1 development of virtual buildings
Since the middle of the 20th century, the information technology revolution based on microelectronics information technology and centered on computer network and communication has had a profound impact on social resource allocation, economic operation, competition mode and human lifestyle, and triggered a new industrial revolution, thus pushing mankind into the era of knowledge economy based on high technology.
The management technology of manufacturing modernization is based on the market atmosphere of global mass production, supported by e-commerce, Internet, information superhighway, intranet, virtual reality and virtual manufacturing. Through ERP (enterprise resource planning), JIT (just-in-time production), AM (agile manufacturing), VR (virtual reality), VC (virtual construction) and other advanced management means, the dynamics are formed through the selection of strategic partners. The common development strategies of manufacturing enterprises in different periods are shown in figure 1.
The combination of (1)CAD and architectural design can be regarded as the bud of virtual architecture. In the late 1980s, the application of CAD began to be popularized in engineering design, and the survey and design industry took the lead in applying computer technology to the construction field, becoming an industry with early start, rapid development and high efficiency in China's information construction. The application of CAD completes the design work on the computer, freeing people from the complicated design work. This stage is the embryonic stage of virtual construction.
(2) The comprehensive application of 2)CAD, system simulation modeling technology and multimedia technology is regarded as the embryonic form of virtual building. The comprehensive application of CAD, system simulation and modeling technology, multimedia and other technologies has fundamentally changed the traditional design concepts, means and methods, made the comparison and optimization of schemes more intuitive, and played an important role in improving the design quality and level. Engineering design moves from 2D to 3D. Designers can not only see the overall shape of the building, but also understand the detailed structure inside the building. This stage has become the embryonic form of the development of virtual architecture.
(3) Virtual reality technology is the further development of virtual architecture. Virtual reality technology is a brand-new comprehensive information technology that rose at the end of the 20th century. It is a three-dimensional information environment consisting of computer software and hardware and various sensors-virtual environment. Virtual reality technology provides a new technical means for architects to design and evaluate buildings. Architects can directly interact with the architectural objects they design in any possible way in the real world. This process will help architects to understand the shape, space, color, lighting and even acoustic effects of buildings, and make corresponding evaluations. At the same time, virtual reality technology can make architects or customers feel the virtual three-dimensional environment. In many cases, accurately understanding users' needs and reaching a consensus with them are the key factors for the smooth progress and success of the design process. Virtual reality technology provides great convenience for users to participate in the design process. Using the authenticity of virtual building, architects present their design intentions to users in the most intuitive way, while users get the most intuitive experience by roaming in the virtual building model, and users can even directly control the computer to put forward some local design modification opinions. The application of virtual reality technology will greatly enrich architects' design methods and improve the innovative ability of architectural design.
(4) The formation and application period of virtual architecture. 2 1 century, the research and application of virtual architecture at home and abroad has reached a new level. In 2000, Dace A. Campbell studied VRML (Virtual Modeling Language), which became an effective transmission tool of construction documents. In 2002, Ahmed F. Waly and Walid Y. Thabet of American University of Architecture and Urban Studies studied the application of virtual building environment in early planning. In the same year, Mark J. Clayton, Robert B. Warden, Thomas W. Parker and others in the United States studied the application of 3D CAD and system simulation in building virtual construction. The theoretical research of virtual construction has reached a relatively high level in this period, and it has also been applied in practice and achieved good results.
The planning and design of Skye Bridge in England is controversial in environmental protection, which has aroused public concern. Later, virtual reality technology was applied to vividly show the appearance of the designed bridge and its surrounding environment, as well as the dynamic visual sense of flying around the island and passing the bridge, which was welcomed by the public and affirmed the design scheme of the bridge.
Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden is one of the four famous gardens in China and one of the world cultural heritages. By establishing a virtual tour system of Humble Administrator's Garden, visitors who have never been to Humble Administrator's Garden can choose any route and visit various scenes on the computer.
Virtual reality technology is adopted in the exhibition part of Ertan Power Station, so users can browse Ertan environment and any part of the dam conveniently. Some achievements have been made in the simulation and visual calculation of structural construction process in China, which can simulate various construction processes.
Shanghai Zheng Da Plaza project is the first application of virtual reality technology in China construction project. The virtual simulation system of Zheng Da Plaza, which was jointly developed by experts and technicians from China Construction Third Bureau and Huazhong University of Science and Technology, has achieved three expected goals: First, before the building is completed, the surrounding environment after the building is virtually displayed. Second, before the construction of the steel structure, the core part of the virtual simulation system, various tests and optimization work of various component assembly and hoisting schemes are completed on the computer. The third is stress and deformation analysis, including internal force analysis of mast crane and hoisting roof truss, welding stress and strain analysis. Experts believe that the construction virtual simulation system will simulate the unfinished process and completely change the irreversible situation of the traditional construction process, which is the development direction of the future construction industry.
The combination of computer technology and construction industry can be divided into germination period, germination period, further development period, maturity period and application period, as shown in Figure 2.
2 the connotation of virtual architecture
The American Inventors Association put forward the concept of virtual construction for the first time in 1996, that is, virtual construction is a design-build process method that integrates electronic connection and top-down management technology.
