Archaeologists have found the following evidence about the history of ancient Israelis entering and leaving Egypt:
(1) BC 1, foreigners moved to Egypt in 800.
In the mural records of Egyptian tombs before 3900, it was found that a large number of Semu people (that is, Abraham's kin) moved to Egypt to live. Later, it replaced the aborigines in Egypt and became the only dynasty in Egyptian history that was not regarded by Egyptians as Wang Di (Pharaoh). This era is called the Hixos era. Not only is the migration of Semu people to Egypt consistent with the biblical records, but this Szikszo era in Egyptian history is the time when Yue Se became the prime minister of Egypt in the Bible, which can also explain why Yue Se, a foreigner, can become such a senior official in Ren Huang, Egypt. Moreover, archaeological discoveries in this period, such as official titles, prison system, records of famine and reserves (Genesis 40,465,438+0), all coincide with biblical records.
A journalist named Jacobovich presented a lot of very strong evidence in the documentary, which proved that Israelis really lived in Egypt, and the story of going out of Egypt was also true, which was very similar to what was recorded in the Bible, enough to prove that the attack on the truth of the story of going out of Egypt by unbelieving scholars for many years might be all wet. Jacobovich believes that the story of Egypt took place around 1500 BC. This short documentary was broadcast by the Discovery Channel of Canada and directed by the great director James Cameroon. It's called The Deciphered Exodus.
(2) Yue Se is the Egyptian prime minister.
Bitak, a professor of archaeology at the Austrian University of Vienna, discovered a place called Varis in ancient Egypt. Many scholars believe that this place was the capital of Egypt during the reign of the shepherd dynasty. In this ancient capital, from the discovery to the present, Egyptian officials have not approved foreign film crews to shoot. It is also replanted and covered every year after archaeological work, so this data is very strange to many archaeologists. In the ruins of this ancient capital, archaeologists found nine royal rings engraved with Yakov's name. Yakov is also the name of Jacob, the father of Yue Se, which means "son of Jacob" in Hebrew, and was used by ancient people to commemorate his father. These rings are all Yue Se's servants representing Yue Se. This is also the first time in Egyptian archaeology that a Hebrew name was found on a royal ring. Archaeologists believe that these rings are strong evidence that Yue Se once ruled Egypt.
However, there are great differences about the time when the Israelis settled in Egypt.
Archaeologists found a particularly large and well-built tomb in Lanser city, which was built by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. It looks a little earlier than other small tombs. There is a big stone burial room in the tomb. On the "stolen road" leading to the stone chamber (Egyptians are good at digging "roads" to rob tombs), a stone statue has been broken to half the size of a real person. Judging from the yellow paint on his face and mushroom-shaped red hair, this is a senior Semite official. Egyptians traditionally use this color and hairstyle to represent the Semu people from Canaan. Archaeologist Raul thinks this must be Yue Se's grave. Yue Se always comes home from the office, and may move from the palace to Lanser in Goshen to live with his family. Of course, Yue Se's coffin was empty. We all know that his mummy was brought back to Canaan by Moses when he left Egypt (Gen. 59: 26; Chu (13: 19). On the upper floor of this simple village, that is, a layer closer to here, more complex court buildings have been excavated. Its format is both Egypt and Canaan, and the elegance of that year can still be seen from the ruins. Residents must be senior officials engaged in trade. According to archaeologists' speculation, this is probably the building of Hickso's early reign. The arrival of Hixos not only disturbed the lives of Jacob's sons and Le Anju, but their original status would gradually decline because of the hostility of Egyptians towards Hixos. If this speculation is correct, there are two possibilities for the destroyer of Yue Se's tomb in the lower layer of the mound: one possibility is that it was deliberately destroyed by these sudden Hickos. They deliberately destroyed the property of Egyptian officials; Another possibility is to drive out Amos, the new Pharaoh of Hixos, and blame Jacob's sons for coming from Canaan because of their hatred for Hixos. Therefore, both Yue Se and Israel have suffered!
