202 1 4? 29? Tianhe Nuclear of China Space Station? The cabin was successfully launched. Subsequently, it successively with the day? Cargo ships one and three, Shenzhou and? Number three? The spacecraft docked, with a total of six astronauts successively? The space station marks the official entry of China's space program? Space station era.
202 1 10? 14? China successfully launched? Harmony is a scientific experimental satellite to explore the sun. Its important mission is to study? This is the only class. A precious star to rely on-the sun.
China aerospace industry
People's Republic of China (PRC)'s space industry began in 1956. China launched its first artificial earth satellite 1970 on April 24th, which is the fifth country in the world to launch an artificial satellite independently after the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Japan.
The purpose of China's space development is to explore outer space and expand the understanding of the earth and the universe; Peaceful use of outer space, promoting human civilization and social progress, and benefiting all mankind; Adapt to the needs of economic construction, scientific and technological development, national security and social progress, improve the scientific quality of the whole people, safeguard national rights and interests, and enhance comprehensive national strength. In developing the space industry, China implements the guiding principles of national scientific and technological development, namely, independent innovation, key leapfrogging, supporting development and leading the future.
202 1 17 At 9: 22 on June, China Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft was launched, and the flight crew consisted of three astronauts, Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo.
202 1 10 17, the number of space launches in one year "exceeded 40 for the first time". In 20021year, it carried out 55 launch missions, ranking first in the world.
202 1 12 13, "202 1 Top Ten Popular Words in China Media" was released. "China Aerospace" is among them? .
China's latest achievements in space.
In 20021year, China's space flight ushered in another year of rapid progress, and made great achievements in manned space flight, Mars exploration and lunar exploration. Today, let's take a look at the top ten achievements of China's space flight in the past year.
1. There is a "Palace Que" in the sky: China officially entered the space station era.
On April 29th, 20021,China Space Station and its core module were successfully launched. Subsequently, it successively docked with Tianzhou-2, Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft and Shenzhou-12 and Shenzhou-13 manned spacecraft, and a total of six astronauts settled in one after another, marking the official entry of China Aerospace into the space station era. According to the scheduled plan, the Tiangong Space Station will also welcome two experimental modules and several Tianzhou/Shenzhou docking missions in 2022, thus completing all the construction.
Imagine1992 September 2 1 day, China's manned spaceflight project has just been officially launched. After 29 years of unremitting exploration, a series of romantic names such as "Long March", "Shenzhou", "Tianzhou" and "Tiangong" have gradually come true. Now, China will finally have its own "palace in the sky", and the "God in the sky" astronauts will freely shuttle between heaven and earth, so that the ancient flying myth of Chinese civilization may come from dreams!
2. There are "immortals" in the sky: the application of the space station has reached a new height.
The construction of space station is a milestone after manned space technology has developed to a certain extent, and it is the peak of human industrial civilization. It can promote the development of aerospace and even many related manufacturing industries, which is the only way for any aerospace power to develop technology.
Tiangong Space Station is of great significance not only in engineering, but also in improving the overall scientific and technological level of our country. Compared with previous manned space missions, the main purpose is to achieve technological breakthroughs one by one, while the Tiangong Space Station has reached a stage of "bumper harvest" in technology investment, emphasizing the value of scientific exploration and practical application, and building a "space laboratory" for China to explore the universe. Therefore, the first year of Tiangong's operation also witnessed the rapid development of manned space flight and scientific application in China.
For example, the astronauts of Tiangong Space Station have achieved four difficult extravehicular walks, each lasting 6-8 hours, which is much longer than the 20-minute extravehicular walk achieved by Shenzhou VII in 2008. Wang Yaping also took the "first step" for China women to go into space. At present, Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu are living in space, and they are expected to work for about six months, which will surely break the record of the longest stay of China astronauts in space.
In addition, the space station has also achieved a number of technological breakthroughs such as rapid rendezvous and docking and radial docking, which greatly improved the related technical performance. In terms of specific applications, the types and quantities of scientific experiments on the space station will far exceed the sum of all previous tasks. In the aspect of space science popularization, the "space classroom" with the interaction between heaven and earth has also planted the seeds of space in the hearts of hundreds of millions of students.
