1September 1933 to1summer 1934, the red army in the central revolutionary base area (also known as the central Soviet area) carried out its fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression". Under the strategic guidance of military adventurism and military conservatism, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Soviet Republic (hereinafter referred to as the Central Revolutionary Military Commission), Bo Gu and others, the Soviet area is shrinking day by day, and the situation is becoming increasingly severe. The situation of the Red Army's counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" in the Hunan-Jiangxi revolutionary base area (also known as the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet Area) is also very difficult. In this case, the Central Committee of China and the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Soviet Republic of China ordered the Sixth Army Corps of the Red Army to leave the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet Area, develop guerrilla warfare in central Hunan, and get in touch with the Third Army of the Red Army in order to explore the road of strategic transfer for the central organs and the Central Red Army. On August 7th, 1934, the Red 6 Army broke through to the west. After more than two months' fighting, he arrived in Huang Mu, Yinjiang County, East Guizhou on June 10th 10, and joined forces with the 3rd Red Army (the second Red Army was later restored). Then, the two armies launched offensive operations in Xiangxi, and created the revolutionary base area of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou (also known as the Soviet area of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou).

/kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, the Kuomintang military heavy regiment continued to advance to the hinterland of the central Soviet area. At this time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and ZhongGe military commission Bo Gu * * *, without the Political Bureau of the Central Committee's discussion, decided to give up the Central Soviet Area and join the Red 2 and Red 6 Legions in Xiangxi. /kloc-On the night of 0/0, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission led more than 86,000 people from five regiments of the Central Red Army, which were directly under the Central Military Commission, starting from Ruijin and the ancient city (see color map). The Red 24th Division and local troops, totaling16,000, stayed in the local area under the leadership of Xiang Ying and Chen Yi.

On the evening of 2 1 Sunday, the Central Red Army took 1 Corps as the left avant-garde, the 3rd Corps as the right avant-garde, the 9th Corps covered the left wing, the 8th Corps covered the right wing, and the 5th Corps was the defender, centering on the CMC 1 and the 2nd column organized by the CMC and its directly affiliated units, which broke through the first blockade of Kuomintang troops between Wangmudu and Xintian in. It was not until165438+1October 15 that Kuomintang troops entered Linwu, Lanshan and Jiahe areas through the second and third blockade lines. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek specifically "pursued" with 16 division, making nine divisions of Guangdong Army and Gui Jun intercept in an attempt to panic in the area east of Xiangjiang River. The Kuomintang troops in the vast area between Yizhang and Xiangjiang River are weak, and the Kuomintang troops being "pursued" and intercepted have different actions because of factional contradictions. This situation is conducive to the mobile operations of the Red Army. The passive avoidance of war by Bo Gu and others put the Red Army in a very passive position. On the 25th, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided that the Central Red Army should be divided into four columns, crossing the Xiangjiang River between Xing 'an and Quanzhou, and leaving the border area of Hunan and Guangxi in the west. On the 27th, a Red Army unit broke through the fourth blockade and crossed the Xiangjiang River. The Kuomintang army marched north and south and launched an all-out attack on the Red Army. After a bloody battle on both sides of the Xiangjiang River, the Red Army crossed the Xiangjiang River in 65438+February 1 day, and then entered the Xiyan area. So far, the Central Red Army has been reduced from more than 86,000 at the beginning of the Long March to more than 30,000.

After the Xiangjiang War, Chiang Kai-shek readjusted his deployment and moved his troops to Qianyang and Hongjiang in an attempt to panic in the northern Red Army's way out of Xiangxi. At this critical moment, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Provisional Central Government of chinese soviet republic, urged to abandon the original plan of meeting with the Red 2 and Red 6 Legions and move to Guizhou, where the Kuomintang's ruling power was weak. 12 18 the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held a meeting in Liping, accepted Mao Zedong's proposition, and decided that the Central Red Army would advance to the Sichuan-Guizhou Border Region with Zunyi as the center, thus avoiding the danger of the Red Army's collapse. On the 20th, the Central Red Army marched westward in two ways, and cities such as Lianke Jianhe, Taigong (now Taijiang), Zhenyuan and Shibing occupied Zunyi City on June 7th. 1935.

