Cytologist. Qian Dian Village, Shuang Gang, Linhai City, Zhejiang Province. 193 1 was awarded the national doctor's degree in France. Researcher and Director, Institute of Experimental Biology, China Academy of Sciences. Long-term studies on egg maturation and fertilization of amphibians, fish, silkworms and other animals have found that the degree of egg maturation is closely related to the normal development of embryos; Mucosa produced by fallopian tube plays an important role in fertilization. The method of in vitro ovulation of toad ovary was established, which opened up a new way to explore the maturation, fertilization and development of eggs. 196 1 year, female toads with artificial female development mate with male toads to breed offspring, which proves that parthenogenetic higher animals still have the ability to pass on generations; The study on hybrid sperm hybridization of silkworm found that different varieties of sperm can affect the genetic traits of offspring. In terms of application, we have solved the problems of introduction, domestication, overwintering and variety cultivation of castor silkworm with our collaborators. The application of chorionic gonadotropin has successfully solved the problems of artificial spawning, egg hatching and fry cultivation of fish cultured in ponds such as silver carp and bighead carp.
1955 was elected as a member of China Academy of Sciences.
Zhu (1900— 1962), experimental biologist. One of the pioneers of cytology and experimental embryology in China. He has been engaged in cytological research on oocyte maturation, fertilization and artificial parthenogenesis for a long time. He has made important contributions to the research on in vitro ovulation of toad ovary, the relationship between oocyte maturation and fertilization development, hybrid sperm hybridization of silkworm, artificial parthenogenesis of toad, introduction and domestication of castor silkworm and artificial reproduction of domestic fish.
Zhu, formerly known as Yuwen. Guangxu was born in Linhai County, Zhejiang Province (now Linhai City) in the 26th year (A.D. 1900) and 14/0/0. Grandpa Zhu Junsan runs a Chinese medicine shop and likes to keep small animals such as birds and magpies. He was the first enlightener who induced Zhu to break into the biological world. Zhu went to a private school as a child and read some famous books. 15 years old, went to HP school in the county to attend primary school. 19 18 graduated with excellent academic performance and was admitted to the sixth middle school in Zhejiang Province (now Taizhou Middle School). 19 19 The May 4th Movement broke out, and Zhu took an active part, and was persecuted by the school and left the school. In August of the same year, Zhu went to Shanghai Commercial Press as a compositor. On May 7th, 1920, I went to work and study in France.
Zhu has worked as a sand Turner, a lathe worker, a car mechanic and a porter in six factories, including Crusoe Iron and Steel Plant and Citroen Automobile Factory, and taught himself French in order to save money for books at night. He is interested in the works of evolution, especially the works of Le Dondek, a neo-Lamarckian. Five years later, Zhu was admitted to Montpellier University and studied biology under Baatar Long.
Badron, an academician of the French Academy of Sciences, has long been engaged in the physiological research of animal eggs. He was once famous for painting egg balls with acupuncture blood, causing artificial parthenogenesis and cultivating the world's first "fatherless" frog. Zhu's diligence and eagerness to learn, especially his persistence in cytological sectioning technology and meticulous drawing, attracted the attention of Professor Badelong. He admired Zhu's cleverness and dexterity. Therefore, when Zhu left school after 1 year because of running out of tuition fees, Badron specially arranged conditions for him to continue his studies while working.
Under the guidance of Professor Badelong, Zhu Jin conducted research and experiments on artificial parthenogenesis, heterohybridization and analysis of egg cell division rhythm. And listen to Badelong's teaching, calm down and do the visible and tangible work of experimental embryology. Determined to explore "opening the door to development" and make lifelong efforts.
During the work-study program, he not only studied the works and documents of this subject, but also browsed a large number of scientific books in other fields, and accumulated profound knowledge, which created conditions for him to freely use multidisciplinary knowledge to solve scientific problems in the future.
Zhu's keen thinking and careful observation soon gave him a systematic and in-depth understanding of Professor Badelong's academic thoughts and works. He started by helping professors and soon became a veritable collaborator of Badron. Zhu Jing often puts forward some problems that Professor Badelong didn't notice, and sometimes makes "signs" by selecting topics to arouse teachers' interest and win their support. Zhu Xi's knowledge and working ability have won the appreciation of Professor Badron. He often praises: "Zhu Xi has excavated all my knowledge."