3. Zhu Rong "arrival": Vulcan of China set foot on Mars.
On 20021May 15, after a 296-day space journey, Zhu Rong, the Tian Wen-1 rover, and its landing assembly successfully landed in the southern part of the Utopia Plain in the northern hemisphere of Mars, achieving an unprecedented breakthrough in China's space flight: "Tian Wen-1" became the first artificial Mars satellite in China; Zhu Rong became the first rover in China. Zhu Rong, named after Vulcan in ancient China mythology, successfully set foot on Mars!
At present, Zhu Rong has exceeded the scheduled working time of three months and is still working normally on Mars. It has passed more than 1400 meters, and each step is a new record of China Aerospace in the history of Mars exploration. Zhu Rong is still sending all kinds of scientific research data to the earth to reveal the mystery of Mars, which has become a model of international scientific research cooperation. In-orbit communication relay test was carried out with ESA Mars Express mission, which realized the "space handshake" between China and Europe on Mars.
With the launch of xi, China entered the era of exploring Japanese.
202110/4. China successfully launched the first experimental satellite for solar exploration science and technology. Its important mission is to study the only precious star that human beings can rely on, to deeply understand the origin and evolution of its magnetic field, the acceleration and diffusion of high-energy particles and other important physical processes, and formally enter the era of exploring the sun in China.
He is the name of the mother of the sun god in ancient China mythology. It is very romantic to use such a special name to describe a satellite that explores the origin of the sun. In addition, Kuafu, the protagonist of another sun myth, is also in the pipeline. It will be a solar observatory facing the sun for 24 hours, revealing every move of the sun for us.
"How to explore the sun" and "Kuafu chasing the sun" are new myths in the history of China's solar space research.
5. Ten thousand waters in Qian Shan are just idle, and the Long March rocket launch broke the record.
In 20021year, China achieved 55 rocket launches, which not only ranked first in the world, but also helped human spaceflight break the record of the highest rocket launch in history. Among them, the Long March rockets were launched more than 400 times, 48 rockets were carried out in the whole year, and the spacecraft 103 times, setting a new record for launching missions.
The Long March series of launch vehicles took 37 years from 1 to 100. By the 200th block, it took another 7 years; It took more than four years to reach the 300th piece; It only took more than two years to reach the 400th. In the intensive launch mission of 202 1, the shortest interval between two launches is only over 4 hours, which makes it possible to carry out the mission intensively for 4 times in 7 days. With the rapid increase of quantity, the quality and quantity of launch load are also rising, which is the most direct proof of the rapid development of China's space industry.
The name of the Long March Rocket comes from the poem "Seven Laws of the Long March", which was written in 1935 10, when the Long March was not completely over. This poem describes the indomitable spirit of the Red Army in the Long March. The most famous sentence begins with "The Red Army is not afraid of expedition, and Qianshan is only free". In the future, the Long March will continue!
6. The return of Chang 'e and the historic expansion of the Long March rocket.
After the initial launch setback, the Long March 7 A (a) rocket finally returned to the king on March 1 1, and achieved another success on February 23rd 1! The Long March 7 A rocket was expanded on the basis of the Long March 7, which absorbed the advantages of the gold medal rocket and realized the three-stage semi-configuration. The Changqijia whole rocket completely uses non-toxic safe propellant, focusing on high-orbit missions, and its carrying capacity, especially the synchronous transfer orbit, has been raised to 7 tons, filling the gap of the carrying capacity of China's geosynchronous transfer orbit from 5.5 tons to 7 tons.
Changqijia adopts the design concept of "generalization, serialization and combination", which is easy to realize mass production and high-density launch. It also tested the space-based measurement technology of Ka-band 6M satellite data for the first time, which directly reached the sky-link relay satellite, greatly reducing the dependence on Roy space survey ship, and will gradually open a new era of long March rocket telemetry.
7. Space beacon tower, "Tianlian" links heaven and earth.
The rotation of the earth is a huge obstacle to the telemetry of space missions. When the spacecraft cannot be observed by ground and sea telemetry stations, it will enter the communication blind zone. To this end, our solution is to build a signal relay path connecting heaven and earth over the equator, which is 35,786 kilometers high, just like a "space lighthouse", so that information interaction can be carried out unimpeded.
Behind the smooth progress of "Tiangong Classroom" is the escort of Tianlian series of satellites (Source: CCTV)
China's relay satellite communication system is called "Skylink". After several years of construction, Tianlian No.1 system finally closed on July 6, 20021year. At the same time, Tianlian-2 system has been launched one after another, and a series of upgrades have been carried out on the basis of the previous one. Students can participate in the "space class" unimpeded, astronauts can use super "space Wi-Fi" in space, and Long March rockets and spacecraft can roam freely in space, all of which are inseparable from the hard work of Tianlian behind the scenes.