Understanding of Virtual Construction by Ding, Xu Youquan and Peng Yong of Tongji University: First, the combination of design and construction (project general contracting). The second is to exchange information through electronic technology. Thirdly, the vertical command and control relationship from owner to design to construction to supply has been transformed into the horizontal cooperative connection of owner, project manager, designer and supplier. It is considered that virtual construction is a new project management mode to adapt to today's knowledge economy society. Based on the principle of virtual organization, supported by modern information and communication technology, the non-hierarchical and flat management organization mode and D+B production organization management method are adopted. Through the sharing of project information system based on network, the purpose of low cost, high quality, fast progress and good coordination of project construction is realized, and the value-added of building products is realized by using information and knowledge.
In 2000, Japanese scholars, such as Yoshio Maruyama, Yoichiro Iwase and Kazuo Koga, put forward the concept of VR-COMS (Virtual and Real-field Construction Management Systems), and thought that VR-COMS integrated virtual construction simulation, planning, planning and execution management systems through virtual simulation technology to improve the productivity and safety in actual construction.
Dr. Zheng Lei of Southeast University believes that virtual construction is a new project construction mode based on two supporting systems: technology and management. One is the technical aspect of virtual construction (T-VC). T-VC mainly uses computer technology to solve some technical problems (such as virtual roaming and virtual simulation of construction process). ) In the process of project construction, from planning and design to project property maintenance, and the realization of computer technology in the development of virtual environment and visualization system. Another level is the management of virtual construction (M-VC). M-VC is a new organization and management mode of engineering project supported by computer information technology, which adapts to the market demand and the requirements of the times. It is an innovation of traditional construction organization and management mode. Through it, the contractor can track the market trend with the fastest speed and the lowest cost, and meet the needs of customers quickly through the integration and utilization of external resources.
Based on the understanding of virtual construction by experts and scholars at home and abroad, the author thinks that the connotation of virtual construction can be understood from two angles: narrow (micro) and broad (macro).
2. 1 Fiction in a narrow sense (microscopic)
Narrow (microscopic) virtual building refers to optimizing the virtual system by using VRML, AutoCAD, 3DSMAX and other software, system simulation technology, three-dimensional modeling theory and LOD algorithm on the basis of computer technology and information technology, and simulating and analyzing the construction of buildings or projects in advance under various virtual environment conditions, so as to find possible problems in advance and take preventive measures in advance. In order to achieve the purpose of optimizing design, saving construction period, reducing waste and cost, or applying JavaScript language to expand the dynamic behavior of virtual world, it provides customers with a virtual environment that can be watched, felt and watched in advance.
From this perspective, it can be seen that the virtual construction of 1 floor refers to the construction in a virtual environment, finding possible problems as soon as possible, and constantly modifying the scheme until the whole process of the construction project meets the requirements of builders and customers. This will help the project manager to know the actual construction process in advance, and strengthen the management of the places that are prone to problems in the construction process, so as to finally save the construction period and cost. The second meaning of micro-virtual architecture is the application of virtual reality in the field of architecture. In the field of architecture and planning, using virtual reality to demonstrate single buildings, residential quarters and even the whole urban space can make people examine or appreciate the dynamic image and plane layout characteristics of their external space from different pitching angles, and feel the environment of the whole community (including traffic, greening, music and the surrounding environment of the community). The fusion it produces is more vivid, complete and realistic than the model or effect diagram.
2.2 Generalized (Macro) Virtual Building
Virtual construction in a broad sense (macro) refers to an organizational management model. In order to adapt to the changes of the market and the needs of customers, based on the development of computer and network technology, contractors are keen to find market targets, find partners on the Internet or www, form alliances with each other's superior resources, and jointly complete projects, so as to occupy the market and achieve win-win or win-win goals. With the continuous optimization of the construction project and the continuous improvement of the construction level, customers have higher and higher requirements for the project, which requires not only the construction enterprises to complete the construction of the project itself in time and effectively, but also the construction enterprises to participate in the pre-planning of the project to better manage and monitor the project, and also the enterprises to participate in the post-operation and maintenance of the project. From the internal point of view of enterprises, domestic construction enterprises often have strong advantages in one aspect (such as civil engineering or installation), but in other aspects, such as design, property management, commercial operation and so on, they lack experience or ability and technology and cannot meet the required standards. For large-scale projects with strong comprehensiveness or high technical requirements, it is difficult for a single enterprise to complete them independently and effectively, and all enterprises need to use their own superior resources to unite and jointly develop the projects.
Generalized virtual construction has the following characteristics: First, it is a virtual project management organization, aiming at effectively completing the project. Second, it needs the organic combination of building management knowledge and computer information technology. Thirdly, the participating units are connected through network-based project management software to realize information sharing and data exchange to the maximum extent. Fourth, advanced project management knowledge is needed. Fifth, alliance partners should share resources, benefits, costs and risks, cooperate with each other, trust each other, and be free and equal.
3 virtual construction organization and management process
The organization process of the whole project is shown in Figure 3. After the project is selected and won the bid, the project will be built, a virtual project management organization will be established, and the project construction process will be organized.
Micro-virtual construction is to simulate the construction of each building or the whole project in a virtual environment on the computer. Problems encountered in construction shall be returned to the modified design before construction. Repeat until customers and builders are satisfied. Including the process flow of each process, the interval time of each process, the process method, the arrangement of various mechanical equipment materials, the internal structure and materials of the building entity, etc. I won't list them here.
4 conclusion
The development of virtual building needs the support of computer technology, information technology and network technology. These technologies have been widely used in other industries, but they are not very mature in the construction industry. With the improvement of technology and management level of construction industry, the combination of technology and construction industry will become closer and closer. This has created powerful conditions for the rapid development of virtual architecture, which will develop at a faster speed in 2 1 century.
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