First, what is recitation, that is, the clarity of voice. Loud voice; Recitation, that is, recitation, is a kind of language art that uses clear and loud voice and combines various language means to perfectly express the thoughts and feelings of works. Recitation is an important form of oral communication. Recitation can not only improve reading ability and artistic appreciation ability, but more importantly, through recitation, great men can cultivate their temperament, broaden their minds, behave in a civilized manner and enhance their understanding; Young people can effectively cultivate the ability to appreciate the nuances of language and vocabulary, and establish the self-recognition ability of the best oral expression. Therefore, if you want to be a master of oral expression and communication, you can't ignore reciting. Second, the recitation preparation before recitation is the reciter's re-creation activity. This kind of re-creation is not set out from the recited materials alone, nor is it a simple word-reading activity, but requires the reciter to convey the main spirit and artistic beauty of the original text with sound language. The audience should not only understand the content of the recitation, but also be emotionally infected. In order to achieve this goal, the reciter must make a series of preparations before reciting. (1) Choosing reading materials Reading is an art of expressing emotions. The reader should pay attention to the choice of materials in order to convey his feelings well and arouse the resonance of the audience. When selecting materials, we should first pay attention to articles with vivid language and suitable for catchy words. Because the sense of image is a very important link in recitation; Dull written language can not form a rich sense of image for a reader with strong sensory ability. Secondly, according to the occasion of recitation and the needs of the audience, as well as the reciter's own hobbies and actual level, we should choose the appropriate works among many works. (2) Grasping the content of the work, accurately grasping the content of the work, and thoroughly understanding its internal meaning are important prerequisites and foundations for reading the work. Of course, the use of various artistic means in recitation is very important, but if we leave the premise of accurately and thoroughly grasping the content, then artistic skills will become passive water, trees without roots, pure formalism, and it will be impossible to express feelings and make the audience emotional. In order to grasp the content of the work accurately and thoroughly, we should pay attention to the following points: 1. A correct and in-depth understanding needs to accurately express the thoughts and feelings of the work, and the reciter needs to understand the inner meaning between the lines of the work. First, he should clear the obstacles and understand the meaning of new words, idioms, allusions and sentences in the text, and don't swallow them raw. Reading literature is a student's righteousness. Secondly, we should grasp the background, theme and emotional tone of the work, understand the work accurately, and don't read the work fragmented or even distort the ideological content of the original work. Taking Gorky's Haiyan as an example, after removing the text barrier, we should make a comprehensive analysis of the works. The work symbolically passed before the storm. The description of the approaching storm and the coming storm has shaped the image of Haiyan No.1, a "victory prophet" who is not afraid of lightning and thunder, but dares to fight against the wind and waves. This work spread like wildfire immediately after its birth, and was told by workers and revolutionary masses in the activities of revolutionary groups. It is regarded as a battle song to spread revolutionary information and strengthen revolutionary ideals. Comprehensive analysis, it is not difficult to grasp the theme of recitation: calling for the arrival of the revolutionary climax with passion. Furthermore, it is not difficult for us to grasp that the keynote of this work should be yearning and expectation for the revolutionary climax. 2. profound. Meticulous feelings are recited, which sounds cadence, but can't impress the audience. If there is no flaw in the work itself, it is that the reader's feelings for the work are too shallow, and he does not really enter the work, but "squeezes" the feelings there and "creates" them there. The audience is keen, and they will not be moved by false feelings. In order to arouse the feelings of the audience, the reciter must seriously appreciate the work, enter the role and enter the situation. 