8. Wonderful continuation, Chang 'e's lunar exploration achieved more historic breakthroughs.
Chang 'e III allowed humans to land on the moon again after 37 years, Chang 'e IV allowed humans to land on the back of the moon for the first time, and Chang 'e V allowed humans to obtain moon samples again after 44 years. At present, more exciting breakthroughs continue.
In 20021year, China Aerospace published the lunar soil samples of 173 1g obtained by Chang 'e V for the first time, and distributed the research results to researchers at home and abroad. Because the launch and control of Chang 'e V is almost perfect, and there is a large amount of propellant balance in its orbiter, various difficult "additional problems" have been completed.
After the lunar soil samples were sent back to the vicinity of the Earth, they passed through the ecliptic plane of the Earth's revolution around the sun on March/5th 13: 29, 2002, and successfully reached the Lagrange point, which is 0/0.5 million kilometers away from the Earth. This is the first time that China Aerospace has completed this task! At present, it is still traveling in deep space.
Not only that, Chang 'e-4 and Yutu-2 also worked overtime behind the moon, uncovering the mystery of the surface of the moon that humans have never seen before (because of tidal locking, most of the surface behind the moon will never be seen on earth).
9. Heavy weapons began to appear, and the future of manned landing on the moon can be expected.
China's existing manned space flight mainly relies on Long March rockets (2F, 55B, 7F), shenzhou spaceship, Tianzhou spacecraft and Tiangong Space Station, but they are far from enough to achieve manned landing on the moon and further into deep space in the future. China has decided to land a man on the moon in the future, and has made a series of preparations, such as the successful test flight of a new manned spacecraft and the intensive research and development of new manned rockets and heavy launch vehicles. The new rocket has become the focus of manned landing on the moon.
Sharp tools make good work. The core of the rocket is the engine. In 20021year, the first engineering prototype of a 220-ton hydrogen-oxygen engine for a heavy-duty launch vehicle was unveiled at the Sixth Institute of Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (Beijing) 1 1, marking the successful completion of the deep-stage development of the launching mechanism. Perhaps the comparison can better illustrate its significance: Long March 5 is the strongest rocket in active service in China, and its core liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen engine YF-77 has a thrust of about 70 tons in vacuum, which is only about one-third of the new engine. Although the thrust of the new engine is three times, the research and development difficulty and technical complexity can be far more than three times.
10, blossoming in many faces, China will go further into deep space.
In 20021year, the number of human rocket launches has exceeded the highest point during the cold war, which also indicates the official arrival of a brand-new space age. The opportunities of this era may far exceed the significance of the maritime era, the land rights era and the aviation era to the current world powers. As a Chinese nation that has suffered greatly and is now undergoing great rejuvenation, we should not miss this opportunity.
At present, China's space flight is still progressing steadily. It is predicted that China Aerospace will continue to launch high-frequency rockets in 2022. China and Russia also issued a high-standard joint statement on cooperation in building an international lunar research station, which means that the two sides will set foot on the moon hand in hand. Chang 'e VI, Chang 'e VII and Chang 'e VIII have also been formally established. The National Space Administration also officially announced that China will carry out the sampling and returning of near-earth asteroids and the comet detection around the main belt around 2025 to realize the detection, attachment and sampling and returning of near-earth asteroids. Around 2030, the Mars sampling return mission will be implemented; In addition, Jupiter's orbit and planetary crossing missions will be carried out.
It can be said that this is an era of stars and seas, and China astronauts are wave breakers. They not only make a series of China myths possible from dreams to create new space myths, but also in this corner of the universe.
China Space Program in 2022
According to the official social media account of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation plans to arrange more than 40 space launch missions in 2022, and will complete six major manned space missions, build the China Space Station in an all-round way, and complete the first flight mission of the Long March 6A carrier rocket.
It is reported that on October 4th, 65438/KLOC-0, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation held the 2022 model work conference in Beijing. Wu, Party Secretary and Chairman of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, said at the meeting that in 20021year, all kinds of tasks were successfully completed throughout the year, achieving a good start in the development of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan": China's space station construction achieved a major victory in stages, "Tianwen No.1" expanded the new frontier of China's Ad Astra, the number of space launches and flight tests reached a new record high, and the planned completion rate and the amount of funds reached a new record high.
