Brief introduction of ancient official positions: basic information
The title of title is the title of title and title, which was awarded by the ancient emperor to nobles and nobles.
The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages state affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called Guo Xiang, often called Prime Minister, abbreviated as? Item? . Generally, there is only one prime minister, commonly known as the big prime minister, and sometimes there are two prime ministers. The right prime minister is in charge of state affairs and the left prime minister belongs to the emperor? Personal consultant? . There is no need to manage state affairs.
Taishi refers to an official position, also known as Taizai.
In ancient times, it was called Taishi, Taifu and Taibao. Sangong? After that, most of them gave titles to big officials, indicating that they were favored and had no real jobs.
Taishi Prince Taishi Prince? The third division of the East Palace? For the nominal prince teacher. Prince taishi, prince taifu,
What is Prince Taibao doing? The third division of the East Palace? Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao, known as "Three Orphans", have gradually become empty titles.
Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the memorial. There were six departments in the Sui Dynasty, and six departments in the Tang Dynasty were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers. Shangshu and Assistant Minister were the main officials and adjutants.
Bachelor's degree was the official position in charge of etiquette department and editing in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he was a bachelor of Hanlin, became the secretary and consultant of the emperor, and participated in confidential affairs, so there was? Interior? Known as. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although they were also academicians of Hanlin, such as serving orders, reading, giving lectures, editing and editing, Jishi Shu, their status and responsibilities were different from those of Hanlin in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty, both emperors and governors had Qing, which was divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. Who is the most outstanding? Shang Qing? .
General is the highest title of general in pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The position of general was established during the Ming and Qing wars and abolished after the war.
Political participation is also short for short? Participate in politics? , one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and Ambassador and Deputy Ambassador Tommy were also called Tongping? Zaizhi? .
The military department, namely the military affairs ministers, was an administrative organization established by Yong Zhengdi in the Qing Dynasty to assist the emperor. There is no fixed number of incumbents, usually princes, university students, ministers, assistant ministers or Beijing Hall, and they are called military ministers. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called? Chen Shu? .
The censor was originally a historian. After Qin Dynasty, he was appointed as the censor, ranking second only to the prime minister, in charge of impeachment and picketing the faults of officials.
The head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state institutions in charge of important military affairs, and the power of Tang envoys is equivalent to that of prime ministers. The military minister of the Qing dynasty is usually called? A secret? .
The official name of Chu State in the Warring States Period on the left is comparable to that of later generations. The main duty is to advise the emperor and recommend talents.
Official titles in autumn before yuan dynasty. He was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. The highest military attache in Song Dynasty.
The official names of doctors in the pre-Qin period were lower than those in the Qing Dynasty.
Doctors refer to different contents in different dynasties, and sometimes they can refer to important positions in central organs.
Scholar-officials used to refer to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status.
Taishigong was a senior official in the Western Zhou Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and also in charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices and other things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Taishi Order was set up, and the scope of responsibilities gradually narrowed and the status gradually decreased.
In the Qin dynasty, he was a prime minister, and in the Han dynasty, he was a general officer and a staff member.
The assistant minister is a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the assistant minister was the deputy minister of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu).
The assistant was originally one of the officials outside the official position. Because the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds the assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister.
Langzhong was a court bodyguard in the Warring States period. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official and assistant minister below Shangshu, in charge of various departments' affairs.
Join the army? Staff military affairs? The abbreviation of "Wang" was originally the military staff of the prime minister. After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually declined, and he became the staff of kings and generals. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, he gradually became a local official.
During the Warring States Period, Ling Yin, the county chief in charge of military and political power in Chu, was equivalent to the prime minister. Ming and Qing dynasties refer to county orders.
The governor pointed out where Beijing officials had gone in the early days. In the Qing dynasty, he officially became the local governor of a province, in charge of military affairs, official administration, prisons and other affairs of a province, and his position was slightly lower than that of the governor. Fu yuan? 、? Futai? 、? Jun Fu? .
In the Han dynasty, the captain was second only to the general.
Sheriff? Taishou? Also known as? Known? .
The chief executive of a county, also known as? Sheriff? .
Li Zheng is an ancient township official, that is, a mile long.
Xu Li's tolerance in village management.