In the eight years after 1925, Zhu cooperated with Professor Badelong and published 14 papers. Their work is well known. At that time, people who knew Badelon in France also knew Zhu. Many years later, when commemorating the centenary birthday of Professor Badron, the French Academy of Sciences also mentioned Zhu, an outstanding China student who inherited and developed Badron's work.
193 1 year, Zhu obtained the national doctor's degree in France with his thesis "Cytological research on the hybridization of Anura". At this time, the "September 18th Incident" happened, and the Japanese invaded the northeast of China. Zhu, who is in a foreign country, is always worried about the suffering motherland. 1932165438+1October, Zhu Wanyan refused to accept Professor Badron's request to let him stay in France, bought a batch of books and experimental instruments with his savings for many years, bid farewell to his teacher, and set off for home with the enthusiasm of "saving the country through science". 1933 was employed as a professor at Zhongshan University in Guangzhou. At Sun Yat-sen University, he continued his research in France with local subtropical frogs as experimental materials. 1in the spring of 935, I finally resigned from the faculty of Sun Yat-sen University because I couldn't stand the intrusion of gnats and the bleak rainy season, and came to Beiping, where I was employed as a researcher at the Institute of Zoology of Beiping Research Institute and an adjunct professor at China-France University. But at this time, the Japanese army had invaded North China, and the situation in Peiping was bad. The call for "autonomy of five provinces in North China" is rampant, and Japanese tanks drilled in the suburbs of Beiping even drove into the city to throw their weight around and disturb the people. Zhu is very sad about this. Coupled with the cold climate in northern China, it is not easy to find materials for Zhu's scientific research, such as frogs and silkworms. So, 1937, he accepted the suggestion of Li Shizeng, president of Beiping Research Institute, and went to Shanghai to set up the Institute of Biology. At that time, the conditions were simple, the manpower was short, and the funds were difficult, but he still made physiological saline with salt and made several outstanding achievements. Such as artificially changing osmotic pressure to promote ovulation and maturation of frog ovary in vitro, and analyzing the division rhythm of silkworm eggs through the release of potassium cyanide. At the same time, he also raised funds with friends such as Ba Jin and Lu Li to set up the Cultural Life Publishing House. Zhu undertook the compilation of Modern Biology Series, which consisted of 8 volumes and was not completed until the eve of the founding of New China.
1937, the "August 13th Incident" broke out, Zhu got into trouble in Shanghai, his laboratory work was forced to stop, and his source of livelihood was almost cut off. He lives with a friend and insists on writing. 1942 When the Pacific War broke out, Zhu could not survive in Shanghai, so he was forced to return to his hometown in Linhai, Zhejiang, and started a medical school, which did many good things for the people in his hometown.
1945 after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Zhu returned to Shanghai as a researcher and director of Shanghai Institute of Biology. Researcher and director, Institute of Physiology, Peking Research Institute. Soon, at the invitation of Luo Zongluo, president of Taiwan Province Provincial University, he went there to be the head of the department of zoology. In this way, he traveled back and forth between Taipei and Shanghai, teaching and guiding the assistants who stayed in Shanghai to carry out scientific research.
1in the spring of 949, Zhu, who closely watched the development of the mainland situation, returned to Shanghai from Taipei to welcome liberation. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Zhu was employed as a researcher at the Institute of Experimental Biology of China Academy of Sciences, and concurrently served as the director of the teaching and research section of genetic physiology. Since then, Zhu has a relatively stable environment and good working conditions. 1955, Zhu was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences. 1956 was awarded the title of national advanced producer by the State Council. 1958 was elected as the deputy to the Second National People's Congress. 1954 ——1962, deputy of Shanghai Municipal People's Congress and member of Shanghai Municipal People's Committee.
From 1950 to 1962, Zhu has made outstanding achievements in the study of oocyte maturation, fertilization and artificial parthenogenesis. 196 1 year, the world's first batch of "toads without grandfathers" were cultivated in his laboratory, which was particularly remarkable. At the same time, according to the needs of national economic construction, he solved the biological problems in production with great enthusiasm, and made great contributions to the cause of socialist construction in the introduction and domestication of Indian castor silkworm and the application research of artificial propagation of domestic fish, which provided a successful precedent for the combination of biological research and production practice.
