Xu Guangqi's achievements in astronomy are mainly presided over the revision of calendar and the compilation of Chongzhen almanac. Xu Guangqi (1562- scientist Xu Guangqi 24-11.8 the origin of the name "geometry" in April), the word Zi Xian, No.,Christian name Paul, Han nationality. Xu Guangqi was a scholar in the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604). Know astronomy, calendar and firearms. Go to Catholicism and discuss knowledge with Italian Matteo Ricci. He worked as an almanac editor for forty years, and made celestial and territorial observatories with the missionary Xiong Sanba. The next year, he was wronged and said that he left his job because of illness and moved to Tianjin. In forty-seven years, the Ming army was defeated by Salhu, so it worked, and Henan Road advised Tongzhou to practice. Xizong acceded to the throne, failed to show his ambition and retired. In the first year of the Apocalypse (162 1), he was reinstated, and he urged Wei Zhongxian to cast red cannons to guard against the enemy. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), he was recalled and ordered to lead the Qing army. In the past three years, he spared no effort in reclamation, water conservancy, famine relief, salt law and other urgent matters to save time, and ordered Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites to revise the calendar with missionaries such as Deng Xiaoping and others. In five years, he entered the maintenance department with the history of the Ministry of Rites and the University of Diange. Chongzhen died in Beijing in the sixth year (1633). Give some insurance and make a decision. He is the author of Xu Changci, Six Poems of Poetry and Gouguyi. , and compiled the encyclopedia of agricultural administration and the almanac of Chongzhen, and translated Geometry Elements and Taixi Water Law. China's ratification of Xu Guangqi, a famous politician and scientist of Ming Dynasty in Xu Guangqi, will be ratified in Shanghai. The Vatican responded positively to the news on Friday (April 15). A Vatican spokesman described Xu Guangqi's canonization as a "ray of hope" in the tense relationship between the official church in Beijing and the Vatican, and said it bodes well for the present and future of China. Xu Guangqi, a native of Shanghai County, Songjiang Prefecture, Zhili, Ming Dynasty, was a mathematician, scientist, agronomist, politician and strategist in the late Ming Dynasty. He used to be a minister of rites and a university student in Wenyuange. A Vatican spokesman said that Xu Guangqi's deeds should give Catholics in China confidence and make them more loyal to the Vatican. The spokesman said, "Whether they are Catholics or not, the people of China will better understand that there is no conflict between being a China and being a Catholic." Jin Luxian, the Archbishop of Shanghai, advocated canonizing Xu Guangqi as a saint. He played an important role in the reconciliation between Vatican and China Patriotic Church. Jin Luxian was appointed bishop by the patriotic church controlled by China in 1985, and was recognized by the Pope in 2005. In his early years, in the forty-first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1562), he was born in a small businessman's home in Fahuahui (now Shanghai, renamed Xujiahui in memory of Xu Guangqi). At that time, Fahua was not a city, but a country surrounded by farmland full of crops. When Xu Guangqi entered school as a child, he paid close attention to the farming around him and became interested in agricultural production. Xu Guangqi, a teenager, is smart, studious and lively. At that time, people said that he was "excellent in chapter, sentence, rhyme and character" and liked to go to town on snowy days. When he was studying in Longhua Temple, he liked to climb the top of the tower, "contending with magpies makes him happy". In the nine years of Wanli (158 1), the scholar took the world as his responsibility. He once said, "Wen Yi should be angry first, and he should be extremely rational, so that he can be immortal. "This is the image from a child prodigy to a gifted scholar. After entering the Jinshi at the age of 20, he taught in his hometown and Guangdong and Guangxi, giving classes to students during the day and reading agricultural ancient books extensively at night to study agricultural production techniques. Because agricultural production is closely related to astronomical calendars and water conservancy projects, and astronomical calendars and water conservancy projects are inseparable from mathematics, he further consulted ancient