1927 During April and July, Chiang Kai-shek Group and Wang Ching-wei Group in the Kuomintang of China, in collusion with imperialism and the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, launched a nationwide counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai and Wuhan, brutally massacred the people and the revolutionary masses, and failed the great anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution that the people of China cooperated with the Kuomintang for the first time since 1924.
In order to resist the massacre policy of the Kuomintang reactionaries and save the China Revolution, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was reorganized on July 12, 2002, which stopped the right opportunist leadership of Chen Duxiu, the general secretary of the Central Committee. Later, he decided to assemble a part of the National Revolutionary Army that he mastered and influenced, join the Second Front Army with Zhang Fakui as the commander in chief, go south to Guangdong to join local revolutionary forces, carry out agrarian revolution, restore revolutionary base areas, and then hold a new Northern Expedition.
Li, Deng Zhongxia, Tan Pingshan, Hui, Nie and Ye Ting. Organized the operation in Jiujiang, only to find that Zhang Fakui and Wang Jingwei colluded closely and began to persecute people in the Second Army. Immediately suggested to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, rely on their own control and influence on the troops, "uprising in Nanchang".
On this basis, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China appointed, Li, Yun, and Peng Pai to form the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's former enemy committee, as the secretary, to go to Nanchang to lead the uprising. The troops scheduled to take part in the uprising are: the 24th and 60th divisions of the 2nd Army of the National Revolutionary Army 1 1 Army, the 73rd and 75th regiments of the 25th Division of the 4th Army, the 3rd Army Officer Education Regiment of the 5th Army headed by Zhu De and the security team of Nanchang Public Security Bureau, with a total of more than 20,000 people. From July 25th, the 1 1 and 20th armies were respectively commanded by Ye Ting and He Long, and successively concentrated in Nanchang from Jiujiang and Tujiabu (now Yongxiu). 27, Zhou Enlai and others arrived in Nanchang, formed the former enemy committee, and led the preparations for the uprising.
At this time, the third army of the Fifth Army (Commander-in-Chief Zhu Peide) of the Kuomintang Wuhan Government was stationed in Zhangshu, Ji 'an and Wan 'an, the ninth army was stationed in Jinxian and Linchuan, and the sixth army marched in Pingxiang to Nanchang. The remaining troops of the Second Army are located in Jiujiang area; Only the Fifth Army Guard Corps and the Third, Sixth and Ninth Army are stationed in Nanchang and its suburbs, with a total of more than 3,000 people. The front Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to hold an uprising on August 1 day before reinforcements arrived.
At 2 o'clock on August 1 Sunday, under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De and Liu Bocheng, the Nanchang Uprising began. According to the operational plan of the front committee of the Communist Party of China, the 20th Army 1 2 Division launched an attack on the defenders of Jiufantai Yamen, Dashiyuan Street and Niuhang Station. 1 1 The 24th Division of the Army launched an attack on the defenders of the Catholic Church in Baisong Lane, the new barracks and Baihuazhou. By dawn, more than 3,000 defenders were wiped out, and more than 5,000 guns (equivalent), more than 700,000 bullets and several cannons were seized. On the afternoon of the same day, the 73rd Regiment, the 75th Regiment, the 3rd Battalion and the 74th Regiment of the 25th Division in Nanchang revolted under the leadership of Nie and Zhou Shidi, and arrived in Nanchang on August 2nd.
After the success of the uprising, the Front Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Central Manifesto of the Kuomintang Left according to the spirit of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's instructions. The uprising still called for revolution in the name of the Kuomintang Left, exposed the crimes of Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei betraying the revolution, and expressed their determination to support Sun Yat-sen's "three major policies" and continue to oppose imperialism and feudal warlords.