3. Rich and vivid imagination While understanding and feeling the work, it is often accompanied by rich imagination, which makes the content of the work move in your own mind and eyes, just like seeing it with your own eyes and experiencing it personally. Taking Chen Ran (my confession) as an example, while making a comprehensive analysis of my works, I can imagine that I am Chen Ran (special secretary of Chongqing Qianjin Newspaper). At that time, I was in such a situation: I was arrested by the Kuomintang and tortured in prison, but my belief was firm. Finally, the enemy put a blank sheet of paper in front of me and asked me to write a confession. I am full of resentment and contempt for the enemy and full of revolution. In this way, through in-depth understanding, sincere feelings and rich imagination, we can make ourselves emotional, thus making people move. (3) If you want to read in Mandarin, you must read in standard Mandarin, because recitation works are generally written in the common language of modern Han people (namely Mandarin), so only reading in Mandarin can better and more accurately express the ideological content of the works; At the same time, Mandarin is the common language of the Han nationality and is recited in Mandarin. It is convenient for people in different dialect areas to understand. Accept. Therefore, before reciting, we must first master pronunciation, phonetic changes and other knowledge of Putonghua. Third, the basic means of expression of recitation When reciting, on the one hand, we must profoundly and thoroughly grasp the content of the work, on the other hand. It is necessary to rationally use various artistic means to accurately express the inner meaning of the work. Commonly used basic expressions are: pause, stress, speech speed, sentence tone. (1) Pause refers to the sound pause between sentences or words. On the one hand, pause is due to the physiological needs of the reciter when reciting; On the other hand, it is the need of sentence structure; On the other hand, it is the need to fully express thoughts and feelings; At the same time, it can also give listeners room to appreciate, think, understand and accept, and help listeners understand the meaning of the article and deepen their impressions. Pause includes physiological pause, grammatical pause and emphasis pause. 1. Physiological pause refers to the reader's short pause in a place that does not affect semantic integrity according to the needs of breathing. Pay attention to physiological pause, not hinder semantic expression, and not split grammatical structure; 2. Grammatical pause Grammatical pause reflects the grammatical relationship in a sentence, which is reflected as punctuation in written language. Generally speaking, the length of grammatical pause is roughly related to punctuation. Such as period, question mark, pause score after exclamation point, colon length; The pause after semicolon and colon is longer than comma; The pause after comma is longer than pause; Pauses between paragraphs are longer than pauses in sentences. 3. Emphasize pause In order to emphasize something, highlight a certain meaning or a certain feeling, we pause where there is no punctuation in writing, or pause where there is punctuation in writing, or pause. This kind of pause is called emphasis pause. Emphasizing the pause is mainly arranged by carefully pondering the work and deeply understanding its internal meaning. For example, the Zunyi Meeting corrected the serious "Left opportunism" principle mistake committed in the fifth anti-encirclement campaign, United the Party and the Red Army, enabled the main forces of the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army to successfully complete the Long March, turned to the anti-Japanese frontier, and implemented the new policy of the anti-Japanese national united front. There are no punctuation marks after Zunyi Meeting, but in order to highlight the status of Zunyi Meeting and emphasize the great significance of Zunyi Meeting in the history of our party, there should be a pause, and it should be longer than the rest emphasized below. There are no punctuation marks after the words "correct", "unite", "enable", "transmit" and "implement", but in order to clearly show the great historical significance of "Zunyi Meeting", pause is applied, and all words marked with "║" and "│" in the sentence emphasize pause. If you don't speculate on the work carefully and pause at will to show emphasis, it is easy to have a wrong understanding. For example, in He Jingzhi's Song of Lei Feng: "Come on! Let's catch Lei Feng's three stab wounds! " Some people pause after the "three articles", which will give the audience the illusion of "three arms" and affect the correctness of understanding. (2) Stress Stress refers to the phenomenon that some words in a sentence are stressed when reading or speaking. Generally, it is reflected by increasing the intensity of sound. There are two kinds of stress: grammatical stress and stress stress. 1. Grammatical stress is to stress some parts of a sentence according to the characteristics of grammatical structure without expressing any special thoughts and feelings, which is called grammatical stress. The position of grammatical stress is relatively fixed, and the common rules are as follows: ① Predicates in short sentences are often stressed; ② Adverbials before verbs or adjectives are often stressed; ③ Verbs are followed by adjectives. Verbs and some phrases are often stressed as complements; The attributive before nouns is often stressed; ⑤ Some pronouns are often stressed; If there are many active components in a sentence, then there is more than one stress, and joint components such as attributes, adverbials and complements are often stressed first. How did we spend this stormy moment! Let the flame burn red. It is worth noting that the intensity of grammatical stress is not very strong, but it is heavier than other parts of the sentence. 