Guan Hanqing (about 1220 ── 1300) has been lent (one-on-one) for a long time. Han nationality, born in Jiezhou (now Yuncheng, Shanxi Province), Wuren Village, qi zhou (now Anguo County, Hebei Province) and Dadu (now Beijing), was born in the late Jin Dynasty (about 1220) and died in the early years of Yuan Chengzong Dade (about 1300). Guan Hanqing, together with Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, is called the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera", ranking first among the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera".
brief introduction
Jia called him "the master of the pear garden, the general director of zaju and the head of the troupe" in the hanging words of Ghost Record, which shows his position in the zaju circle of Yuan Dynasty. Guan Hanqing once wrote "A Flower" as a gift to actress Zhu, which shows his indissoluble bond with the actor. He once shamelessly claimed: "I am the leader of the world's husband and the leader of the world's prodigal son." In the last paragraph of "A Flower in Lunan Don't Bury the Old", it is even more arrogant and stubborn to say: "I am a copper pea that can't be steamed, boiled, beaten, fried or fried." According to various documents, Guan Hanqing compiled 67 zaju, including 18. Whether individual works were written by Guan Hanqing is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Dou E's Grievance, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wang Jiangge, Moon Pavilion, Lu Zhailang, Single Knife Meeting and Adjusting the Wind and Moon are his representative works.
The content of Guan Hanqing's zaju has strong reality and high fighting spirit. Guan Hanqing lived in an era of political darkness, social unrest, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions, and the people lived in dire straits. His plays profoundly reproduce the social reality and are full of rich flavor of the times. There is not only the bloody reality of "gouging people's eyes, bones and skin", but also the tragic experience of child bride Dou E and maid Yan Yan, which reflects a very broad life. It not only mercilessly exposed the darkness of officialdom, but also enthusiastically eulogized the people's resistance struggle. The keynote of Guan Hanqing's plays is composed of generous elegy and optimistic struggle. In Guan Hanqing's works, the most prominent images are ordinary women, such as prostitutes Zhao, Du Ruiniang, teenage girl Wang Ruilan, widow Tan Jier and handmaid, all of which have their own personality characteristics. Most of them came from humble origins and suffered from all kinds of bullying and persecution by the feudal ruling class. Guan Hanqing described their tragic experiences, portrayed their integrity, kindness, intelligence and wit, praised their strong will to resist, and praised their heroic behavior of fighting against the dark forces to death. In that particular historical era, they played an inspiring theme. Guan Hanqing was a great dramatist, and later people called him "Qu Sheng". 1958, as a world cultural celebrity, launched the 700th anniversary of Guan Hanqing's creation at home and abroad. On the evening of June 28th of the same year, there were at least 100 different drama forms and 1500 professional troupes in China, and Guan Hanqing's plays were staged at the same time. His plays have been translated into English, French, German and Japanese. And spread to all parts of the world. Foreigners call him "Shakespeare of the East"
all one's life
There is a lack of information about Guan Hanqing's life, which can only be seen from sporadic records. According to Zhong Sicheng, a dramatist at the end of Yuan Dynasty, "Guan Hanqing was mostly from Taiyuan Yin, whose name was Zhai", and "Taiyuan Yin" was called "Taiyuan Household". Regarding Guan Hanqing's native place, there are some statements such as Dadu (now Beijing) (Ghost Record Volume 1), Xiezhou (now Yuncheng, Shanxi) (Yuan History Series Volume 36) and qi zhou (now Hebei) (Zhou Qizhi Volume 8). The official name of "Yin of the Imperial Palace" was not found in Jinshi or History of Yuan Dynasty, but "Medical Household" was one of the household registrations in Yuan Dynasty and was under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Palace. So Guan Hanqing was probably a doctor in the Yuan Dynasty. In "Worship the Moon Pavilion", he has a description of clinical diagnosis, just like a doctor's mouth, which can be used as a witness.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Jing wrote in the preface to the collection of brothels: "At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, my emperor was merged, while Du San, Gu, Guan Jizhai and other adherents of the Jin Dynasty all despised the official advancement, but mocked the wind and moon and lingered in the scenery." Du Sanren, that is, Du, is a writer from Jin to Yuan, and the valley is Baipu. Jin died (1234) at the age of 8. It is estimated that Guan Hanqing's age is close to theirs, and he is also a writer from Jin to Yuan. Guan Hanqing has 10 songs, and Dade is the title of Yuan Chengzong (65438). It can be inferred that Guan Hanqing died after the first year of Dade in Yuan Chengzong (1297), and his birth year is estimated to be around 1220. Zhong Sicheng, the author of Ghost Record, said that Guan Hanqing's predecessor was dead and his fame shocked the world, and that "the rest of his life is too late to predict the end of several seats". The ghost was written on 1330, so it is not far from Guan Hanqing's death on 1300.
After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty (1279), Guan Hanqing had been to Hangzhou, the performance center of the Southern Opera at that time, and wrote a divertimento "Hangzhou Scenery" (including a sentence "The Great Yuan was newly attached to the country, but the Song family was lost"). I have also been to Yangzhou and wrote a song for Zhu. There is a saying that "Yangzhou has ten miles of scenery and there are immortals".