The captain is the military attache after the general. Chen She family:? Chen She became a general and Guangwu became a captain. ? Hongmen banquet:? Pei Gong has gone out and made Chen a surname Pei Gong. ?
Tong Qing, another name of Taipusi Qing, was in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. Five-person tomb tablet? A wise scholar-bureaucrat, is Tong Qing fighting for it? Because of this? This is Mok Ng's handwriting.
Different dynasties of Sima refer to different official positions. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military affairs and taxes, such as the Hongmen Banquet. Pei Gong, Sashima and Cao all said so. ? During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was the prefect (secretariat) official of the prefecture and county, such as Pipa Xing: Yuanhe for ten years, and moved to Sima and Jiujiang County. ? Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of counties.
Our general manager in charge of the military and political affairs of several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally located in the border States; After that, the mainland also set up bureaus in various places, resulting in a separatist situation, so it was called the world? Fan Zhen? . The fourth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions: Yucun is busy writing two letters with Jia Zheng, Wang Ziteng and our envoy. ?
Also known as the running ambassador? Strategy? . During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi. When there were important military tasks in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they specialized in running, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. Like Meihualing? Hong Chengchou? After the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou moved to seven provinces and stationed in Jiangning.
The secretariat was originally the official name of the governor. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became the highest military and political chief of the county, sometimes called the satrap. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.
The coach was an officer who trained martial arts in the Song Dynasty. Lin Chong in Water Margin is the head coach of the 800,000 imperial army in Beijing.
Manage the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs. For example, Lu Tiha governs Lu Shenzhi in Water Margin.
A subordinate appointed by the central or local governor himself, also known as? Practitioner? . Battle of Red Cliffs:? Jing's fame is still not lost to Cao. ?
The three provinces and six provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally speaking, the book is responsible for decision-making, the provincial government is responsible for deliberation, and the minister is responsible for implementation. The leaders of these three provinces are all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Order, and there are positions such as Zhongshu Assistant Minister and Zhongshu Sheren. The commander-in-chief is called Shi Zhong, and there are assistant ministers and Zhong Qing under the door. The governor of Shangshu Province is an official of Shangshu, with officials such as left and right servants. There are six departments in Shangshu Province: the official department (in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, equivalent to the current organization department) and the household department (in charge of land registration, taxation, finance and so on. ), does (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc. ), Ministry of War (in charge of military affairs, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), Ministry of Criminal Affairs (in charge of judicial prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice) and Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, etc. Ministers are called ministers, assistant ministers with deputy titles, and doctors, foreign ministers, principals and other officials. The six-part system was implemented from Sui and Tang Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty.
Brief introduction of ancient official positions: central official positions
The State of Qin set up a central organization consisting of the Prime Minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, the imperial envoy is the deputy prime minister, and the minister in charge memorials, issues imperial edicts and is responsible for supervising officials. Generally speaking, the Han dynasty followed the Qin system, known as the three fairs, with nine ministers in charge of all aspects of government affairs. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Shangshu Province was the first province with real power, followed by Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province. The Sui Dynasty evolved and established a system of three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu province (decision-making), Menxia province (deliberation) and Shangshu province (execution). The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers with decentralized power. In the Song Dynasty, the authority of Zhongshu Province was expanded, and the civil and military powers were divided with the Privy Council, and Xiamen and Shangshu Province were abolished. Later, political advisers, Tang envoys and third secretaries were added to exercise administrative power, military power and financial power respectively. Although the cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was only an on-the-job institution that provided advice to the emperor, it was actually the highest government institution. The cabinet ministers were called assistant ministers and the chief ministers were called records (equivalent to the prime ministers of previous dynasties). In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi set up the south study room, which formed a tripartite confrontation between the Qing cabinet and the main book meeting. Yong Zhengdi set up a military department, with the prince, university students, ministers, assistant ministers and Jingtang as military affairs ministers, who held the power of the government.
Fold six parts
Six, what do you mean? Appointment, removal, assessment and promotion of officials in charge of the official department; The Ministry is responsible for land registration, taxation and finance; Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; The penal department, in charge of judicial prisons; Ministry of industry, in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other things? . The minister is a minister and the deputy minister is an assistant minister. There are practitioners, deputy foreign ministers and subordinate officials in charge.