Biblical archaeologists and Egyptian antiquities scholars hold two opinions about Yue Se's time in Egypt, depending on the time when the Israelis left Egypt. As for the time to leave Egypt, there are also different algorithms: it can be divided into "higher than Egypt date" and "lower than Egypt date". According to the Bible (1 Kings 6: 1), the former estimated that the Israelites should leave Egypt in the 5th century BC (around BC 1446). In addition, Jacob's sons have been slaves in Egypt for more than 400 years. Yue Se's time as Prime Minister of Egypt should be in the 9th century BC, from Strids II (BC1897-KLOC-0/878) to III (Strids III, BC1878-/). The latter believed that Ramses II (BC 1304 1237) should be the Pharaoh when he left Egypt. One of the reasons is that it took more than 400 years for Lanser time to push up, and it happened that the Egyptians were in the hands of the Hyksos. As a Canaanite, Hikso may choose Sam Yue Se as the prime minister. Different people have different views, and each has its own subjective and objective reasons.
Evangelical scholars tend to say "leave Egypt early". The reason is not only loyal to the above tips in 1 Kings and Exodus, but also (Judges 1 1: 26) records that the Israelites lived in Canaan for more than 300 years. For more than 400 years from the Pharaoh Lanser to the Kingdom of Israel (BC 1000), it will be very difficult to join the period of conquering Canaan and judging judges.
It is not clear whether Yue Se was the first Semitic prime minister, but at least he was not the last. According to the documents unearthed from the Karnak Temple in Egypt, many people held senior positions in the Semu new dynasty. Recently, archaeologist Alain Zivic reported in 1990 that his archaeological team excavated the tomb painting of another Semitic prime minister (Vizil) in a certain place, which was in the new dynasty era after Egypt resumed its historical records. The semitic prime minister's name is Jaber, and his wife is Egyptian. His deeds are written in the archives of reed papyrus, which are very detailed (Note 5).
Kamose stone tablet 65438+ 0,600 BC (British Museum)
This is an Egyptian stone tablet with a history of 3,500 years, which belongs to King Camus of Egypt. It records the original inhabitants of Egypt, and finally drives away the foreigners who invaded for many years, ending the Hixos era of foreigners, re-establishing the Egyptian dynasty ruled by the original inhabitants of Egypt, and Egypt's autocracy began again. This is the historical background of the first chapter of Exodus.
(4) the city of Lanser in Egypt.
Egypt moved its capital to the north of the Nile in the 19th dynasty, and built a large number of slaves, as described in Exodus1:8-1/.
The Egyptians sent supervisors to supervise them, adding to their burden and suffering them. They built two storage cities for Pharaoh, namely Bethun and Ramsey. (of 1: 8- 1 1)
In recent years, under the leadership of the archaeologist Morphy Bietak, the Australian archaeological team found a village house belonging to the Canaanites of the first 12 dynasty in Lan Se in the Bible's Tell dl Daba Khatana-quntir, 1996. These houses have no city defense and only use simple walls to resist animals. The house is built of mud bricks, but the "four rooms" design in the house is a typical Canaanite housing pattern. The most exciting thing is that a lot of broken pottery has been excavated inside and outside the house. Pottery is one of the sharp tools used by archaeologists to date. First, because pottery is huge and difficult to carry, residents are often abandoned in their place of origin when they move; Secondly, the material, shape, glaze color and carving of pottery directly reflect the culture, customs and economic background of the manufacturing era. The pottery unearthed in Lan Se is indeed a product of Canaanite style in the middle bronze age. This may be the first direct evidence in archaeological history that Israelis live in Egypt.
The archaeological team also found the cemetery of Israeli residents in the southeast corner of the village. Although the exterior of the tomb is Egyptian architecture, the internal burial method completely conforms to the custom of Canaan. Men still wear javelins, tomahawks and daggers, just as Israel buried them in the land of Canaan.
Many archaeologists believe that the Pharaoh in the Exodus period was Ramsey II. The main reason is that in the first chapter of Exodus, section 1 1, it is said that the Israelis will build two storage cities for Pharaoh, one of which is Ramsey II, so they think it was built for Ramsey II. Why else would it be called Ramsey II more than 200 years ago?
Modern research shows that Lanser City has existed for many years before Lanser II, so it can't be built by Lanser II. There may be other reasons why the Bible is recorded in the name of Lanser. Some archaeologists, Bryant Wood, believe that the Bible sometimes uses a late name to describe an early place. Chronicles of Kings 1, Judges 1 1 26, Chronicles 6 33-37. Recently, many archaeologists believe that before Hyksos invaded Egypt, Lanse was named Rowaty, which was built as Varis in the Hyksos era of the 14 dynasty. As the first city, 18 dynasty was still one of the royal cities, and it was renamed Peru-Noefer, meaning "Happy".
