Tax service
The taxation system and the agricultural corvee system in Song Dynasty generally continued the two tax laws in the late Tang Dynasty, but increased small taxes and heavy officials, which caused the burden on the people. Therefore, Wang Anshi's reform was carried out through exemption from punishment. The total annual income is1.60 billion yuan, which is actually the sum of different product units such as copper, rice, wheat, silver, cotton cloth, silk and feed. The highest fiscal revenue in the Song Dynasty was 6 million yuan, and business tax accounted for about 70% of the total fiscal revenue.
agriculture
The Song Dynasty emphasized large-scale water conservancy projects, large-scale land reclamation and improvement of farm tools. Agriculture has developed rapidly. Many new fields appeared in the Song Dynasty, such as terraced fields, mud fields, sand fields and curved fields. This greatly increased the cultivated land in the Song Dynasty. 196 The total cultivated land area in China exceeded 3125,000 hectares, and it increased to 5.247 million hectares every year. In the Song Dynasty, all kinds of new farm tools appeared, replacing Niu Geng's plows and rice transplanters. The emergence of new tools has also greatly increased crop yield. On average, every acre of farmland can get one stone a year, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang can get two or three stones a year. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong introduced drought-resistant and early-maturing rice from Zhancheng and distributed it to Jianghuai and Zhejiang provinces. Later, it was called southern early rice, also known as Zhancheng rice and yellow indica rice. Agriculture in the Yangtze River and Pearl River basins has developed rapidly. Some northern crops such as millet, wheat, millet and beans came to the south. Cotton is widely planted in Fujian and Guangdong. Tea has spread all over Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Hunan, Sichuan and other places. The planting area of mulberry, silkworm and hemp is also increasing. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the rice yield in Taihu Lake was the highest in China, and "Changshu, Jiangsu Province was the best in the world". Sugarcane is distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces. Sugar has become a widely used food, ranking first in the world.
manufacture
Make porcelain
The main minerals in the Northern Song Dynasty are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin and coal. There are more than 270 metal deposits in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is 100 more than that in the Tang Dynasty. In the period of Renzong, the annual income was gold10.5 million taels, silver 210.9 million taels, copper 5 million Jin, iron 7.24 million Jin, lead 90 thousand Jin and tin 330 thousand Jin. Official kilns and folk kilns were all over the country in Song Dynasty. There are seven famous kilns, including Ding Kiln in Quyang, Hebei, Ding Kiln in Ruzhou, Henan, Jun Kiln in Yuzhou, Guan Kiln in Kaifeng, Gedi Kiln in Longquan, Zhejiang, Jingdezhen Kiln in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi and Jian Yao Kiln in Jianyang, Fujian. Porcelain kilns distributed all over the country and many large and small kilns produced Song Dynasty porcelain, which were exported to Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Central Asia and West Asia through the Maritime Silk Road. Among them, Jun porcelain became the highest porcelain in the Song Dynasty with its magical kiln change characteristics and the rare output of 36 pieces per year.
Porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty has made great progress in both output and production technology compared with the previous generation. At that time, porcelain kilns were all over the country, and the porcelain produced had their own characteristics. Official kilns, Jun kilns, Ru kilns, Ding kilns and Ge kilns are the five famous kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty. The soil line of official kiln products is delicate, green and slightly pink, with different shades. Jun kiln has fine clay grain, glaze grain and rabbit silk grain. Ru kiln has both rouge and cinnabar, and the glaze color is crystal clear. Ding kiln is famous for its white porcelain and can make red porcelain. Its products are very exquisite. Ge kiln is rich in celadon, and its products are known as "Thousand Peaks Emerald". During the Jingdezhen period, the official kiln was located in Xinping, Jiangxi. The words "Made in Jingdezhen" at the bottom of the tribute are Jingdezhen famous porcelain. Carving patterns on porcelain is a new invention in the Northern Song Dynasty. Carved with a knife, embroidered with a needle, printed on a plate, sharp with a cone. Fold out the pattern with a pen dipped in powder, and then paint it with white glaze. Song porcelain is not only a commodity, but also an exquisite handicraft. Porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty was widely distributed overseas and unearthed in Asia and Africa, which proved that porcelain was an important export commodity at that time. Today, Song porcelain has become a famous art in ancient China, enjoying a high reputation at home and abroad.
textile industry
Silk, hemp and wool textile industries were very developed in Song Dynasty. Wool spinning is very popular in northwest China and developed in Chongqing, Sichuan, Shanxi, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Henan and other places. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong and Southwest Guangxi became the centers of cotton textile industry. The silk industry in Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces is the most developed. In the Song Dynasty, the government also set up Jinyuan, a silk weaving workshop run by the government, in the most developed areas of silk weaving. Related printing and dyeing industries have also developed accordingly.