lu Tanwei made a new exploration in painting skills. He introduced cursive script into the field of painting, and created an unprecedented "one stroke" method through his keen grasp and ingenious thinking of the characteristics of coherent strokes. Zhang Yanyuan's Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties, Volume II, On Zhang Wu's Writing with a Pen, records: "Zhang Zhi used to learn from Cui Yuan and Du Caoshu, so he changed it and became a cursive script today. A stroke of completion, the same strain, continuous staggered, but the prince respects its deep meaning, so the first word of the line often follows, which is called a book on earth. Later, Lu Tanwei also drew a stroke, which was continuous, so he knew that calligraphy and painting used the same method.
Lu Tanwei's essence is charming, novel and wonderful, which is famous in the Song Dynasty. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there was an important turning point in calligraphy, which completed the transformation from official script which focused on single line and the twists and turns of silkworm heads and geese tails to cursive script which focused on the coherent movement of lines, symbolizing the independent maturity and free development of calligraphy art self-discipline. Continuous and elastic lines not only opened up the multi-dimensional spatial structure of characters, but also showed the continuity of lines in time, and because of this freedom, flexibility and coherence, they showed the aesthetic tendency and spiritual pursuit of the writer. Therefore, Zhang Zhi's "a book" is not only morphological, but also shows the internal factors of personality perfection. Lu Tanwei also knows his intentions, and his "stroke" is similar to Zhang Zhi's "a book". Zhang Yanyuan also came to the conclusion that "the same method of painting and calligraphy is old knowledge".
On the subject of painting, Lu's paintings are mainly figure paintings. "Preface to Famous Paintings in Tang Dynasty" contains: "... Lu Tanwei's paintings are wonderful, but the scenery and vegetation are sparse. The pictures such as Shaw History, Mu Yan, Customs and Luoshen are still in the world, which can be seen. " At the same time, it can be seen from more than 70 paintings of Lu Tanwei recorded in famous paintings of past dynasties that most of these paintings are portraits of emperors, heroes and celebrities at that time, as well as ancient sages, historical figures, Buddhist images and birds.
Judging from related works, Lu Tanwei's painting style in Lu Tanwei has not been passed down from generation to generation. However, because Lu's painting style was highly respected in the following decades (not only in the Southern Dynasties, but also directly influenced various figure sculpture activities in the Northern Dynasties), we can also see the clues of his painting style from the existing related works of that era.
Among the existing works, the most closely related to Lu Tanwei is probably the tomb mosaic "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and the Period of Rong Qi" discovered in Nanjing and Danyang, Jiangsu. There are four paintings in all, similar in style, by the same female parent. According to expert research, the owners of these tombs are all Nanqi people. The owner of Nanjing Xishanqiao Tomb is a powerful person in Nanqi. The owner of Hexian 'ao Mausoleum in Qiao Hu, Danyang is Emperor Xiao Daosheng of Qi Jing. The tomb owner of Wujiacun, Qiao Hu, Danyang may be Cheng Xiao of Qi Emperor Xuan Di or Xiao Daocheng of Qi Emperor Gao Di. The owner of Jinjiacun Mausoleum in Jianshan, Danyang may be Hunhou Xiao Baojuan in Qidong or Emperor Xiao Baorong in Qihe. All eight people in the painting are sitting posture, with different temperament and demeanor, but they all have the appearance characteristics of thin image, thin shoulders and thin waist, and wide belt without coat, and their writing style is smooth and dense, which is very similar to Lu's painting style.
According to Shi Nan's "Qi Benji Abolishing Emperor Dong Hunhou", there were "seven sages" murals in the court of Southern Qi Dynasty, and the "seven sages" murals in the mausoleum were only substitutes for the "seven sages" murals in the court, reflecting that the worship of metaphysics at that time was hard to find. Rong Qiqi was a man in the Spring and Autumn Period. His thoughts were similar to those of Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Wang Rong, Xiang Embroidery, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and other "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" headed by Ji Kang, so he was praised together.
Although the history of the mausoleum can be traced back to the Southern Qi Dynasty, the Emperor Liu of the Song Dynasty once served him, and Liu's death was only eight years before it was completed. From the high evaluation of the land by the chiefs of Nanqi, we can see that the influence in Nanqi is enormous. Therefore, the pastel version of the brick carving "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and Prosperity" is very likely to come from, at least with some characteristics of Lu painting style. At the same time, the bamboo slips of Xiao Wu's hero and the pictures of Rong Qi Kong Yan recorded in the Records of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties actually describe eight sons.
Observing the existing physical objects in the north of the same period, we can see from the styles of some characters that there is an obvious origin relationship with the styles of handsome characters popular in the Southern Dynasties. At that time, the north was ruled by ethnic minorities, and the northern regime confronted the southern regime across the river, but culturally it regarded the south as authentic. Especially, after the reform of Emperor Tuoba of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the policy of sinicization and moved the capital to Luoyang, the nobles of the Northern Dynasty completely accepted sinicization. The popular aesthetic fashion in the south naturally directly affects the large Buddhist statues and other statues in the north.
The statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty Grottoes in Longmen and Deng County in Henan Province are typical of this feature, and there have been remarkable works with the style of "showing bones and clearing images". Longmen Northern Wei Grottoes were built after the capital was moved to Luoyang, which is a continuation of Yungang Grottoes. It is a masterpiece of all artistic techniques after China. The overall sculpture style is completely different from the heroic, vigorous, simple and solemn spiritual temperament of the northern nationalities in the booming period embodied in Yungang Grottoes, but it is manifested as a romantic celebrity image with a wide belt and distinct bones, as well as pure, exquisite and beautiful style characteristics in Take Off the Coat. Two representative works of Deng County, Henan Province, The Brick for Walking Map and The Brick for Warhorse Map are also examples of this style. The figures and horses are thin and free and easy, and the carved lines are vigorous and elegant, with both form and spirit.
Aesthetic Fashion of Metaphysics and Lu Tanwei's Painting Style During the Jin and Song Dynasties, metaphysics, mainly based on the theory of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, prevailed, and its ultimate goal was to pursue the ideal personality ontology and emphasize the eternal absolute spirit beyond the world. The style of figure painting represented by Lu Tanwei has a tendency of thinness, which is directly related to the aesthetics influenced by metaphysics at that time. The artistic style of "showing bones and clearing images", which was mainly popular in the Jin and Song Dynasties, is closely related to this aesthetic fashion in terms of its external form and internal meaning. The "show bones and clear images" figures give people an unattainable aesthetic feeling, which seems to be far away from the level of secular life, making people cut off their desires and unable to produce sensual pleasure and superficial pleasure. Their bodies are beautiful and pure, and they are "beauties in seclusion" and "beauties in kings", which are quite like sages. Obviously, it just gives people a sense of beauty beyond the skeleton.
Sheikh's catalogue of ancient paintings says: Lu Tanwei's paintings are "all-encompassing, and everything is absolutely eloquent." Zhang Huaiyun: "Lu Shen Gong has a wonderful spirit and moves with God." It is a metaphysical description of aesthetic experience. The description of this aesthetic experience is more widely reflected in the evaluation of fashion figures. There are articles about people and descriptions of algae everywhere in Shi Shuo Xin Yu. Let me give you a few examples:
"At that time, Xiahou was as bright as the sun and the moon, and decadent as Yushan."
"Ji Kang is six feet eight inches long and has a special charm. Anyone who sees him will sigh: Mix Su Su, bright and clear. Or: rustling is like a loose wind. Gao and Xu Yinshan said, "Uncle Ji is a night walker. If Yan Yan is lonely and independent, he will get drunk. If Russia is like Yushan Mountain, it will collapse. "
"Pei Gong Ling handsome, take off the crown, put on coarse clothes. At that time, people thought he was a jade man, but when they saw him, they said, "Uncle Ruan Pei walks like a jade mountain and shines brilliantly."
"Wang: David's posture is lofty, like Yao Shu, which is naturally a foreign object."
(All the above are quoted from Rong Zhi XIV)
This kind of description can really make people feel beautiful, but it can't make people have a realistic and perceptual image grasp of the characters. Beautiful words and vivid metaphors not only express the refined style, but also reflect the wonderful wisdom and character, reflecting the inherent and essential metaphysical aesthetic ideal pursued by people at that time.
But when this transcendental aesthetic ideal is put into practice and becomes an imitated fashion, it becomes superficial and only pursues thin, pale and shaky morbid beauty. Tang's Yunxian Miscellanies Volume 4 Volume 5: I am in poor health and can only eat one meal a day. In June, he must wear a cotton cap to keep the stove warm, or he will get sick. In the Book with Xu Mian, Shen Jun himself admitted: "From the outside, it looks like a complete person, but it works in one form and another, and it often needs to be held by himself to get angry. When you take off your clothes and lie down, the support is no longer important. ..... In one hundred days, leather belts often have to move holes, arm in arm, and the speed of Mi Yue is less than half a minute. However, everyone in the world thinks' Shen Yao'. " "There was a time when it was famous for its romantic style, but its muscles and waist were distinct, and its language was Shen Lang and thin." In addition, Jia Wei, a beautiful man with the reputation of "Jade Man", said in Rong Zhi: "Wei Yan has been known for a long time from Zhang Yu to Xiadu, and the audience has ears like a wall." The first step is to overcome the disease, the body is unbearable, so I got sick and died. At that time, people called it "watch and kill Wei Yan". "This is a tragedy caused by aesthetic fashion.
The murals of the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and the flourishing period mentioned above are undoubtedly typical works that embody this aesthetic fashion, with thin image, weak physique, wide belt without coat and dull posture.
In artistic expression, Lu's painting style is characterized by vigorous brushwork, emphasizing the beauty of fine print with backbone, which is also related to the aesthetic fashion at that time. The words "paying attention to spirit" and "paying attention to bones" mentioned above refer to the beauty of the strength of lines in Lu Tanwei's paintings and the beauty of the rigidity of inner life.