Archaeologists have found many relics deeply stained with Palestinian colors in pi Ramose and possibly Bidong. The excavation in 1987 shows that in14th century BC, there were buildings in one of the possible locations of Lanse and Bidong. Therefore, whether the first chapter of Exodus 1 1 refers to the buildings when Israel became slaves or the projects that were under way before they left Egypt, there is evidence that there were construction projects in both periods. Finally, although superficial investigation can't find that there was a civilization similar to Moab or East before Israel entered Canaan, deeper excavation has found many places consistent with this period, and the original researchers in this field have recently changed their positions.
According to the National Geographic Channel program, archaeologists went to the Nile Delta to excavate the site of the lost city Pi-Ramesey.
(5) Egypt's record of the Israelis in Egypt.
There is some archaeological and other external evidence to prove that these records are reliable. The Egyptian names used in Exodus are completely correct, and the official titles mentioned are consistent with those engraved in Egyptian inscriptions. Archaeology shows that Egypt is used to allowing foreigners to live in Egypt, but they will remain isolated from foreigners. The Egyptians bathed in Nile water, and Exodus records that Pharaoh's daughter bathed there. It was found that some bricks in Egypt were mixed with straw, while others were not. In addition, in the heyday of Egypt, warlocks enjoyed a very prominent position.
(6) Who is the Pharaoh who left Egypt?
Scholars who study the events in Egypt have always been divided into two camps, namely "believing" and "not believing". Scholars who believe that the biblical record of Exodus is a true story believe that the time when the Israelites left Egypt was about 1400 BC, when the Pharaoh who ruled Egypt was Amenhotep II or Thutmose III); The eighteenth dynasty. Among the unbelievers, it is believed that the time when the Israelis left Egypt was about 1200 BC, that is, the 18 dynasty when Ramses II ruled Egypt.
(7) Historical evidence of ten major disasters
According to the British "Daily Telegraph" reported on March 27th, according to the Bible, there were ten major disasters in ancient Egypt. Scientists found that it did happen, and it was caused by global warming and volcanic eruption.
Archaeologists now generally believe that the disaster occurred in Pi-Ramses, the capital of Ramses II, in ancient Egypt (BC 1279-BC 12 13), located in the Nile Delta. Pi-ramses seems to have disappeared 3000 years ago, which scientists believe was caused by natural disasters.
After studying the climate of Ramses II, climatologists found that the climate of Ramses II changed greatly at the end, from warm and humid in the past to high temperature and drought. The rising temperature caused the Nile to dry up, and the river that used to be fast-flowing turned into a slow and turbid river. This triggered the first disaster recorded in the Bible: the Nile turned into blood.
Fugamachel, a biologist at the Leibniz Association in Berlin, explained that this was caused by a poisonous freshwater algae. Slow water flow and rich nutrients in the water will lead to a large number of toxic freshwater algae, which will dye the water blood red when they die.
Scientists have concluded that toxic freshwater algae have also caused the second, third and fourth disasters, namely frogs, lice and flies. Toxic freshwater algae will force frogs to leave the Nile water, and frogs will not be able to breed in the water, leading to frog extinction. Without frogs and other animals that feed on pests, the reproduction of mosquitoes, flies and other insects would be out of control. This will lead to the fifth and sixth disasters, that is, animal diseases and sores.
Another major natural disaster, the volcanic eruption on the Mediterranean island of Silla, 400 miles away, triggered the seventh, eighth and ninth disasters, that is, hail, locusts and darkness enveloped Egypt.
Scylla is a part of the Greek island of santorini, located in the northern part of Crete, Greece. The eruption of Mount Xila 3,500 years ago threw hundreds of millions of tons of volcanic ash into the sky, which was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in human history.
Brom, a scientist of the German Atmospheric Physics Association, has done experiments on how hail is formed. She believes that volcanic ash collided with thunderstorms over Egypt, which dramatically produced hail.
Trevor Sanatu, a Canadian biologist, believes that falling volcanic ash will cause abnormal weather, such as more hail and higher humidity, which will lead to the emergence of locusts. Volcanic ash can also block sunlight and cause darkness.
The last disaster, that is, the death of the eldest son of an Egyptian family, should be caused by a fungus. This fungus first polluted the grain, and the eldest son usually ate it first, so he was the first victim.