65438+1October 15 ~ 17, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Zunyi. This meeting focused on summing up the experience and lessons of the failure of the fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression", corrected the military mistakes of Wang Ming's "Left" adventurism, established the correct leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, represented by Mao Zedong, and formulated the subsequent Red Army strategic policy, thus saving the Red Army and China at the most critical moment. Zunyi Conference is a great turning point in the history of China and the Red Army of Workers and Peasants. In March, a three-person military command group headed by Mao Zedong and attended by Zhou Enlai and Wang Jiaxiang was established. They commanded the Red Army in the name of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission.

After the Central Red Army invaded Zunyi, Chiang Kai-shek marched on Zunyi with hundreds of thousands of people in an attempt to create panic in the Sichuan-Guizhou border region. In this case, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission decided that the Central Red Army would cross the Yangtze River northward and enter the northwest of Sichuan to create a new Soviet area. 65438+ 10 19, the Central Red Army moved from Songkan, Tongzi and Zunyi to Tucheng and Chishui, and crossed the Chishui River and entered southern Sichuan on the 29th. At this time, the Kuomintang troops pursued and intercepted the Central Red Army, strengthened the defense on both sides of the Yangtze River, and attempted to panic in the areas south of the Yangtze River, west of Xuyong and east of Hengjiang. According to this situation, the Central Military Commission decided that the Red Army would suspend the plan of crossing the Yangtze River in the north and change to mobile operations in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan border region. On February 1 1 day, the red army turned eastward; 18 to 2 1 Cross Chishui River the next day and return to northern Guizhou; In late February, eight regiments of two divisions of the Kuomintang army were defeated and annihilated in Zunyi area. After the battle of Zunyi, the Kuomintang army changed its tactics to a combination of fortress doctrine and key attacks in an attempt to encircle Zunyi, Yaxi and other narrow areas. In order to seek new soldiers, the Red Army turned to the west, crossed Chishui River three times from March 16 to March 17, and then re-entered southern Sichuan. Chiang Kai-shek urgently ordered his "pursuit" troops to attack southern Sichuan in an attempt to panic in the Red Army in Gu Lin. When the Kuomintang troops concentrated in southern Sichuan again, the Central Red Army suddenly turned to the northeast, then crossed the Chishui River at 2 1 Sidu and secretly turned back to northern Guizhou. On the 27th, the Central Red Army clamped down the Kuomintang army in Mazongling area with the 9th Army Corps, and the main force quickly advanced to the south. 3 1 day, crossing the Wujiang River, approaching Guiyang, leaving the "pursued" Kuomintang troops in the north of Wujiang River. On April 8, the main force of the Central Red Army broke through the Kuomintang army defense line between Guiyang and Longli, took advantage of the gap and made rapid progress to Yunnan, and arrived near Kunming on the 27th. On the 29th, the Central Red Army turned to the northwest from Xundian and Songming areas, and crossed the Jinsha River from Jiaoping on May 9th. The Red 9 Army Corps, which was operating alone on the north bank of Wujiang River, marched westward through Qianxi and Shuicheng, and crossed the Jinsha River from Shu Jie and Yanjingping, west of Dongchuan (now Huize), on May 6, to meet the main force of the Central Red Army. At this point, the Central Red Army got rid of the siege of hundreds of thousands of Kuomintang troops and achieved a decisive victory in strategic shift.

In the same year, from March 28th to April 28th, February/Kloc-0, the Fourth Army of the Red Army won a great victory in the Battle of Jialing River. However, Zhang, the main leader of the Red Fourth Front Army, decided to abandon the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base (also known as the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area) and move westward. At the beginning of May, more than 80,000 people including Red Fourth Front Army, local armed forces and Soviet officials began the Long March, and in mid-May, they occupied a vast area centered on Maoxian (now Mao Wen) and Lifan (now Lixian).