2. Emphasis on stress Emphasis on stress refers to the sound that is deliberately emphasized in order to express a special feeling and emphasize a special meaning, in order to attract the listener's attention to a certain part he wants to emphasize. Where a sentence should be emphasized, there are no fixed rules, just the environment in which it is said. Dominated by content and emotion. The same sentence, with different stress, often has different meanings. For example, I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Who has been to Shanghai") I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Have you been to Shanghai") I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Beijing, Shanghai and other places, where have you been?" Therefore, when reciting, we should first study the work carefully and correctly understand the author's intention, so as to quickly and accurately find the place to emphasize stress. The differences between stress and grammatical stress are as follows: ① From the perspective of volume. Grammatical stress gives people the impression that there is only a general degree of severity, while emphasizing stress gives people a distinct impression. The amount of stress is greater than that of grammatical stress. (2) From the position. Emphasis stress may overlap with grammatical stress. When grammatical stress is subordinate to emphasis stress, just increase the volume slightly. Sometimes, these two pressures appear in different positions. At this time, the volume of stress is higher than that of grammatical stress. (3) Judging from the difficulty of determining the stress. Grammatical stress is easy to find, which can be determined according to the characteristics of the internal grammatical structure of the sentence, and the determination of stress is closely related to the reader's learning and understanding of the work. (3) Speech speed refers to the length of each syllable and the tightness of the connection between syllables when speaking or reciting. The speed of speaking is determined by the speaker's feelings, and the speed of reading is related to the ideological content of the article. Generally speaking, warm, cheerful, excited and nervous content is faster; The content of calmness, solemnity, sadness, heaviness and reminiscence is slow. General narrative, explanation and discussion use medium speed. Take the dialogue between Zhou Puyuan and Lu Shiping in Thunderstorm as an example. When reading aloud, the speed of speech should be adjusted according to the changes of the characters' emotions, rather than reading aloud at the same speed. Zhou: Miss Mei's family is very virtuous and well-behaved. One night, I suddenly drowned. Later, later.-You know what? (slow. In order to get some information, Zhou Puyuan pretended to chat with Lu Shiping. ) Lu: This Mei girl did jump into the river one night, but not one. She is holding a three-day-old boy. It is said that she behaved badly before her death. (Slow down, Shi Ping recalls the sad past and tries to restrain her resentment so as not to be recognized by Zhou Puyuan. ) Lu: I saw her the other day! (medium speed) Zhou: What? She's here? Here? (quick. Lu: Would you like to meet her, sir? (slow. Zhou: no, no, no (hurry. Show Zhou Puyuan's panic and guilt. ) Zhou: I don't think it is necessary to mention the past. (medium speed) Lu: I want to mention it, I want to mention it, I have been bored for 30 years! (Quick, showing Lu Shiping's extreme grief and anger, almost shouting) (4) Sentence Tone In Chinese, words have tones and sentences have tones. We usually call words tone, which refers to the rise and fall of syllables. The tone of a sentence is called intonation, which refers to the rise and fall of a sentence. The mood of the sentence runs through the whole sentence, but it is especially obvious in the syllables of the sentence. According to the different mood and emotional attitude, the tone of a sentence can be divided into four types: rising tone, falling tone, flat tone and tonal tone. 1. The rising tone (↑) is low before and then high, and the language potential rises. Generally used to express doubts, rhetorical questions, surprises, etc. 2. Descending tone (↓), high before and low after, and the language potential gradually declines. It is generally used in declarative sentences, exclamatory sentences and imperative sentences to express feelings such as affirmation, determination, praise and blessing. 3. level tone. (1) This sound is smooth and soothing without obvious fluctuation. It can be used for statements and explanations without special feelings, and can also express feelings such as solemnity, sadness and indifference. 