The British "Sunday Times" reported that the producer of "Decoding Egypt" believed that the red color of seawater came from chemicals released by the submarine earthquake. 1986, a similar situation happened in lakes in Cameroon, Africa. As soon as the water was polluted, amphibians went ashore in droves to take refuge, resulting in the "frog disaster" recorded in the Bible. A large number of frogs died and insects raged, resulting in "locust plague" and "louse plague". These pests can spread diseases, make people get sores and kill livestock. In order to avoid the plague of locusts, the Egyptians hoarded crops, but in the end they were sour and moldy. The eldest sons of many Egyptian families ate rotten food by mistake and died one by one. Volcanic eruption affects the weather, and may also cause "hail disaster" and "dark disaster" Cameron said: "Sporadic pieces are gradually pieced together into amazing patterns. 」
According to the National Geographic Channel program, archaeologists went to the Nile Delta to excavate the ruins of the lost city of the pyramids, which is the place where the Moses disaster happened in the Bible. Their field investigation and experimental research provide new evidence that the disaster described in the Bible may indeed have happened in Egypt.
According to the National Geographic Channel program, the countries around the Mediterranean are in chaos-some people think that the seventh, eighth and ninth disasters in the Bible are the consequences of this volcanic eruption. Hebrew scholars who wrote the Old Testament may only record the memories of natural disasters in santorini handed down from generation to generation by the people, but there are still many disputes about when the disaster in santorini happened.
According to some data, among the ten disasters in Exodus, Egyptian gods such as Nile, frog and sun were attacked and humiliated, which proves that the deeds of the Lord surpassing the gods will not be recorded in the national history books.
(8) The eruption time of ancient volcano
Some people think that the top ten disasters in Exodus are related to ancient volcanic eruptions.
Recently, a group of archaeologists found evidence from the volcanic lava in the Greek santorini Islands, claiming that the santorini volcano, more than 600 kilometers north of Egypt, erupted in 1500 BC, and magma flowed everywhere, destroying many villages in Egypt, Palestine and Arabian Peninsula, killing 35,000 people. Egyptian archaeologists also excavated lava from the Mediterranean volcano in BC 1500, which destroyed villages in Egypt, Palestine and Arabia. It has been inferred that the eruption of santorini volcano led to a series of natural disasters in Egypt, which are the "Ten Disasters" that Egyptians encountered in the Bible. At the same time, volcanic eruption also led to land expansion, which led to the separation of seawater in the Red Sea. But these are only inferences after all, what's more, santorini volcano erupted in 1500 BC, 300 years before Moses led the Israelites to flee Egypt.
(9) Ancient Egyptian ruins and the head of Pharaoh Ramses II's eldest son
The "Dream Monument" carved on the Sphinx of Sethi IV of Tudor in Egypt proves that Sethi of Tudor is not the orthodox heir, which indirectly implies that the tenth disaster (killing the eldest son) did happen in Egypt.
Professor Kent Wilkes is a world-famous Egyptian archaeologist and the host of Thebes archaeological project. He discovered the entrance of the huge lost tomb KV 5 in the Valley of the Kings of Egypt in 1995, which immediately caused a global sensation. He later discovered the head of the eldest son of the legendary Pharaoh Ramses II, who is traditionally regarded as the Pharaoh mentioned in the Exodus of the Bible. If this skull is proved to be owned by Ramses' eldest son, its significance is really extraordinary. Perhaps this can confirm the tenth catastrophe mentioned in the book of Egypt, where God killed the eldest son of all Egyptian families.
When asked, is it really possible that this skull belongs to Amon Hawkpeshev, the eldest son of the legendary Pharaoh Ramses? Professor Kent Wilkes replied, "When I saw the broken inscription' Amundjo', I knew it must be the tomb of Amundjo Pesev, the eldest son of Ramses. Later, we were sure that we really found something important, because the research team now found evidence. A few days later, under the dim flashlight light of Tomb No.2, we found a pothole containing the remains of the ancients. That's a human head. It's obviously very old and covered with dust. The jaw is partially broken, but the overall shape is similar to the Pharaoh I have seen ... so I think it should be right. I probably found the head of the eldest son of Ramses the Great 3000 years ago. 」
(10) The Pharaoh of Egypt personally signed it.
Egypt's tombstone stone carving shows that the Pharaoh led a war convoy to personally expedition, and Exodus shows that the Pharaoh in Moses' time also followed this tradition. However, the records of ancient Egypt did not mention Israel's sojourn in Egypt or the disasters that occurred in Egypt, because archaeology found that every new dynasty in Egypt would delete all disgraceful historical records from the history books. They won't go down in history with a humiliating failure.