Xu Qiang, general manager of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and deputy secretary of the Party Group, made a model work report at the meeting, summarized the model research and production work in 20021year, and deployed the research and production tasks in 2022.
The report pointed out that China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation plans to arrange more than 40 space launch missions in 2022, and will complete six major manned space missions, including two cargo spacecraft and two shenzhou spaceship launches, as well as the launch of experimental No.1 and No.2 cabins, as well as on-orbit rendezvous and docking, extravehicular activities and spacecraft return missions, and fully build a space station; Complete the first mission of the Long March 6A carrier rocket.
The report shows that the annual model research and production tasks present four characteristics: First, the major engineering tasks are very arduous, and the number of launch flight tests continues to remain high; Second, it is difficult to tackle key problems in model technology, and the technical risk identification and control requirements are high; Third, the pressure of model batch production and delivery is great, and the task of transformation and upgrading of scientific research and production is heavy; Fourth, the systematic development of equipment requires high requirements, and the systematic work needs to be promoted as a whole.
Wu further put forward requirements for the model work throughout the year, aiming at improving China's ability to enter space, use space and explore the universe, maintaining a good situation of continuous success in space launch and major flight tests, promoting deepening reform, and putting cost control in a more important position.
What are the highlights of China Aerospace in the next five years?
The launch vehicle has diversified launch capabilities on land and at sea, and has carried out 207 launches in the past five years;
The construction of China's space station was fully implemented, and six astronauts entered, which opened the era of long-term residence;
Chang 'e IV landed on the back of the moon for the first time, and Chang 'e V brought back 173 1 gram of lunar soil;
Tian Wen-1 realized China's leap from the Earth-Moon system to interplanetary exploration, and left the China mark on Mars for the first time.
The Beidou global satellite navigation system has been completed and opened, and the high-resolution Earth observation system has formed system capabilities.
In the past five years, the implementation of major projects has played a great role in promoting and driving China's space science.
For example, in terms of historical evolution, "through the study of the shallow structure of the moon, we have a new understanding of the evolutionary history of the moon, especially in geology." Liu Jizhong, director of the Center for Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering of the National Space Administration, said that through the analysis and study of the samples of the Chang 'e-5 moon, the time axis of lunar geological activities was inferred from the original 3 billion years to 2 billion years, which means that the moon was about 65.438+billion years younger. "These understandings of the moon, including the evolution of the lunar landscape, play a very critical role."
Liu Jizhong said that in terms of material energy, through preliminary research, a new type of material in the deep part of the moon was discovered, and at the same time, a more accurate fine structure of cosmic ray energy spectrum was discovered so far; In terms of space environment, through several years of scientific research, we have a new understanding of the radiation dose of lunar particles and obtained new values.
"We have also discovered the magnetosphere of the moon and established a new model and mechanism for the interaction between the solar wind and the moon. By observing the earth from space, we have a new understanding of the overall evolution of the earth's plasma layer." Liu Jizhong said.
A solid foundation and a promising future. So, what are the highlights of China Aerospace during the 14th Five-Year Plan period?
According to Wu Yanhua, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China will launch a number of new major aerospace projects, including the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project and the planetary exploration project, and will also demonstrate the implementation of a number of major projects such as heavy launch vehicles, which will continue to be implemented after approval.
"We must promote the comprehensive and coordinated development of space technology and space applications, especially the construction of space infrastructure, including communication, navigation and remote sensing, form a perfect space infrastructure, promote satellite applications, and widely serve economic and social development, while serving the whole world." Wu Yanhua said that the next step will be to make overall plans for space scientific exploration and launch multiple satellites for scientific demonstration. At the same time, make good use of platforms such as space station, lunar exploration and planetary exploration to carry out in-depth scientific research, strive for original scientific discoveries and make contributions to mankind.
Focusing on the "xi River", the Japanese exploration results can be expected.
The "xi River" satellite is the first experimental satellite for solar exploration technology in China. Following the successful return of Chang 'e V to the moon and the successful exploration of Mars by Chang 'e I, "xi He" enabled China to complete a comprehensive exploration of the Earth, planets and the sun in the solar system within one year, and played the "Trio" of China's deep space exploration.
After more than three months of on-orbit tests and experiments, River Satellite has completed more than 40 satellite platform technical verifications, and conducted more than 290 detections and imaging of the sun. The satellite platform and related loads work stably and normally, and their functions and performance meet the overall requirements of development.