Folding temple
The temple is the official office. Jiu Si is Jiuqing's official position. In the Han Dynasty, Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu were called the Nine-Temple Qing Dynasty. There have been slight changes in the past dynasties, all due to the Qing Dynasty.
(1) Guanglu Temple: in charge of court guards and attendants, catering tents after the Northern Qi Dynasty and catering after the Tang Dynasty.
(2) Taibu Temple: The matter of herding horses began in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was incorporated into the Ministry of War when Guangxu reformed the official system.
(3) Taichang Temple: Qin Feng is too common, Han Dynasty is too common, and ancestral temple etiquette is in charge. Taichang Temple only existed in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.
(4) Zong Zheng Temple: the ancestral home in Ming and Qing Dynasties, in charge of the clan affairs of the Emperor.
(5) Dali Temple: in charge of the trial of criminal prison cases, Tingwei in Qin and Han Dynasties, Dali Temple in Northern Qi Dynasty and Dali Courtyard in Qing Dynasty.
(6) Weiwei Temple: the head guards stationed troops, and the Beiqi changed to Weiwei Temple, and the Sui Dynasty changed ceremonial weapons and tents, and abandoned them in the open, with clear ceremonies and guards.
(7) crack hon temple: Qin Yue temple guest, Han crack hon temple, palm praise guide ceremony. Hong, sound, biography, praise and guidance, so it is called Honghong. To the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called Split Temple, which was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.
(8) Shaofu Temple: in charge of Shanze affairs, then in charge of the treasures of clothes in the palace, and changed to a prison in the Sui Dynasty, which was abolished in the Ming Dynasty.
(9) Taifu Hall: that is, the big sinong in charge of money, money and silk.
In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi edited The History of Hanlin.
Collapse and edit this local office.
The main administrative areas in Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. Chief, Qin said chief, Korea said satrap. The main administrative area of Sui and Tang Dynasties was Zhou, which was called the secretariat by state officials, and its subordinate officials were Chang Shi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time has been set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In Song Dynasty, state officials were called breg and county officials were called breg. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.
In addition, there were also counties in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen counties, all of which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, calling it a secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, also called prison areas. The central government sent officials to inspect them. These officials were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, and several departments were responsible for all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called the Book Province in China, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Chengxuan Bureaucracy Department, which is still called? Province? .
Appointment and removal of folded office
? Three provinces and six departments? After the emergence of the system, the promotion, appointment and removal of officials were all in charge of the official department. The following words are commonly used in the appointment, removal and promotion of official positions: (1) Bye-bye. Grant a certain official position or a position with certain etiquette. (2) in addition. Worship the official position, promote the position, such as? Besides the right prime minister, there are Tang envoys? (In the sentence "Southern Tour Guide (Postscript)"? Except? , which means to grant an official position. And then what? Zuo Shi? This is a demotion. (3) moving. Official transfer includes promotion, demotion and lateral transfer. (4) Chen. Demote officials or transfer them to remote areas. (5) ? Hey? With what? Stop, dodge, grab? Be removed from office. (6) go. There are three kinds of dismissal: resignation, transfer and dismissal. Resignation and transfer belong to the general situation and official position adjustment, and dismissal is a demotion to people. (7) begging for bones. Ask for resignation and retirement when you are old. (8) promotion: official promotion, promotion without official position. (9) Rudder: promotion. Refers to the promotion and appointment of officials.
Brief introduction of ancient official positions: secretarial official system
Main works: During the Warring States Period, Wei Wei was the protector of all kinds of written materials.
Physician: During the Qin Dynasty, he was responsible for supervising officials, accepting officials' performance on behalf of the emperor, managing important state albums and books, and drafting imperial edicts on behalf of the imperial court. In the Western Han Dynasty, Doctor Tai, Prime Minister and Qiu were called the Three Kingdoms. When the prime minister is away, he is often replaced by an ancient official. After the Jin Dynasty, Yushi was no longer responsible for paperwork.
Ling Shi: the official position in charge of paperwork under Lang in Han Dynasty. Points: Lantian Lingshi, Shangshuling History. Sui: After the Tang Dynasty, Lingshi became the title of junior clerk of six censorate stations in three provinces.
Prime minister: feudal era? The prime minister is the chief of staff of the monarch. ? Equivalent to the current secretary-general.