In the winter of 196 1, Zhu finally got cancer because of overwork. On his deathbed, he endured the pain and continued to write "fish reproduction and the development, growth and metamorphosis of its offspring" (unfinished); With a sense of responsibility as a scientist, he wrote an article on the comprehensive utilization of castor silkworm resources for Red Flag magazine: On the development and comprehensive utilization of Ailanthus altissima-castor silkworm-parasitic wasp series, and expounded in detail the feasibility of establishing this artificial ecological environment with rich materials and powerful data. The content of this paper is a unique insight in ecological economics and Zhu's final contribution to the motherland. Zhu devoted himself to his work until the last moment of his life and practiced what he often said: "Science needs a person's life".
1On July 24th, 962, Zhu died unfortunately, and people from all walks of life in Shanghai held a grand public sacrifice ceremony. People mourn the people's scientist with infinite respect. According to his last words, his coffin was buried in Ji 'an Cemetery in the western suburbs of Shanghai. The tombstone is engraved with his resume and full of praise for him: "Mr. Wang is a famous biologist in China. He has made outstanding achievements in the theoretical research of experimental embryology and cytology, and has also made important contributions to the artificial reproduction of castor silkworm and domestic fish. "
Left: Zhu is in the studio; Right: Over the past 40 years, Zhu has always aimed at exploring the mystery of "opening the door to development". He combined cytology with embryology to study and analyze the key problems in early development. With new discoveries, he put forward relevant new theories, formed his own theoretical system, established a commendable research style, and enjoyed a certain academic reputation internationally. He published nearly 70 academic papers in his life, and now he has compiled two volumes of Zhu Wen Ji. He has written and translated more than 20 books, including the monograph Biological Evolution, Translational Zoology (in cooperation with Zhang Zuoren) and Vertebrate Genetics. In addition, there are eight popular science works, Biology Series, which are easy to understand. All Zhu's translated works amount to 4.5 million words.
Zhu has profound knowledge and theoretical accomplishment, and can skillfully use basic theories to guide applied research and solve major production problems in the national economy. In turn, he verified his theory and doctrine, and further enriched it.
Zhu's main achievements in basic theoretical research are as follows:
[Edit this paragraph] Analyze the process of sperm-egg combination through hybridization test.
As early as in France, Zhu cooperated with Badron to carry out the research on amphibian hybridization, analyzed the common fertilization phenomenon of egg cells in biology, and put forward that fertilization can be divided into three stages: excitement, dressing up and sexual union. His doctoral thesis is based on the hybrid research results of 1 1 species of tailed and tailless amphibians in southern France, clarifying the combination of sperm and ovoid in different species, and analyzing the behavior of organelles such as chromosomes, stars and spindles in different hybrid types, thus explaining the cytological causes of teratoma and embryo death. After returning to China, he collected more than 20 kinds of tailless amphibians from different ecological regions such as Guangdong, Shanghai and Northeast China to continue his experiments and further demonstrated them in combination with the ecological environment. Interestingly, he also obtained a new hybrid offspring that does not exist in nature by artificial methods.
[Edit this paragraph] put forward the concept of "cleavage rhythm"
Zhu used amphibians, silkworms and sea urchins. For the material, a large number of experiments on egg ball maturation and fertilization were done. He (in cooperation with Badelong in the previous work) used physiological methods such as CO2 or KCN asphyxiation or osmotic pressure "detoxification" to treat egg balls with different maturity, observed the cytological dynamic changes during the maturation of egg balls, and analyzed the reasons. They believe that chromosomes are in the second metaphase of maturation and division, which is a morphological sign of oval nucleus maturation; However, it is not limited to this, but also accompanied by the change of egg maturity, which will affect its normal fertilization and embryo development. Combined with fertilization and parthenogenesis experiments, a large number of cytological sections of ovules with different maturity were observed, which was deeply impressed by the regular activities of chromosome, starlight, spindle and other organelles, and the concept of "cleavage rhythm" was put forward, that is, the concept of "time" and "space" order of ovule maturity, fertilization and development. He believes that all organs in the cell appear and move according to certain rules in the normal development process. Time is not chaotic; In space, we should live in a certain position. He also vividly explained the complicated truth of the split and development of the oval ball in popular language: "Just like rehearsing a classical drama, every character should appear at a certain time, have a certain costume, walk on a certain stage and sing a certain song, otherwise, ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… This concept put forward by Zhu is of universal significance to life phenomena.