After crossing the Jinsha River, the Central Red Army continued northward from the vicinity of Huili on May 15 in order to implement the plan of establishing Soviet areas in western Sichuan or northwest Sichuan. On the way to the north, there are both the Daliangshan Yi area north of Mianning and the natural barrier Dadu River. Chiang Kai-shek attacked the south and blocked the north with Xue Yue and Liu Xiang, in an attempt to create panic in the south of the Dadu River by taking advantage of the contradiction between the Yi and Han nationalities and the barrier of the Dadu River. On the 20th, the Central Red Army, led by the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, quickly went northward and successfully passed through the Yi area. On the evening of the 24th, it captured Anshunchang on the right bank of the Dadu River, annihilated two companies of defenders and took control of the Anshunchang ferry. On 25th, the Red Army 1 Regiment 2 Company 17 soldiers, under the leadership of company commander Xiong Shanglin, braved the heavy artillery fire of the defenders, overcame the rapids and huge waves of the Dadu River, successfully crossed the river by boat, defeated the defenders 1 battalion on the left bank, and consolidated the beachhead position. However, the current here is too fast to bridge, and the Central Red Army can't cross the river in a short time with only four boats. At this point, the pursuit of the Kuomintang army is approaching, and the situation is very urgent. In order to cross the Dadu River quickly, the Central Military Commission decided that the Red Army 1 Division and the cadre regiment would continue to cross the river from Anshunchang, go north along the left bank of the Dadu River, and the main force would go north along the right bank of the Dadu River, and the left and right roads would meet to seize the Luding Bridge. The Red Fourth Regiment, the vanguard troops marching along the right bank, has repeatedly defeated the sniper of the Sichuan Army and made rapid progress. On the morning of the 29th, the west bridge head of Luding Bridge was seized. The east bridge head of Luding Bridge is connected with Luding City, which is mainly defended by the 38th Regiment of Sichuan Army. Before the arrival of the Red Army, the defenders had removed the boards on the iron cable bridge, leaving only 13 iron cable chains hanging on the Dadu River. The situation is very dangerous. After intense preparations, the Red 4 Regiment launched the battle to capture Luding Bridge on the same day 16. Under the cover of group fire and under the leadership of company commander Liao Dazhu, the commando team, composed of 22 soldiers from 2 companies, braved the intensive artillery fire of the defenders, climbed the hanging chain, captured the East Bridge Head, successfully occupied the bridge and rushed into Luding City. The Red Army's follow-up troops followed the river, annihilated most of the defenders and occupied Luding City. Then they joined forces from the left bank to the north. By June 2, the Central Red Army had successfully crossed the Dadu River. At this point, Chiang Kai-shek's attempt to annihilate the Red Army in the south of the Dadu River was completely bankrupt.

After crossing the Dadu River, the Central Red Army continued northward, occupied Tianquan, and broke through the defense lines of Lushan and Baoxing of Sichuan Army. Then, with indomitable revolutionary spirit, the Central Red Army crossed the Jin Jia Mountains with snow and thin air all year round and headed for Mao Gong (now Xiaojin). At this time, the Red Fourth Front Army was advancing westward from Minjiang area, with the vanguard troops capturing Mao Gong and one advancing to Davy. On June 5438+02, the vanguard troops of the Central Red Army joined forces with the First Division of the Red Fourth Army on the way to Davy in the north. In June of 5438+08, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Zhongge Military Commission led the Central Red Army to Maogong area. After the Central Red Army joined forces with the Red Fourth Front Army, the total strength reached more than 65,438+10,000.

As early as the winter of 1934, when the Kuomintang troops concentrated more than 40 regiments in the revolutionary base area of Hubei, Henan and Anhui (also known as the Soviet area of Hubei, Henan and Anhui), according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, more than 2,900 people from the 25th Army of the Red Army set off from Hejiachong, luoshan county, Henan Province on16, and began to March westward for 65,438+February. Since then, the Red Fifteen Army has launched guerrilla warfare in the border areas of Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi. By May of 1935, the first "encirclement and suppression" campaign of the Kuomintang army was crushed after the battles in Cai Yu Kiln, Wengongling and Shiduodeila, and the Soviet area in the border area of Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi was opened up. At the beginning of July, the Kuomintang Army 1 Brigade was annihilated in Yuanjiagou, and then went north to Zhong Nanshan, crushing the second "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang Army. In order to cooperate with the Central Red Army and the Red Fourth-Front Army to move northward, the Red 25th Army set out from Fengshuikou south of Xi 'an on June 16, went west through Huxian and zhouzhi county, entered Gansu, and captured Liangdang. Turning north, he joined forces with the 26th and 27th armies of the Red Army in Yongping Town, the Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base (also known as the Soviet area) on September 16. Then, it was co-edited as the Red Army 15 Corps.