At present, the river satellite has made a series of scientific and technological experimental results. According to Zhao Jian, director of the Earth Observation and Data Center of the National Space Administration, firstly, the ultra-high pointing accuracy and ultra-high stability technology of the new high-precision satellite platform were verified in orbit. Compared with the traditional satellite platform with the same inertia, the pointing accuracy and stability accuracy of the satellite are improved by two orders of magnitude. Second, in the scientific exploration of the sun, the H-α spectral line of the sun and the spectral image of the entire solar surface in the H-α band were obtained in orbit, which is the first time in the world.
What is the H-α spectral line of the sun? "This is the spectral line produced by the electron energy level transition after the photon interacts with the hydrogen atom. It is the spectral line with the strongest response when the sun bursts, which can directly reflect the characteristics of the burst. " Zhao Jian introduced that in the past, when people observed the sun, they could only detect the H-α spectral line on the earth, but this data was discontinuous and unstable due to atmospheric disturbance.
"Now we can get rid of these unstable factors through satellite in-orbit detection, carry out high-resolution observation and imaging of the sun, and more accurately obtain the changes of physical quantities such as atmospheric temperature and speed when the sun erupts, and then establish a complete physical model of energy accumulation, release and transmission from the photosphere to the corona, which provides key data for studying the dynamic process and physical mechanism of the solar eruption, and is expected to obtain scientific output with international influence." Zhao Jian said.
Regarding China's future exploration plan for the sun, Zhao Jian said that at present, scientists are carrying out relevant demonstration research, which will further understand the solar structure, determine the characteristics of solar activity, master its mechanism and activity law, better predict space weather and benefit mankind.
Chang 'e 8 will be launched before 2030.
At present, the state has approved four missions of the lunar exploration project, including Chang 'e-6, Chang 'e-7 and Chang 'e-8, which will be implemented one after another in the next 10 year.
"The Chang 'e IV that we have launched has landed on the back of the moon, and the mission has been successfully implemented. "Liu Jizhong said there will be three tasks. Chang 'e VI will sample and return to the high-value area of the moon, and then new lunar soil and new samples will return to Earth. Chang 'e VII is mainly for scientific exploration of the polar regions of the moon, especially for the water distribution of the moon. Chang 'e-8 will carry out polar scientific exploration and verify the key technologies of subsequent scientific research stations.
"In the fourth phase of lunar exploration, we basically want to achieve the goal of building a basic scientific research station, and at the same time lay the foundation for our subsequent international cooperation in building an international lunar scientific research station. We are also in close communication and coordination with our international counterparts on these tasks and will work together to carry out relevant detection work. " Liu Jizhong introduced that, for example, the Chang 'e VII mission has signed an agreement with the Russian "Moon -26" to jointly carry out exploration. "According to the current overall development progress, around 2025, we will complete the related work of Chang 'e VI and Chang 'e VII, and at the same time develop Chang 'e VIII; The launch of Chang 'e-8 will be completed before 2030. Before 2030, the fourth phase of lunar exploration can achieve the expected results. "
Building an international lunar research station
"In general, like the Antarctic station and the Arctic station of the earth, in the future, we tend to build ground scientific research facilities at the Antarctic of the moon, build scientific research experimental facilities on the lunar orbit and the lunar surface, and carry out multidisciplinary and multi-objective scientific research." Wu Yanhua said.
So, what is an international lunar research station? How to carry out work in the future?
China will jointly establish an international lunar research station with the Russian Federation. "Our Chang 'e VI, Chang 'e VII and the corresponding tasks planned by Russia took about five years to complete the survey before the station was built. It will take us about 10 years to complete the facility construction. Building a lunar research station is like building a small town. It needs an energy system, a communication and navigation system, a long-distance transportation system, a round-trip system between heaven and earth and a ground support system. If you consider the goal of long-term residence, you must also have a life support system. " Wu Yanhua said that after 2035, according to the scientific research tasks of various countries and organizations, it is planned to go to the moon for scientific research.
"The space agencies of China and Russia will also officially issue a declaration on the construction of an international lunar research station to the world, and release the construction principles and participation purposes to the international community." Wu Yanhua revealed that in general, at all stages of a task or project, including all task levels of construction, whether it is system level, sub-system level or equipment level, or scientific data sharing research level, including heaven and earth support level, "We don't set limits, let's build together."