astronomical calendars, water conservancy and mathematics works. After nine years as a scholar in Wanli, Xu Guangqi began to teach in his hometown for family reasons. Coupled with years of natural disasters, he failed in the examination again and again, and suffered a lot during the period. In the 21st year of Wanli (1593), Xu Guangqi was hired to teach in Shaozhou, and two years later, Xu Guangqi moved to Zhou Xun. Xu Guangqi met with the missionary L. Lazzaro L.Cattaneo in Shaozhou. This is Xu Guangqi's first contact with missionaries. In Lazzaro Cattaneo, he saw a map of the world for the first time and knew that there was such a big world outside China. I heard for the first time that the earth is round. A westerner named Magellan sailed around the earth once. I also heard for the first time that Italian scientist Galileo made an astronomical telescope, which can clearly observe the movement of stars in the sky. All this, for him, is unheard of. From then on, he began to contact modern western natural science, and his knowledge was more abundant. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the late Jin regime attacked the Ming Dynasty from time to time, and the whole society was in turmoil. Xu Guangqi is full of patriotic enthusiasm. He hopes to use science and technology to help the country become rich and strong, so that people all over the world can live a stable and prosperous life. In the twenty-five years of Wanli (1597), Xu Guangqi entered Beijing from Guangxi to take the exam, but he was found by the examiner Jiao Hong (1540- 1620) in the first volume, ranking first. Now it seems that both Xu and Jiao advocated that article study should be "beneficial to morality, practice and writing". Perhaps Xu Guangqi was recognized by Jiao Hong, and his practical thinking was among the best. But soon, Jiao Hong was illegally dismissed. The following year, Xu Guangqi took the exam and failed to get into Jinshi. He returned to the classroom in his hometown to teach. When Xu Guangqi was in contact with lazaro Ka Tanjo, he heard that Matteo Ricci, the president of Jesuits who came to China to preach, was proficient in western natural science, so he inquired about his whereabouts everywhere and wanted to ask him face to face. /kloc-in 0/600, he got the news that Matteo Ricci was preaching in Nanjing, that is, he made a special trip to Nanjing. Matteo Ricci (1552- 16 10) is Italian. He has been diligent and studious since he was a child, and he is very accomplished in mathematics, physics, astronomy and medicine. He is also good at making clocks and watches and sundials (ghosts and ghosts, sundials are ancient instruments for measuring time), and he is good at drawing maps and carving. Matteo Ricci graduated from the seminary at the age of 30 and was sent to China by Jesuits to preach. In order to communicate with China people, he studied China's language, writing and ancient culture, put on China's clothes and carried out activities according to China's customs. He also gave himself a China name Matteo Ricci. When Xu Guangqi met Matteo Ricci, he admired him and hoped to learn from him the western natural science. Matteo Ricci saw that he was a scholar, wanted to learn China's ancient cultural classics, and was keen to cultivate him into a Catholic, so he began to talk with him. They talked about the geography of China and the West from astronomy and mathematics. Before he left, Matteo Ricci refused Xu Guangqi's request to study western natural science, but gave him two pamphlets to promote Catholicism. One is the Gospel of Marquez, which tells the story of Jesus, and the other is Matteo Ricci's book The Truth of God, which explains Catholicism in Chinese. (1603) Thirty-one years of Wanli. After three years' consideration, Xu Guangqi was baptized in Nanjing and his family joined Catholicism. Later, Xu Guangqi has been the most effective leader in the church. In the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), Xu Guangqi entered the Jinshi examination and began to enter the official career. Xu Guangqi is a scholar at the age of 20 and a scholar at the age of 36. He was 43 years old when he entered the imperial examination, and spent 23 years in the imperial examination. Xu Guangqi had studied hard for a long time before he became a scholar. It was only after he broke through thousands of books and took the Wan Li Road that he realized that Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism was prevalent after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, advocating meditation and epiphany, and opposing practical