After the Central Red Army joined forces with the Red Fourth Front Army, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategic policy of establishing Sichuan-Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Area according to the national conditions and conditions, while Zhang advocated retreating to remote areas such as Qinghai, Xinjiang or Xikang (now western Sichuan and eastern Tibet). In order to unify strategic thinking, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held a meeting in Lianghekou, north of Maogong, on June 26th (1935), which decided the strategic policy of the Central Red Army and the Red Fourth Front Army to go north together to create the Sichuan-Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Area. On this basis, the Central Military Commission of China made a campaign plan to capture Songpan. /kloc-in July of 0/8, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China appointed Zhang as the general political commissar of the Red Army. On 2 1 day, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided to take the headquarters of the Red Fourth Front Army as the headquarters of the former enemy of the Red Army, Xu as the commander-in-chief, Chen Changhao as the political commissar and Ye Jianying as the chief of staff. In addition, the Central Red Army 1, 3, 5 and 9 Corps were changed to 1, 3, 5 and 32 Corps in turn. Due to Zhang's obstruction, the Red Army's northward advance was postponed, and the battle plan of Songpan failed to be realized. At the beginning of August, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to restore the First Army Corps of the Red Army, with Zhou Enlai as commander and political commissar. In order to continue to implement the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's policy of going northward, the Central Military Commission decided to advance to the Xiahe and Taohe river basins in southern Gansu. On August 15, Zhu De, Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army, and Zhang, General Political Commissar, led the left-wing army composed of the 5th, 9th, 3rd1,32nd and 33rd armies to March into Aba area from the base area. 2 1, the former enemy general command rate 1, the right-wing army composed of 3, 4 and 30 troops, set out from the Maoergai area and marched in the direction of Banyou and Brazil. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission cooperated with the right army. The officers and men of the Red Army went through hardships, and the vanguard column of the Left Army arrived in Aba area on the 20th, passing through the boundless grassland with inaccessible and changeable climate. The right army arrived in Banyu and Brazil on August 27th. On August 29th ~ 3rd1day, the 30th Army and 4th Army of the Right Army adopted the tactics of attacking points to help the border, and annihilated about 5,000 people in the 49th Division of the Baozuo Kuomintang Army, which opened the door for the Red Army to advance to Gannan.

On the way to Banyou and Brazil, the right-wing army of the Red Army sent a telegram to Zhang, asking the left-wing army to leave Mowa and Banyou quickly, join the right-wing army and move eastward. After the Red Army's right-wing army arrived in Banyou and Brazil, Xu and Chen Changhao jointly called Zhang and suggested that the left-wing army leave Banyou quickly and move closer to the right-wing army. However, Zhang excused himself from carrying out the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's instructions and ordered the troops that had entered Mowa to return to Aba. Then, Zhang put forward the plan that the main force of the Red Army went south to Tianquan, Lushan, Dawu and Danba in Sichuan to counter the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's policy of going north, and ordered Chen Changhao to lead the right army south. Then, he put forward "thoroughly carry out inner-party struggle" in an attempt to harm the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Ye Jianying, chief of staff of the former enemy headquarters of the Red Army, saw through Zhang's plot and reported it tactfully. In this case, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's rate 1 and the 3rd Red Army (later formed the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment) continued northward on September 10, and approached Lazikou, a key pass on the Sichuan-Gansu border on September 16. /kloc-At dawn on 0/7, the Red Army captured the natural barrier Lazikou in one fell swoop,/kloc-occupied Hadapu on 0/8, and successfully entered Gannan. Then it broke through the blockade of Weihe River by Kuomintang troops, crossed Liupan Mountain, and arrived in Wuqi, Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Area in June+10/October, 65438+September. At this point, the Red Army's Long March, which lasted 1 year,1province and traveled 25,000 miles, ended successfully. 165438+1At the beginning of October, the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment of the Red Army joined forces with the Red Army 15 near Ganquan. After joining forces, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China once again decided to resume the Red Army Corps, with Peng as the commander and political commissar, in charge of 1 Corps (compiled by the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment) and 15 Corps. 165438+1October 2 1 ~ 24, the red army won the battle of zhiluo town, completely smashing the third "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang army against the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet area.