Remonstrance officer: the remonstrance officer called the secretary's staff officer in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed Doctor Jian. Sui and Tang Shilu belong to the province under the door, and their duties are to serve and advise. The suggestion court was established in Song Dynasty, followed by Liao and Jin Dynasties, and abolished in Ming Dynasty.
Huang Menfu: Langguan who served in the palace in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the assistant minister of Huangmen was full-time, and his duty was to serve the emperor and convey the imperial edict. After the Southern Dynasties, assistant minister Huang Men was in charge of confidential documents.
Zuoyou Cao: the official position of dealing with emperor's official documents in Han Dynasty. This kind of official position is not full-time, but additional. If I can get Cao Jiaguan, I can handle the emperor's documents.
Translator's Order 9 Translation Order: A translator established in the Han Dynasty was responsible for translating the languages of foreign letters. Equivalent to a contemporary foreign language secretary.
Fu Baolang: An official in charge of the seals of the emperor and Jeff in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Zhong Cheng: A subordinate official of the Imperial Examination in Han Dynasty, in charge of the central library and the library, handling all memorials submitted directly to the monarch, and supervising the secretariats of various ministries to exercise the right of external inspection. In the empire after Han Dynasty, Cheng was the general manager of empire, and Guo and a captain were the most authoritative empire.
Engaged in: Assistant officials engaged in the secretariat of the Han Dynasty, such as Biejia, Zhizhong and Main Book. At that time, all counties and countries also engaged in it.
Bookkeeper: a small official in charge of documents in Han Dynasty. Like Gong Cao Zuo Shu and Dian County Zuo Shu, they are responsible for drafting and writing documents.
Shangshu: Shangshu means to be in charge of documents. In the Han Dynasty, the official in charge of documents in the imperial court was called Shangshu.
Two Thousand Stones Cao Shangshu: In the Han Dynasty, county officials wore two thousand stones, and it was customary to call local governors two thousand stones. At that time, it was Shangshu who was in charge of Cao affairs, and Shangshu who was in charge of county and state documents was called 2000 Stone Cao Shangshu.
Cao Shangshu: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were three men: Tai Wei, Situ and Sikong. At that time, it was Shangshu who was in charge of Cao affairs, and Shangshu who was in charge of Sangong documents was called Sangong Shangshu.
Shangshuling: Shangshuling is in charge of Shangshu. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of taking Shangshu as the provincial governor of Shangshu was gradually formed, so that Shangshuling was not the official in charge of documents, but the highest head of the central administrative supervision department.
Prime minister: the system established in Qin and Han Dynasties. The prime minister is the most important administrative official who assisted the emperor, and his position is slightly lower than that of Qiu He. In the early Han Dynasty, there were sometimes left and right prime ministers. There is usually only one person, regardless of left and right. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, there was also the saying that the prime minister was around, which was soon abolished. Since then, there has never been a prime minister's name.
Secretariat order: When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was appointed as a eunuch, he was responsible for announcing the imperial edict. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, he set up the supervisor of Chinese books and the order of Chinese books. A governor is the same as an order, and his power is equivalent to that of a prime minister. It is customary to supervise before placing an order. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Chinese Book Supervisor was abolished and only the Chinese Book Order was retained.
Zhong Shujian: It was established after Cao Pi of Wei ascended the throne, and it has the same power as Zhong Shuling.
Zhongshu Province: After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the power of ministers was replaced by Zhongshu Supervisor and Zhongshu Order, and Zhongshu Province began to serve as the central general organization. By the time of Liang and Chen, there were five officials in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Zhongshu Province, ten in charge of lords and two hundred in charge of bookkeepers.
Zhongshuling: In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Zhongshuling was a very prominent official position. There was a China calligrapher in the Calligraphy Department of China in the Ming Dynasty, who only cared about writing and other things, and his rank was from seven grades. At first, it was called "Sheren in Zhongshu Province", and later it was renamed as "Sheren in Zhongshu Branch". Calligraphers in China are not valued, but only as an appearance decoration. Some of them are actually writers in the name of Gongshu, and they still have their own systems. Generally speaking, they are called Zhongshu, and they are not officials who treat people lightly.
Minister's Order: Cao Cao was Wang Wei at the end of Han Dynasty. At first, he made a secretary's order to ask for documents. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, he was changed to the supervisor of Chinese books and the order of Chinese books.