Archaeologist Peter Elmer claimed after diving into the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea twice that he could guarantee 99.9% that I found a wheel covered with coral. A 38-year-old forklift mechanic from Keynsham, England, was inspired by videos of two explorers, Ron Wyatt and Jonathan Gray. The two explorers proved this work of art when they gained at least some authority to determine that the wheels can be traced back to when they left Egypt. The forklift mechanic and his brother Mark came here to confirm that the wheels can be traced back to when they left Egypt. He believes that I am actually sitting in an ancient carriage, and the underwater garbage dump must be the remains of the Egyptian army.
(1 1) Number of Israelis leaving Egypt
According to Exodus 12: 37, a total of 600,000 adult males fled Egypt. Inferred from this, plus women and children, the number of refugees is about 2 million. But at that time, the total population of Egypt was estimated at 3-6 million. Such a large number of people leaving Egypt will seriously affect Egypt's economy and labor force. However, archaeology did not find any evidence of sudden changes in Egypt's economy during this period. It is inferred that even if the Hebrews left Egypt, the number should be much lower than that recorded in Exodus.
(12) The route out of Egypt is 1550- 1200 BC.
Chapter 33 of the Bible records the cities through which the Israelites left Egypt: "The Israelites set out from Rameses and camped in Succoth. They journeyed from Succoth and camped in Ethan, which is near the desert. They set out from Ethan and turned to Pihahiroth, opposite Baal-zephon, and camped in Migdol. They set out from opposite Pihahiroth, passed through the sea and came to the desert of Shur. After three days' journey in the wilderness of Ethan, we camped in Marah. They set out from Marah and came to Elim, where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees, and they camped there. (Minimum 33 minutes: 5- 10)
In the past, some archaeologists thought it was a fictional trip, and those cities did not exist in Moses' time. It was not until some scholars combined the stone carvings of three Egyptian kings around Moses' time and found the name of the city mentioned by Moses, which proved the historicity recorded in the Bible.
(13) Location of the Red Sea
Several possibilities for the location of the Red Sea;
A Brief List of Biblical History written by biblical scholars (published by Olive Foundation 1998) and Atlas of Biblical and Church History edited by Tu (published by International Bible Association 1999): Crossing the Red Sea is a translation error, which should be translated as "Reed Sea". There are reeds at the bottom of Mensala Lake.
Macmillan Bible Atlas written by two archaeologists Yohanan Aharoni and Michael Avi-Yonah has been mentioned in Egyptian literature. It is two fortified cities in the northeast of Egypt, and the nearby waters were called "Reed Sea" at that time. Therefore, Egypt should pass through the Mediterranean Sea in the northern Sinai Peninsula, and other places where the Israelis passed in the desert have not been confirmed by archaeologists.
Dr lennert Moeller presided over the search for the Red Sea. In 2002, Scandinavian Publishing House in Denmark published Exodus Case-New Discovery Confirmed Exocus in History: He believed that Moses had lived in Midian for forty years. When he met God there, and when he led the Israelites out of Egypt, he wanted to go to Canaan, but he first went to Horeb and met God there. One possibility is the usual way to the land of the Philistines, but God won't let them go, so another possibility is to go back to Egypt by his way, which is also a more reasonable way. 13. At night, they are illuminated by the light of the pillar, so that they can walk at night, which shows that they are on the road day and night. In a few days, they should have arrived in the northern part of Aqaba Bay, and will soon reach Hori Jiangshan. But 14:2 mentioned that God asked them to turn around and camp in the middle of Aqaba Bay, and the terrain of Aqaba Bay was rebuilt with modern technology, which really showed a submarine bridge that might be crossed by people. So he thinks that Mount Sinai is not in Sinai Peninsula, but in Midian land, the Red Sea is not Mensala Lake in the north, nor the Mediterranean Sea, but the Gulf of Aqaba. After crossing the Red Sea, the Israelites went to Mount Da and lived there for about two years. There are indeed traces of millions of people living in the eastern part of Aqaba Bay. At the bottom of the Gulf of Aqaba, traces of suspected Egyptian chariots on the local paste were indeed found.
Some geologists believe that in BC 1500, it was in the eastern Mediterranean, 400 miles north of Egypt.
The eruption of santorini volcano may trigger a domino effect and a series of natural disasters. Land after volcanic eruption
The earthquake affected the topography of the Nile Delta, causing the ground near the Reed Sea to rise, the sea surface to separate, and the sea water.
Shaw swallowed the Egyptian army chasing Jews.
(14) Is Mount Sinai a volcano?
