Confucian temple
Because Confucianism founded by Confucius played an important role in maintaining social stability, Confucius Temple was valued by ancient emperors. Its large number, high regulation and exquisite architectural technology and art are the most prominent types of ancient architecture in China and an extremely important part of our ancient cultural heritage. Structure and Ritual System In the long river of history, Confucius temples at all levels in various places are gradually divided into ritual temples and indecent temples, but all Confucius temples listed in national festivals are ritual temples, ancestral temples of Confucius' descendants, memorial temples built in places where Confucius lived, and sacrificial temples in academies. The so-called ritual temple is advocated and implemented by the power of the state. Its architectural modeling, volume, color, content and level of sacrifice must follow the norms and standards recognized by the state. In the series of Confucius temples, Taixue National Temple and Qufu Ancestral Temple are the highest level, while the official temple science is higher than the counties, but regardless of the level, they are all Confucius temples, with the same spirit, and generally follow a set of common principles in architectural composition and sacrificial activities. Architecturally, the vast majority of Confucius Temples include Lingxingmen, Chi Pan, Dachengmen, Dachengdian, Dongxiguan, Zunjingge, Minglun Temple, Jingyi Pavilion, Chongsheng Temple, Xiangxian Temple and Mingguan Temple, and the architectural layout is mostly clear and symmetrical.
From the point of view of sacrifice, in addition to Confucius, there are four schools, twelve philosophers, sages and Confucian scholars of past dynasties, and celebrities from all over the world. The sacrificial ceremony of Confucius Temple also changed with the changes of the times, but after the Tang and Song Dynasties, a set of sacrificial ceremonies for Confucius Temple gradually formed.
"Shi Dian", also known as "Ding Festival", is held on the first day of the second month of every quarter (February, May, August and November). Kongjiadazhai
Confucius House is located in the center of Qufu, also known as the Duke's House of Feast. It is the official residence of the Duke of Feast and the residence of descendants of Confucius. Founded in Song Baoyuan, it was rebuilt in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. The mansion has more than 460 buildings, rooms, halls and halls, covering an area of 240 mu. It is also divided into three roads: Middle Road, East Road and West Road. East Road is home temple, including newspaper office, Taomiao, Yitong Hall, Musi Hall, Tangsan Hall, Jiurutang, Yushutang and restaurant. There are Hongkexuan, Zhongshutang and Anhuaitang on the west road. The middle road is the main body of Confucius' house, which is divided into two parts: the former is the official office, with six halls and three halls, and the latter is the inner house, with front building, front hall building, back hall building, back five rooms and back garden. The mansion is luxuriously furnished, closely guarded, spacious and orderly inside and outside the hall, just like a typical feudal aristocratic manor combining government and residence. There are Confucius Archives in the house from the 13th year of Jiajing (A.D. 1534) to 1948, which are catalogued in thousand-word order, including attacks and seals, clans, subordinates, complaints, taxes, shrines, political affairs, finance and documents. Since the founding of New China, more than 9,000 volumes have been compiled, which is the longest-preserved, widest-ranging and most complete private file in the world, and is an important reference document for studying the politics, economy and culture of China in past dynasties.
It can be said that Confucius House is a veritable treasure house in China, which contains a large number of precious historical relics, the most famous of which is the "Ten Vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties", also known as the "Ten Sacrifices", which was originally a bronze ritual vessel collected by the Qing Dynasty and given to Confucius House by the Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty on 177 1. The "Thousand Buddha Pagoda in Qufu" is also a treasure hidden by Confucius. This pagoda was built in the Tang Dynasty. There are thousands of clothes, crowns, robes, shoes, celebrity calligraphy and paintings, sculptures and so on. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the "Seven Guanliang" in Yuan Dynasty was the only one in China.
If you want to enter Confucius, you must go through the gate of Confucius. This is the first gate. The door seat, facing south, is magnificent and built in the middle of Ming Dynasty. The word "Fu Sheng" hangs on the door and is written in gold on a blue background. There is a pair of couplets hanging on the columns on both sides. The upper part reads "The official residence of the country, wealth and splendor outside the country" and the lower part reads: "On the same day, the old moral sage family." A pair of stone lions and dismounted stones are placed on both sides of the door. There are five rooms in the east and west wings, the west is the performance hall, which specializes in concierge and Beijing merchants, and the east room is the place to gather food and grass, and it stands in the hall to arrest the tenants, so it is also called "four-way constant urging"
Lin Kong
Konglin, also known as Zhi, is located at 1.5 km north of Qufu, and is the cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. At the beginning, it was only a little more than one hectare, but it tripled in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, covering an area of 2 square kilometers. Confucius was buried in 479 BC, and his descendants were buried in the tomb for more than 2400 years. Up to now, there are about 654.38 million graves in the forest. There are many tombstones and tables in front of the tomb, and some also have halls, stone workshops and stone utensils. It is the largest, longest-lasting and most complete clan cemetery in China. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit. 1994 12 is listed in the world cultural heritage list by UNESCO.
There are walls around Linzhou, and there are straight squares and two gates in front of the walls. There is a north-south forest road in the gate, which is1266m long and 44m wide. There are more than 4000 stone tablets and nearly 65438+ ten thousand trees in the forest.