Guan Hanqing is a playwright who is familiar with Goulan Ci. According to the analysis of Jin Zhi, he was "naturally charming, knowledgeable, funny and intelligent, and he was the best of his time". Zang Jinshu's Preface to Yuan Qu in the Ming Dynasty said that he "bowed and practiced ostentation and extravagance, and painted his face with black powder. I think my family life, I advocate Excellence and don't leave. " Guan Hanqing was a leading figure in the field of zaju in the early Yuan Dynasty, and the most famous book lover in Yujing Bookstore. According to the records of Ghost Record, Collection of Brothels, Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun, etc., he has contacts with zaju writer, Liang Fei, Sanqu writer Wang Heqing, famous actress Zhu, etc., and has a closer relationship with Wang Heqing.
Literary standpoint
Guan Hanqing is a great writer in the history of China literature and drama. He wrote many zaju and Sanqu in his life, and made great achievements. His plays laid a solid foundation for the prosperity and development of Yuan Zaju, and he was the founder of Yuan Zaju. When he was born, he was a leader in the field of traditional drama in China. In Ghost Record, Jia called himself "the head of the pear garden, the editor-in-chief of zaju, the head of the troupe" and "the four saints of fame and fragrance". From Zhou Deqing's phonology of the Central Plains in Yuan Dynasty, He's theory of Four Friends in Ming Dynasty, to Wang Guowei's History of Song and Yuan Opera in modern times, he was listed as the first of the "four great masters in Yuan Dynasty". Gao Wenxiu, a famous zaju writer, was called "Xiao" and Shen, a famous Hangzhou writer, was called "",which shows that he enjoyed a high status at that time.
Guan Hanqing wrote more than 60 zaju in his life, which were based on folk tales, historical materials and real life in the Yuan Dynasty, and truly showed the people's struggle against feudal class oppression and national oppression in the Yuan Dynasty. Guan Hanqing never writes about immortality and seclusion. His serious creative attitude and fighting spirit of criticizing reality have great influence on later generations.
Guan Hanqing is an outstanding drama artist, and his tragedy Dou Eyuan is a model of China's classical tragedy. His comedies are light and humorous, which is a model for future comedies. His zaju provided many valuable artistic experiences for later generations in artistic conception, dramatic conflict, characterization and language application. Many of his plays have been adapted and put on the stage, which are deeply loved by the people and give people a strong aesthetic enjoyment. However, only a few discerning critics can correctly evaluate Guan Hanqing in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Some people belittle his influence from the standpoint of the feudal ruling class. For example, Zhu Quan said that "judging his words is a talent who can go up and down" ("Taihe Yin Zhengpu Ancient and Modern Heroes Yuefu Style"); In the Ming Dynasty, some feudal literati also tampered with his works at will, and the vulgar comedy "Golden Lock", which changed Yuan to Weng as an official son-in-law and won the first place, reunited the husband and wife and smoothed the edges and corners of the original work, is a typical example.
Guan Hanqing's works are a rich and colorful art treasure house. As early as 100 years ago, his works such as Dou Eyuan have been translated and introduced to Europe. After the founding of New China, Guan Hanqing's research work was highly valued, and his complete operas were published. From 65438 to 0958, Guan Hanqing was nominated as a "world cultural celebrity" by the World Peace Council, and the 700th anniversary of Guan Hanqing's drama activities was held in Beijing. His works have become the common spiritual wealth of the people of China and the people of the world.
Guan Hanqing's Poetry and Prose
A flower can't hold the old Yuan: Guan Hanqing
[a flower]
Climb out of the wall, flowers bloom and fall, and branches and willows break. The flowers are red and tender, the willows are green and soft, and the prodigal son is romantic. With the help of my hand, I was defeated by flowers. Half a lifetime is to break the willow and climb the flower, and a lifetime is to lie on the willow.
[Liangzhou]
I am the leader of the husband in the world, covering the prodigal class in the world. May Zhu Yan remain the same, spend time in flowers and forget her troubles in wine. Divide tea into bamboo, beat horses and hide lots; I'm familiar with five tones and six rhymes, and I'm worried? Accompanied by a female silver Zheng sitting in front of the silver case, the silver Zheng leaned against the silver screen with a smile, accompanied by a jade fairy with a jade hand and a jade shoulder, accompanied by a gold hairpin full of gold cups. You said I was old, and I needed a break. Ostentation and extravagance takes the first place, which is more exquisite and transparent. I am the leader of Shuai Shuai in a colorful camp, and I used to play around the state.
[each tail]
My child is always a newborn rabbit and lamb in a thatched sand nest, and walks to the paddock at the first sight. The familiar horse array has been covered by an old pheasant with feathers and feathers. After some sniper fire, I have never fallen behind. I just don't know that "everything stops in middle age", how can I waste my spring and autumn?
[tail]
I am a copper pea, which can't be steamed, boiled, pounded, fried or exploded. Who taught you to get into his multilayer scarf? I played Liang Yuanyue, drank Tokyo wine, enjoyed Luoyang flowers and climbed Zhang Tailiu. I can also walk, fight, attack, insert, sing, jump, play, swallow, recite poems and fight on both sides. You just lost my tooth, crooked my mouth, crippled my leg and broke my hand. You gave me these bad symptoms from heaven, and you still refused to rest! Then besides Yan himself, there are ghosts and gods to hook himself. Three souls go to hell and seven souls get lost. Oh, my God, in the meantime, don't walk on the fireworks road!