Scholar Humphrey used natural science to think that Mount Sinai recorded in Exodus should be an active volcano, and a mountain in the northwest of Saudi Arabia (Bedr Mountain) was once a volcano. Therefore, Humphrey concluded that this is Mount Sinai. Coincidentally, some scholars have come to the same conclusion for other reasons.
(15) Sinai stone pillar
1753, Bishop Clayton of Ireland studied a batch of ancient stone carvings of Wadi Mukateb in Sinai Peninsula, which contained some incomprehensible words, which he believed were rooted in Jewish culture. This article was published in the Franciscan Journal in Cairo. Later, Charles Forster published a photo album of Sinai in 1862, thinking that these words were a combination of Jewish letters and Egyptian letters, and their contents surprisingly recorded the process of Israeli crossing the Red Sea. Horst pointed out that there are 12 Hebrew letters and 1 1 Hebrew letters in these characters, but their expressions are influenced by Egyptian, but they are based on Hebrew. This feature seems to be the language of the Jews when they left Egypt, because it is very different from the later orthodox Hebrew. These stone carvings have been recorded in the book "The Library of History" written by the historian Diodorus Dorus Gullers in the 10th century BC, and are regarded as unknowable words. /kloc-In May of 0/8, the Byzantine historian Cosmas Indicopleustes also recorded these stone carvings, believing that this Hebrew language is characterized by recording the deeds of the Israelites who left Egypt and crossed the Red Sea.
Faust translated the contents of stone carvings in Sinai, which seems to be related to the crossing of the Red Sea by Israelis. On the 40th stone tablet, it says, "The strong wind blows wildly, and the sea is divided into different parts." (Section 1)
"The Hebrews escaped from the sea, and the sea became dry land." (Four parts)
"The leader left the sea, the waves roared, the people entered and passed through the middle of the flood." (Article 10)
"Their enemies cry for the dead, and virgins cry. The return of seawater flooded them, and the flood was released and rolled back. " (Section 8)
Moses made the people cry like a group of hurried angels, and the clouds shone. ..... across the open path. "(article 4 1)
Historian Siculus also recorded: "There is an old report from the Ichtheophagi tribe near the Red Sea, saying that there was a great return of seawater in the past, and the whole bay became a dry land ..... only under the impact of a spring tide did it return to its original position. 」
1860, archaeologist pierce butler discovered a cave in Civil Mahala Mountain and accidentally discovered a stone carving in three languages. Compared with the stone carvings in Sinai, there are two kinds of Egyptian characters, which shows that the contents of these characters can be read and the translation is correct.
Exodus (translated by Catholics as Exodus) mainly tells how the Israelis were persecuted in Egypt, and Moses led them out of Egypt. Critics believe that the first five books of the Bible could not have been written by Moses. They believe that the Hebrews did not have written records until 800 BC. A French explorer found a temple library in Rassam, Syria, which contains written records in hundreds of languages. Among them, there is a kind of information written in Middle Eastern alphabet in Moses' time. Mr. flinders Petrie found an alphabet manuscript dating back to the time of Moses in Serabit Al Kadam district of Mount Sinai.
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History is a fact that happened in the past, but the comprehensiveness of history cannot be completely preserved, even through historical records of documents or other tangible and intangible records; What's more, many historical events have no historical records, but it doesn't mean that these historical events that we don't know have never happened.
Archaeology can certainly provide some confirmation, proof or negation for some historical records. However, archaeological data are only partial records of historical events and do not necessarily represent all historical events.
As far as the evidence provided by biblical archaeology is concerned, Boros Tamara, an archaeologist at Yale University, said, "Generally speaking, archaeological discoveries have undoubtedly confirmed the reliability of the Bible. Many archaeologists have greatly increased their awe of the Bible because of their excavation work in Palestine. " The Jewish archaeologist Nelson Glueck said, "I can say with certainty that none of the archaeological discoveries so far contradict the biblical literature. ..... The correctness of historical records in the Bible is unparalleled, especially when archaeological evidence can be confirmed. William F.Albright, a world-famous authority on archaeology, said: "In the18th century and19th century, many important historical schools doubted the reliability of the Bible. Although some schools at that time appeared repeatedly in today's academic circles, the early skepticism school has been gradually denied. New discoveries in archaeology have repeatedly confirmed many details in the Bible, making people realize that the Bible is the best material for studying human history. 」
In the face of historical facts, we should learn modestly, admit that human knowledge is limited, and examine these historical evidences frankly.