Put forward the "ternary theory" of amphibian fertilization
Zhu first established the method of in vitro ovulation of toad ovary, which provided a new way to explore the fertilization mechanism of amphibian eggs. The phenomenon that naked eggs discharged from his ovaries in vitro cannot be fertilized was further analyzed, and the influence of toad fallopian tube secretion on fertilization was further analyzed. It is suggested that the colloidal secretion secreted by fallopian tube around the egg ball is of decisive significance to the combination of sperm and egg. Theoretically, besides the maturity and fluidity of eggs and sperm, we must also pay attention to the third condition, that is, the environmental conditions required for the combination of sperm and eggs. The ovule excreted in vitro cannot be fertilized because it has not passed through the fallopian tube and has no fallopian tube secretion. This "ternary theory" of fertilization has corrected the bias of the previous "egg-only unit theory" and "dualism in which sperm and eggs compete with each other". In this regard, Professor Zhuang Xiaohui once pointed out that at that time, Zhu "discovered that the substances governing fertilization in vertebrates were not from germ cells themselves, but from somatic cells, which was the first time".
To clarify the relationship between oocyte maturity and embryo development.
This work can be said to be an important summary of Zhu's exploration of "opening the door to development". Before 1949, he could only do it intermittently. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), a lot of work has been done. After his death, it was finally published by his student and assistant Wang Youlan. A large number of experimental results show that: first, in fish and amphibians, oocytes in the second stage of maturation and division may not be fertilized well. It is not very reliable to use the cleavage pattern of egg nucleus as a reference for fertilization or parthenogenesis. Only after the egg matures, it must be treated by sperm or parthenogenesis, so that it can develop perfectly. Secondly, the maturation of ovoid can be roughly divided into three stages: immature, suitable and over-mature, and two transitional stages. Immature and over-mature ovules often accept most of the sperm, only excited reaction, not enough regulatory ability. However, in the two transitional stages of fertilization, immature and suitable mature, suitable mature and over-mature, deformed bodies often appear. Only when the ovules in this period are properly mature can they develop normally after fertilization. Zhu pointed out that this is an appropriate time for artificial insemination and artificial parthenogenesis. Academic circles believe that Zhu's conclusion is of great significance. Although it is obtained from the eggs of toad and fish, the maturation of eggs in the biological world has its commonness, and the law that maturation can be divided into three stages and two transitional stages is universal. Therefore, this conclusion is of universal significance for grasping the appropriate opportunity to open the door to development.
[Edit this paragraph] It is found that crossing sperm of silkworm will affect heredity.
According to the characteristics of physiological polyspermy of silkworm, Zhu used silkworm 14 strain as material to conduct hybrid sperm hybridization test. Select silkworm strains with different colors, skin spots, shapes, appendages, cocoon shapes and wrinkles. Through hybrid sperm hybridization, it is proved that the sperm of the same strain does not necessarily have advantages, and more individuals in the hybrid of offspring often show the characteristics of different strains. He believes that the appearance of these characteristics may be related to the excessive number of sperm (not combining with egg nucleus). This new view has aroused great interest of some scientists in the world. In practice, hybrid silkworms with good color and extra-large cocoon shape have been bred by hybrid hybridization, and their yield, hatching rate, clustering rate, cocoon formation rate and cocoon harvest rate are much higher than those of ordinary hybrid varieties. Therefore, hybridization has also opened up a new way for cultivating improved varieties. This research achievement won the 1978 National Science Conference Award.
[Edit this paragraph] Cultivate the world's first batch of "toads without grandfathers"
In the past decades, scientists all over the world have done many experiments of artificial parthenogenesis on frogs. Although some tadpoles or a few fatherless offspring can be obtained, some can lay eggs and reproduce. However, no similar report has been seen in Bufonidae. Therefore, whether the artificial parthenogenetic toad has the ability to spread seeds is an unsolved problem. Zhu and his assistant Wang Youlan, etc. The non-sticky egg balls produced by Shanghai toad in vitro (these egg balls are not discharged through fallopian tubes, so there is absolutely no possibility of receiving sperm) are used as experimental materials. During the eight years from 195 1 to 1959, after dozens of experiments, tens of thousands of balls were punctured with blood. 1960 One died, and only one remained. At the beginning of March, 196 1 was fertilized with a normal male, and more than 3,000 fertilized eggs were obtained, which developed well and produced more than 800 "tadpoles without grandfathers", most of which landed as little toads.