On the morning of August 1, a joint meeting was held attended by members of the Kuomintang Central Committee and representatives of various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and overseas party departments, and the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang of China was established, and Deng, Soong Ching Ling, He Xiangning, Tan Pingshan, Wu, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhang, Li, Yun, Xu Teli and Peng were elected. Revolutionary committee appointed tachileik as secretary-general, appointed, He Long, Ye Ting, Liu Bocheng and other staff committees as military command organs, Liu Bocheng as chief of staff and Guo Moruo as director of the General Political Department, and decided that the insurgents would still use the designation of the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army, He Long as commander-in-chief of the frontal army and Ye Ting as commander-in-chief of the frontal army and the frontal enemy. It is affiliated to 1 1 Army (with divisions 24, 25 and 10), with Ye Ting as the commander and Nie as the party representative; 20 th Army (under the jurisdiction of 1 2 Division), with He Long as the commander and Liao Ganwu as the party representative; In the 9th Army, Zhu De served as a deputy commander and a party representative. There are more than 20 thousand people in the whole army.
On August 2nd, tens of thousands of people from all walks of life gathered in Nanchang to celebrate the great victory of Nanchang Uprising and the establishment of the Revolutionary Committee. After the meeting, young people from all walks of life enthusiastically joined the army, and only a few hundred students signed up.
After the Nanchang Uprising, Wang Jingwei urged Zhang Fakui and Zhu Peide to attack Nanchang. On August 3rd, according to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's original plan, the Front Committee of the Communist Party of China directed the insurgents to withdraw from Nanchang in batches and go south along Fuhe River. It is planned to enter Guangdong Province through Ruijin and Xunwu (now Xunwu), first capture Dongjiang area, develop revolutionary forces, win foreign aid, and then capture Guangzhou. When the insurgents entered Jinxian County, Cai Tingkai, the division commander of 10, expelled the * * * members who worked in the division and led his troops to the northeast of Jiangxi, leaving the insurgents behind. Because the insurgents hastily withdrew from Nanchang, the troops were not reorganized, and they were on an expedition in the heat, with more troops. When they arrived in Linchuan on the 7th, the total strength was about 1.3 million.
The insurgents rested in Linchuan for three days and continued to push south. On August 25th, I first arrived in Ruijin County, north of Rentian. At this time, Li, commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Army of the Kuomintang Army stationed in Guangdong, dispatched 9,000 people to Huichang and Ruijin, and went out of the previous department to stop the rebels from going south; Huang's 9000 men were transferred from Nanxiong and Dayu (now Dayu) to (now) support operations. In this situation, the front Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to take advantage of the fact that the Qian and Huang troops have not been fully concentrated and carry out divide-and-conquer operations. On the same day, the insurgents attacked Ren Tian's defenders, annihilated one of them, and captured Ruijin County on 26th. Then, focus on attacking the main force of Qian Dajun Department in Huichang, and fight fiercely until 30th to capture Huichang County. In the two wars, 6,000 people were killed and more than 2,500 guns were seized in Qian Dajun. The rebels suffered nearly 2000 casualties. At the beginning of September, the insurgents repelled Huang's attack in Luokou, northwest of Huichang.
After the war in Huichang, the insurgents turned back to Ruijin one after another, diverted eastward, passed through Changting and Shanghang in Fujian, and went south along Tingjiang and Hanjiang rivers. On September 22nd, the 25th Division of 1 1 Army occupied Sanheba, Dabu County, Guangdong Province, and its main force continued southward. On the 23rd, it occupied Chaoan (now Chaozhou) and Shantou. During this period, Li ordered the remnants to contain 25 divisions, and the Yellow Division was attacked by Fengshun, Chao 'an and Chenhe Division, with more than 1.5 million people, forming the East Route Army, which moved eastward from Heyuan to find the main force of the rebel army for a decisive battle. According to the above situation, the Front Committee of the Communist Party of China decided that the newly formed 3rd Division of the 20th Army would be stationed in Chaoshan area with the Revolutionary Committee, and more than 6,500 people would be concentrated to meet the eastward enemies.