4. tune. The intonation of the whole sentence is curved, either rising first and then falling, or falling first and then rising, which often drags out the words that need to be highlighted in the sentence. This kind of sentence tone is often used to express irony, disgust, irony, suggestion and so on. In addition to these basic means of expression, in order to make recitation vivid, we have to use some special means of expression, such as laughing, vibrato, crying and rereading. I won't introduce it in detail here. Fourth, reciting is different from reading aloud and acting. Reciting is different from reading aloud. Reading aloud is to read the article in a clear and loud voice and convey the ideological content of the article. Reciting is to recite the article with a clear and loud voice and convey the ideological content of the article. It can be seen that the requirement of reciting is higher than that of reading aloud. It requires not looking at the work, facing the audience, using body language such as eyes and gestures to help express the feelings of the work and arouse the audience's resonance. Recitation is often accompanied by gestures, gestures and other body language, but the gestures or actions when reciting should not be too much or too much. After all, reciting is different from acting. When performing, the actors do not communicate directly with the audience. He plays the role in the play and imitates their language. Action, he only communicates with the actors on the same stage, and the reciter communicates directly with the audience. He mainly conveys his feelings to the audience through his voice, which resonates with the audience. Gestures and gestures are only auxiliary tools to help him express his feelings, and should not be overdone. V. skill training training content comprehensive training training target recitation 1. Familiar with the basic means of reciting. 2. Grasp the tone of the work. 3. Appropriate use of body language and other auxiliary means to improve reading level. Training program 1. This section reviews the basic knowledge about reciting. 2. Simulation training (1) Reciting Comrade Ye Ting's "Prison Song", pay attention to the handling of sentence tone: the door where people go in and out is locked, (→ flat tone) (coldly watching) the hole where dogs climb out is open (→ flat tone) A voice shouted: (→ flat tone) (teasing)-climb out. (↘) Melody (temptation) I long for freedom, (→) (solemn) but I deeply know-(→ flat tone) how can a person's body climb out of the dog hole! (= rising tone) (contempt, indignation, counterattack) I hope that one day (→ flat tone) the underground fire will burn me even this living coffin (↓ falling tone) (without hesitation) I deserve eternal life in fire and blood! (↓ falling tone) (calm, firm, confident) (2) stress exercise-read the grammatical stress of the words in the following sentences: ① the east wind is coming, and the pace of spring is approaching. Everything looked like I had just woken up, and I opened my eyes with joy. (3) Gestures and the like, the distance is too large to see clearly, and the effective distance of sound is much larger. Read the stress in the following sentences one by one: Then someone sighs, "China people have lost their confidence." As far as the phenomenon of documents is concerned, self-confidence has long since disappeared. I used to believe in "land" and "things", and later I wrote to the League of Nations, but I never believed in myself. If this is a kind of "belief", it can only be said that China people once had a "belief" and lost it after they were disappointed with the League of Nations. (3) Read the last three paragraphs of Guo Xiaochuan's Autumn in Tuanpowa, pay attention to the grammatical pause and emphasize the pause. Listen, this is a soldier/heartfelt sentence. Tuan Bowa, Tuan Bowa, are you really that/quiet? Yes, Tuanpowa is quiet, but there will be boom and boom at any time! No, Tuan Bowa is noisy. This poem is all noisy. In any case, burying this contradictory poem under the ridge may not be suitable for your crisp autumn season, but it will take root and sprout next spring. (4) The following are two paragraphs by Lu Shiping, recalling the past and exposing Zhou Puyuan's sins. One is before Joseph, and the other is after Joseph. Before and after Joseph, Lu Shiping's resentment changed from restraint to gradual exposure, and her tone and attitude also changed. In the presence of Joseph, she is a person with low self-esteem and fails to perform her duties well. I heard that she was a little innocent with the young master of Zhoufu at that time and gave birth to two sons. It was only three days after giving birth to the second child, and suddenly Master Zhou didn't want her. The boss put it in Zhou Mansion, and the newborn child held it in his arms and died in the river on New Year's Eve. -After knowing each other, my tears have long dried up. I am not wronged. I have enough hate and regret, which is what I have suffered day after day for thirty years. You may have forgotten what you did! Thirty years ago, it was only three days before I gave birth to your second son on the eve of Chinese New Year. You forced me to go out in the snow in order to marry a rich and powerful lady as soon as possible. Beg me to leave your family's door training evaluation 1. Recite Gorky's Haiyan 2. Recite Chen Ran's My Confessions and the training evaluation form.