This interesting experiment further proves that the offspring of vertebrate artificial parthenogenesis can reproduce as usual. 196 1 year, Shanghai Science and Education Film Studio made this scientific research achievement into a science and education film "Toad" without grandpa, which recorded the image of the biologist's last scientific activity in his life.
Introduction, domestication and popularization of Indian castor silkworm
Castor silkworm is a semi-wild multi-purpose silkworm, which is native to India and feeds on castor leaves. Before liberation, castor silkworm was introduced to China several times, but it failed because it did not master its growth and development law. In view of its versatility, Zhu discussed the relationship between biology and environment, grasped the key problems such as disease prevention, feeding and overwintering, and gradually solved the problems such as eggs not spinning, silkworms not cocooning, pupated moths and moths not mating. At the same time, the problem of large supply of silkworm eggs in popularization and production was solved by looking for alternative feed, preserving seeds in greenhouse and wintering in the south. On this basis, he further cultivated a new variety that can survive the winter and maintain diversity. After hybridization between China silkworm and castor silkworm, directional breeding was carried out, and a new hybrid variety of low-temperature dormancy in winter was cultivated by combining the ecological induction method of low-temperature refrigeration in different development stages of silkworm pupa. In addition, he also personally compiled pamphlets such as How to Raise Ricinus communis, personally organized technical lectures, and trained a number of backbone members to promote Ricinus communis from many provinces and cities across the country, creating conditions for the large-scale promotion of Ricinus communis, adding a new spun silk raw material to the textile industry and a new sideline to the countryside. The successful introduction and domestication of castor silkworm is considered as "one of the major research achievements in biology since the founding of New China, and an example of integrating theory with practice." This achievement won the third prize of China Academy of Sciences Science Award 1956 and the National Invention Award 1964.
Artificial propagation of domestic fish
The breeding of silver carp and bighead carp is the creative labor achievement of China people in history. However, for a long time, it takes a lot of manpower and material resources to raise fish in the rapids of large rivers, and it is difficult to expand aquaculture due to natural conditions. In the past, it was concluded that the gonads of domestic fish could not develop in ponds, and they could not lay eggs and reproduce fry. 1956, when Zhu participated in the national 12 science and technology development vision plan in Beijing, he was encouraged and supported by some friends and proposed to solve this problem which was regarded as a "forbidden area". After a period of preparation, with the cooperation of Zhejiang Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute and other units, Zhu led a group of scientific and technological personnel to travel across mountains and rivers and accumulated a lot of information. At first, he started with the analysis of the relationship between fish reproduction and environment, and envisaged using the ecological method of "artificial river" (artificial ring) to induce parent fish to lay eggs, so he chose to build an artificial ring near the natural spawning ground of Puyang River outside the south gate of Zhuji. Later, in the actual investigation, it was found that there were parent fish with gonads in the pond. At this time, he thought of the method of physiological induced labor, and combined ecology with physiology to solve this problem. /kloc-0 In the spring of 958, Guangdong Nanhai Fisheries Research Institute successfully used fish pituitary to induce silver carp to lay eggs. On the one hand, this encouraged Zhu, on the other hand, it made him feel that the number of fish pituitary glands was too small to meet the needs of popularization. Therefore, he experimented with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce labor, and successfully made silver carp and bighead carp spawn and hatch "autumn flowers" (fry hatched in autumn) in that autumn. Soon, with the cooperation of Qingpu Farm of Shanghai Fisheries Bureau and Zhejiang Fisheries Department, a set of technical methods for parent fish cultivation, artificial spawning and fry hatching were established. 196 1 held an exchange meeting on domestic fish culture experience in Shanghai. Since then, a whole set of technical methods has been rapidly popularized throughout the country, and artificially propagated fry have also been supplied in large quantities, ending the situation of domestic fry fishing in rivers for thousands of years and promoting the development of freshwater aquaculture in China. According to the investigation, domestic artificial fish breeding has been popularized and applied in 26 provinces and cities from1961-kloc-0/988, which has increased the value of fry and commercial fish by more than1200 million yuan, making great contributions to the national economy. This achievement won the first prize of 1989 China Academy of Sciences for scientific and technological progress.