On September 28th, the main force of the rebel army joined the East Route Army near Coral (Yuhu Lake) in Jieyang County, and defeated it. Then it advanced to Tangkeng (now Fengshun City) and fought fiercely with the enemy again in Fenshui Village. By the 30th, the insurgents had suffered more than 2,000 casualties, unable to fight any more, and retreated to Jieyang. That night, Huang captured Chao 'an. 13/0, 65438+ The main force of the Rebel Army joined the Revolutionary Committee withdrawn from Chaoshan in Liusha (now Puning City) and continued to retreat to Haifeng and Lufeng areas. When passing through Lianhua Mountain near Zhongtan Village in the southwest of quicksand, it was intercepted by the East Route Army again. The war continued and most of the troops were scattered. The Revolutionary Committee and the Rebel Army were dispersed, and 1300 people entered the Hailufeng area. The 25th Division stationed in Sanheba, after causing heavy casualties to Qian Dajun, moved to Chao 'an and joined the 3rd Division 1 Division which was evacuated from Chaoshan, Raoping County on June 5th 10.
Since then, the two armies led by Zhu De and Chen Yi have moved to the border of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Hunan. Finally, about 800 insurgents were rescued and took part in the southern Hunan uprising. 1April, 928, arrived at Jinggangshan revolutionary base and joined the autumn harvest uprising troops on the Hunan-Jiangxi border led by Mao Zedong.
This is a Long March, starting from Nanchang, passing through Fuzhou, Yihuang, Guangchang, Shicheng, Ruijin, Huichang, Changting, Shanghang and Tai Po, and occupying Chaozhou and Shantou on September 23rd and 24th. It took more than a month to stop, and the vanguard troops have entered the Hailufeng area. Along the way, he won a victory in Rentian Village, north of Ruijin, and another victory in Huichang, wiping out more than one division. Although the soldiers of the Guard are extremely tired, they are emotional and always maintain high morale to defend the safety of the Revolutionary Committee, the leading organ of the Rebel Army. I was the squad leader of the security guard.
After the occupation of Chaozhou, our platoon was ordered to stay there and take charge of the logistics department and the material warehouse. After withdrawing from Chaozhou, we crossed the Han River eastward and headed for Raoping. By Rao Ping, Comrade Zhu De had led the 25th Division and the 9th Army Training Corps to retreat there from Sanheba, and we joined this team.
Then, under the leadership of Zhu De and Chen Yi, they began to make a strategic shift to Fujian and Jiangxi. This is another long March, passing through Raoping, Heping, Tai Po, Yongding, Wuping and Xinfeng, and reaching Nankang and Dayu. Due to continuous marching operations, the number of troops has been greatly reduced, and some soldiers and cadres who are not determined have been shaken by the revolution. They left the army one after another. In Nankang, there were more than a thousand people left, and in Dayu, there were only seven or eight hundred people left. Due to the impure composition of the troops, the lack of grassroots party member and poor military discipline along the way, the troops were reorganized into regiments, with Comrade Zhu De as the head and Comrade Chen Yi as the group instructor. They personally rectified military discipline and strengthened political work, and the bad elements were eliminated, and the remaining comrades became more determined. The situation is changing rapidly. In the past year, we went to Yizhang, Hunan Province to wipe out the reactionary armed forces in the county, that is, openly fighting local tyrants, distributing fields, establishing Soviet political power, formally raising the red flag of sickle and axe, and holding a vigorous uprising in southern Hunan.
2. Autumn Harvest Uprising:
1September, 927, China led an armed peasant uprising on the Hunan-Jiangxi border. After the August 7th meeting, Mao Zedong was appointed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China as a special correspondent of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to lead the autumn harvest uprising on the Hunan-Jiangxi border. On August 18, the reorganized Hunan Provincial Party Committee held a meeting in Shenjiadawu, a suburb of Changsha, to discuss and formulate plans for the autumn harvest uprising. At the meeting, Mao Zedong emphasized the idea that political power comes from the barrel of a gun. The meeting decided to draw a clear line with the Kuomintang, called on the masses in the name of China, and decided to concentrate on launching an armed uprising centered on Changsha in eastern Hunan and western Jiangxi.
