The main source of Tujia nationality is closely related to the nation known as "barbarians" (also known as "semi-barbarians") in ancient times. From the documents such as History Book, Historical Records, Selected Works, Huayang National Records, History of the Later Han Dynasty, Taiping Global Records, and Records of the Geography, we know that "Arbitrary" is called "Arbitrary" because it is called "Fu". There are also "people" who use wooden boards as "shields" in the war, and they are also called "die-hards" by him. Therefore, this paper takes "people" as a reference. "Yi" is an indigenous tribe on the border between Pakistan and Chu in ancient times. According to Ji Sheng in the Ground, they once set up a capital city in Dangqu (now the northeast of Dangqu County, Sichuan Province) with overlapping mountains and dangerous terrain. There used to be place names of cities. The activities of "people" are recorded in the Records of Huayang Country and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty (Volume 86) and Biography of Nan Man Southwest Yi said: "When Qin was king, there was a white tiger who often traveled from the tiger group to Qin, Shu, Ba and Han, causing thousands of people harm. Wang Zhaonai revived those who could fight tigers nationwide and rewarded thousands of cities with gold. There are foreigners from time to time in Langzhong, Baxian County (Note: "Huayang National Records" refers to Liao Zhong, Yao He, She Hu, Qin Jing and so on. ), who can be a white bamboo crossbow and shoot a white tiger upstairs. However, Wang Zhaojia didn't want to seal it, but he wanted to carve a stone. The restored barbarians didn't rent their land, and the tenth wife didn't lose her virginity. As far as the injured person is concerned, the murderer can redeem his death with money. Lian said, "Qin invaded foreign countries and lost a pair of Huanglong; Foreign invasion of Qin, throw sake in one minute. Let the people live and work in peace. The highest ancestor is Hanwang, and barbarians belong to Sanqin. The land of Qin was established, but it was returned to Bazhong, and the seven surnames of Qu Shuailuo, Park, Du, E, Du, and Gong were restored, without loss of land rent and taxes. The rest of the residents earned money at the age of 40. The world number is Banyi. "Tang Nuo Opera is an ancestor worship activity of Tujia people, and it is also influenced by Central Plains culture and Bachu culture. There are obvious cultural traces of Ba people's "everything is a ghost" and Chu people's belief in witchcraft. It combines witchcraft, primitive religion and drama and becomes a religious sacrifice drama with a mask. It is said that it has a history of more than 600 years. After continuous enrichment, expansion and perfection, Nuo culture with Nuo instruments, Nuo operas, Nuo dances and Nuo techniques as the main forms has been formed, and it is still active in villages in northeast Guizhou.
Dejiang County is the "hometown of Nuo Opera" named by the Department of Culture of Guizhou Province. 1987165438+1From October 26th to February 6th, the "Mask Exhibition of Guizhou Folk Nuo Opera" with Dejiang as the main body was grandly exhibited in Beijing. A total of 235 masks of Nuo Opera were exhibited, including Dejiang Zhan 107, and the exhibition was held. Mr. Cao Yu, Chairman of the Chinese Dramatists Association, exclaimed: "China has not only the Great Wall, but also Nuo Opera, which is a cultural treasure worth studying and protecting." During this period, more than 30 domestic media carried out publicity reports, among which People's China and China Construction magazine publicized Tujia Nuo Opera in Dejiang, China in English, French, German and Japanese languages to more than 30 countries and regions. Hand-waving dance is a ritual and prayer activity of Tujia people, which is usually held on the first day of the New Year's Day. Now it has developed into a comprehensive folk activity such as sacrifice, prayer, song and dance, social interaction, sports competition and material exchange. "Wave" comes in different sizes. It is held every three to five years, which is called "big wave". "Big Hand" has a large scale, many sets and a long time. It lasted for seven or eight days and was held in front of the "Hand Wash Hall" together with fair trade, literature and sports activities. "Waving Arms Hall", in Tuwang Temple. "Xiaolang" is small in scale, with few events, usually one to three days, mostly held in the ancestral hall of this clan. Tujia people in the wave activities recall the hardships of their ancestors' pioneering work, cherish the memory of their ancestors' achievements and show the life scenes of Tujia ancestors. The whole activity has a strong trace of ancestor worship.
Hand-waving dance is the most influential large-scale dance of Tujia nationality. Songs are born with dance, and dance is named after songs. Originated in ancient times and prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the sacrificial ceremony of Tujia people, they beat gongs and drums, and all the people were led by horses or altar owners. They entered the wave hall or wave flat and danced and sang wave songs, which were magnificent and touching.
According to the scale of its activities, it can be divided into "big waves" and "small waves"; According to its dance forms, it can be divided into "single pendulum", "double pendulum" and "rotating pendulum". According to its holding time, it can be divided into "First Month Hall", "February Hall", "March Hall", "May Hall" and "June Hall". Swing dance is divided into big waves and small waves. The activities of shaking hands are large in scale, mainly offering sacrifices to the "Eight Gods" and performing human origin, national migration, resisting foreign invasion and farming activities. Wavelet activities are small in scale, mainly offering sacrifices to Peng Gong, Xiang Laoguan, Tian and local soil kings, and carrying out some farming activities.
In the waving dance, Ma Ti sang an ancient waving dance song in Tujia language. Maogusi is called "Guspupu" in Tujia language, which means "the story of ancestors". People in China often call it Mao Gus or Mao Hunting Dance. It is one of the ancient performing arts of Tujia nationality, and the traditional Maogus does not allow women to participate in the performance. Mainly at the beginning of each year, I participated in Tujia waving dance as an interlude performance, and also performed alone on specific occasions. Mao Gus expressed the fishing, hunting, farming, life and other contents of Tujia ancestors with freehand brushwork, virtuality and hypothesis similar to traditional operas, which included both the embryonic form of dance and the performance of drama, and the two intertwined to form a seamless sacrificial dance.
Maogusi is said to be the ancestor of Tujia nationality in the era of eating animals and drinking blood, and the dance they created later was also called Maogusi. Maogusi dance is the most primitive classical dance of Tujia nationality. It is the primitive drama form of Tujia nationality to commemorate the achievements of ancestors in land reclamation fishing and hunting, and it is popular in Yongshun, Longshan and Guzhang in western Hunan. Although Maugus is not a mature drama form, he has a story that simulates the labor and life of ancient ancestors, and expresses the content through dance and dialogue, which is called "living fossil" of China's drama by experts.