Lu Tanwei is good at portraits and figures, studied under Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made cicadas, horses and wooden houses, and also wrote landscapes and plants. Most of them are portraits of court nobles, which were pushed as the most works at that time. Sheikh of the Southern Dynasties commented on his paintings, saying, "Do your best, everything is unique, and it is commendable to be unique from ancient times to the present before and after pregnancy. But the price is extremely heavy, and there is no other news except the top grade, so it is the first. " Five people in one product, with Lu as the first. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan said in "Records of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties": "Lu's spirit is wonderful, dynamic and spiritual." The handwriting is strong, like a horse with a screwdriver. It looks lifelike, shows bones, and has a clear image, which makes people feel fascinated. Because strokes are continuous, they are also called "one stroke". Later generations called him and Gu Kaizhi "Lu Gu" and "dense body" to distinguish them from the "sparse body" of Zhang Sengyou and Wu Daozi. Historically, Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei and Zhang Sengyou were collectively called "four outstanding figures in the Six Dynasties". There is a Bodhisattva statue painted by Lu Tanwei behind the Kanluoji Hall in western Zhejiang. The official editions of the Sui Dynasty, such as The Yellow Emperor Fighting Zhuolu, Yan Taizi Dan and Sun Shi Water War, have a total of 12 volumes, which are recorded in the History of Zhenguan Public and Private Paintings. Pei's note: "No inscriptions were obtained through private search. "In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao kept the Manjusri Map, which is said to be the property of Xuanhe Palace, and it is recorded in the Traveler's Record. Sui He is also good at painting, especially Sui, who is famous for painting Buddha statues and figures. It is best to draw Buddha statues on hemp paper, because hemp paper is not easily influenced by ink, "Dan Qing's family is difficult."
Evaluation 1, biography
Wu people, often from the Song and Ming emperors, are wonderful, long and true, and also walk in the mountains and rivers, participate in God, and move with God. He painted buddhas and statues of ancient sages, sharp as a taper knife, with brush characters in his paintings, naturally showing off his bones. As well-known as Kai, the ancients called him a towering figure in the wind, and his brushwork was frustrated and his brushwork was a little slow, which made him feel novel but not empty. X: There are six painting methods. Since ancient times, authors have rarely prepared them. Only Lu Tanwei and the Health Association prepared them. Another cloud: Exhaustion, things beyond words, including pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy, independence from ancient times to the present, can not be praised by revival. Sui and Su Hong are both good at painting.
2. Set comments
Qi Sheikh: everything is comprehensive, and things are like words. Before and after pregnancy, ancient and modern independence. Repeated encouragement can't be praised, but the price is extremely heavy, and there is no other news, so it is the first. (Catalogue of Ancient Paintings)
Tang Lizhen: "Leave a message when you die, the former residence comes first." This statement is too much. However, Gu Changkang's trail will make him stumble and make Xun beyond redemption. However, it is said that ten thousand generations of turtles are heavy mirrors, and Lu Gu's cohabitation is top grade. (Catalogue of Continuing Paintings)
Don: Lu Gu and Zhang Sengyou, both of whom are considered important. Lu's spirit is with God. The handwriting is vigorous and sharp, like a sharp knife, showing bones and clear images, which is lifelike and makes people look superb. Although it is very similar, the thought is not integrated into the ink. A husband is as strong as a man, and Zhang is no worse. ("damaged drawings")
Tang Zhujing Xuan: Throughout the dynasties, the houses and trees in Lu Tanwei ranked first, all of which were animals, vivid, abnormal and not poor, and it was embarrassing to concentrate on their photos. Therefore, the characters painted by Lu Tanwei are extremely wonderful, but the scenery and vegetation are only rough. And Shaw History, woodcut, customs, Luo Shen and other pictures are still in the world, which can be seen. Modern painters have good names, so they are lucky. However, Wu Daozi, which is unique in the world, can be perpendicular to Lu Gu and Weekly. (Record of Famous Paintings in Tang Dynasty)
Zhang Yanyuan in Tang Dynasty: Zhang Zhi once studied Cui Du's cursive script, so he changed it, and it became a modern cursive script, with Lian Bi alternating. But the prince understood his profound meaning, so the first words often followed. Lu Tanwei's lean is fascinating, new and wonderful, which was famous in the Song Dynasty and unparalleled. (Famous paintings of past dynasties)
As famous as Kai, I have only seen the original works of Manjusri Bodhisattva, with 80 people and four flying immortals, each with his own merits. There are monks in the room, holding a skull jar and covering the western regions. This volume is tight and precise, with no regrets, and it is really a treasure on earth. Zhang Yanyuan said that the wind was surging and the brushwork was frustrated, which made him feel novel. Not empty talk. (Drawing Guide)
Fang Qingxun: Stone hooks and strokes should be used for clothes pleats, and more strokes are not complicated, and fewer strokes are not simple. Jieshi is as expensive as chaos, and the clothes are also wonderful. I have seen the heavenly king of Haichang Chen fold like a seal, and his sleeves are sixty or seventy percent folded, but it is a stroke with the same momentum, which has never been written by later generations. (Shan Jutu)