Zhang refused to carry out the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's northward policy. 1In September, 935, he ordered the 4th Army of the Left Army and the 30th Army of the Right Army to go south from Aba and Baozuo respectively in an attempt to establish a Soviet area-Kangbian ethnic minority area in Sichuan. 10 10 From 8 to 20 October, the South Red Army launched the battles of Sui (Beijing), Chong (China), Dan (Pakistan) and Mao (Gong), and defeated six brigades of the Sichuan Army. On the 24th, the battle between Heaven (All) Land (Mountain) Ming (Mountain) Ya (An) Qiong (Nepal) Da (Yi) started; 165438+1October 13 ~ 19, the red army fought fiercely with more than a dozen brigades of the Sichuan army in Baizhang area in the northeast of the famous mountain for 7 days and nights. Although the whole army wiped out more than 5000 people in Sichuan Army/KLOC-0, the Red Army also suffered nearly 10,000 casualties. 1936 In February, the Red Army was forced to move westward and entered Dawu, Luhuo and Ganzi areas in April. At this point, the Red Army was reduced from more than 80,000 people when going south to more than 40,000 people, and Zhang's southward action failed. Persuaded and urged by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Zhang was forced to accept the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's strategic policy of going north in June after the struggle of Zhu De, Liu Bocheng and officers and men of the Red Fourth Army.

1In September, 935, the Kuomintang army concentrated 130 regiments and launched a new "encirclement and suppression" campaign against Hunan and Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou revolutionary base areas (also known as Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou Soviet areas) and the Red Army. Under the massive attack of the Kuomintang, the CPC Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou Provincial Party Committee and the branch of the Military Commission decided that the Red Army would turn to seek new maneuvers and open up new Soviet areas. 1 19 years 10/9 months 19 days, the Red 2 and Red 6 Army Corps, with a total of17,000 people, departed from Sangzhi, Hunan, withdrew from the Soviet area of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, and began the Long March. After four months of fighting, the Red Army entered Panxian and Yizikong areas in southwest Guizhou on March 30th 1936. At this time, Zhu De, commander-in-chief of the Red Army, and Zhang, the general political commissar, ordered the Red 2 and Red 6 Corps to cross the river and join forces with the Red Fourth Army. The Red 2 nd and Red 6 th Army Corps left Panxian County on 3 1 and made rapid progress to the west in two ways. From April 25th to 28th, they crossed the Jinsha River from Shigu and Judian in the northwest of Yunnan, climbed several snow-capped mountains in the north, and arrived in Ganzi area on July 2nd to join forces with the Red Fourth Front Army. On the 5th, Red 2, Red 6 and Red 32 Corps were ordered by the Central Military Commission to form the Second Army of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants, with He Long as the commander-in-chief and political commissar, Xiao Ke as deputy commander-in-chief and deputy political commissar.

At the beginning of July, the Red Second Army and the Red Fourth Army set out from Ganzi, Luhuo and appeasement and went north together. With amazing revolutionary perseverance, officers and men overcame many difficulties, crossed hundreds of miles of grassland and defeated the interception of Kuomintang troops. In early September, they successfully entered Gannan and took control of eight towns, namely Zhang Xian, Zhou Tao, Weiyuan, Tongwei, Chengxian, Huixian, Liangdang and Kangxian. At this time, the main force of the Red Army went south from the area near Fort Yu Wang in Ningxia and joined the Red Second and Red Fourth Army. 1October 9th and 22nd 10, the Red Fourth Army and the Red Second Army joined forces with the Red Army in Huining County and Jingning County, Gansu Province (see color map). At this point, the Long March of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army ended successfully.

The victory of the Long March of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army is a miracle in human history. In the whole two years, the Red Army moved to 14 province, broke through the encirclement and interception of hundreds of thousands of Kuomintang troops, withstood the test of difficulties and obstacles, and finally successfully completed the strategic shift. The victory of the Red Army's Long March has created important conditions for developing the new situation of China's revolution and revolutionary war.