In order to facilitate the leadership of the autumn harvest uprising, the provincial party Committee determined that the leading organs of the autumn harvest uprising were divided into two parts. One is the party's former enemy committee composed of military leaders, and Mao Zedong was appointed as the secretary as the military command organ of the armed uprising. The other is the Party's Action Committee, which is composed of the leaders of local party committees in the uprising areas. It is easy to be a secretary and is responsible for local work. At the beginning of September, the Hunan Provincial Party Committee decided to start destroying the Guangdong-Han and Zhuping railways on September 9, the counties revolted on June 1 1 and the Changsha uprising on June 16.
This autumn harvest uprising did not follow the designation of the National Revolutionary Army, but unified the uprising troops into the first division of the First Army of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army, with Lu Deming as the commander-in-chief and teachers, and under the jurisdiction of three regiments: the first regiment was composed of the former Wuhan National Government Guard Corps, headed by Zhong; The second group consists of Anyuan workers' picket team, mine police team and Pingxiang farmers' self-defense team, headed by Wang Xinya; A battalion of the former Wuhan National Government Guard Corps and some workers and peasants armed forces in Liuyang were organized into the third regiment, headed by Su Xianjun. About 5000 soldiers took part in the uprising. In addition, before the uprising, a group of local bandits Qiu was incorporated. The rebel army took Changsha as its goal and deployed the action plans of various regiments. On September 9, the autumn harvest uprising on the Hunan-Jiangxi border broke out as scheduled. Railway workers and peasants who participated in the uprising first destroyed Yueyang-Huangsha Street and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Railway, cutting off the enemy's traffic.
The first regiment set out from Xiushui, Jiangxi, and attacked Longevity Street. On September 10, Longmen Factory in Pingjiang County was occupied. At this time, Qiu Bu, who was mixed in the uprising troops, took the opportunity to defect. When the first regiment passed by and prepared to attack, Qiu suddenly attacked, causing the regiment to be attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, losing more than 200 people and more than 200 rifles. Head Zhong disappeared and was forced to move to Liuyang. After Anyuan Uprising, the 2nd Regiment attacked Pingxiang, occupying Laoguan and Liling in the west and Liuyang in the north. Due to the army's carelessness and underestimation of the enemy, on September 16, the army was surrounded by the superior enemy, some of them broke through and fled, and many people died.
The third regiment rose in Tonggu in September 1 1 and successfully occupied Baisha Town, and occupied Dongmen City in September 12. On September 14, the enemy soldiers surrounded the third regiment in two ways, and the regiment was forced to retreat to Shang Ping.
In view of the frustration of the three-way uprising troops, Mao Zedong decided to change the plan of attacking Changsha, and informed the uprising troops to assemble in Wen Jia, Liuyang County in the name of the original secretary. On September 19, various uprising troops arrived in Wen Jia, Liuyang County, Hunan Province. That night, the former enemy Committee held a meeting. According to the situation that the enemy is strong and we are weak, the meeting changed the plan of attacking Changsha, and decided to conserve strength in rural areas where the enemy's ruling power is weak, persist in armed struggle and develop revolutionary forces. On the morning of September 20th, more than 65,438+0,500 uprising troops left Wenjiacheng and headed south. On September 23rd, the uprising troops were ambushed by reactionary troops in Luxi town, losing hundreds of people, and the commander-in-chief Lu Deming died.
On September 25th, the uprising troops conquered Lianhua County in the rain. On September 29th, when the uprising troops arrived at Sanwan Village in Yongxin County, there were less than 1000 people, and many officials were serenaded. The troops were in chaos and disorganized. In the evening, Mao Zedong held a former enemy committee and decided to reorganize the troops. This is the famous "three bays adaptation". On June 3rd, 65438 10, the uprising troops left Sanwan Village and began to March on Jinggangshan. 10 year 10. On 27th October, the uprising troops arrived in Ciping, Jinggangshan, in the middle of Luo Xiao Mountains, and founded the first rural revolutionary base under the leadership of China.