application. This is actually the mistake of the country and the harm of the people. Someone recorded Xu Guangqi's changes at that time and said, "(He) studied hard on temperament, work and manners, but he abandoned them. (Specialized) He studied astronomy, art of war, salt industry, water conservancy and technical mathematics, which can be applied to the world. " It is also recorded that "the public entered the warehouse at the beginning, managed the world, talked about governance, read a lot, and used it." Poetry and calligraphy are always good, but the skill of carving insects is not enough, and the screen recognition is not used for it. Dedicated to meiji calendar and soldiers and peasants, the poor refer to interest. "(Zou Yi's Biography of Qi Needle Program and Zhang Pu's Preface to the Complete Book of Agricultural Administration in Xu Guangqi) Such a change in Xu Guangqi's thought made him embark on the road of actively advocating practical learning and advocating practical learning in the latter half of his life. Xu Guangqi is a powerful advocate and promoter of the practical ideological trend that arose in the academic circles of Ming Dynasty. Xu Guangqi was admitted to Jinshi, and later served as Jishi Shu's official post in imperial academy, and lived in Beijing. The class skills written in the library, such as Going to the Frontier to Defend the Enemy, Going to Yan San Tang Chao Men Project, Handling Zonglubian Salaries, and Caohe Yi, show Xu Guangqi's concern for the country and the people and his profound strategy of governing the country and ensuring the country. Matteo Ricci also came to Beijing the year after he met Xu Guangqi. He gave Ming Shenzong a gift, which was approved by Ming Shenzong, and built a house outside Xuanwu Gate, where he conducted missionary activities for a long time. In his spare time, Xu Guangqi often visited Matteo Ricci, gradually got to know each other, and began to build a profound friendship. 1606, Xu Guangqi once again asked Matteo Ricci to teach western scientific knowledge, and Matteo Ricci readily agreed. He used Euclid's book "The Original" as a textbook to teach Xu Guangqi western mathematical theory. Matteo Ricci gives lectures every two days, and Xu Guangqi always arrives on time. After a period of study, Xu Guangqi fully understood the contents of Euclid's book, and was impressed by its basic theory and logical reasoning, which he thought were the shortcomings of China's ancient mathematics. Therefore, Xu Guangqi suggested Matteo Ricci cooperate with him to translate into Chinese. Matteo Ricci was hesitant about this suggestion at first, because Euclid's book was written in Latin, and the grammar and vocabulary of Latin and Chinese are different. Many mathematical terms in the book have no corresponding ready-made vocabulary in Chinese. Accurate, fluent and understandable translation is not easy. Earlier, a juren named Jiang cooperated with Matteo Ricci in translation, so he had to give up halfway. But Xu Guangqi believes that you can always translate it if you are willing to work hard. After repeated persuasion, Matteo Ricci agreed. From the winter of 1606, intense translation work began. Matteo Ricci was first translated word for word in Chinese, and then recorded by Xu Guangqi. After translating a passage, Xu Guangqi carefully revised it, and then Matteo Ricci checked it against the original. In case of improper translation, Matteo Ricci carefully relayed the original text and asked Xu Guangqi to revise it, and so on. Xu Guangqi is very serious about translation. It is often late at night, when Matteo Ricci is resting, he still sits alone under the lamp to process and revise the translation. Sometimes, in order to determine a translated name, he constantly pondered and deliberated, and unconsciously he was busy until dawn. Chinese terms such as "parallel line", "triangle", "diagonal line", "right angle", "acute angle", "obtuse angle" and "similarity" in translation were all determined by his painstaking and repeated deliberation. 1607 Spring, Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci translated the first six volumes of this book. Xu Guangqi wanted to do his best to translate the nine volumes in the next year, but Matteo Ricci advocated carving out the first six volumes and publishing them before listening to reflection. Before going to press, Xu Guangqi polished the translation three times to make it as accurate as possible. Then he finished the translation of the title with Matteo Ricci. The original Latin name of this work was Euclid. If translated into Chinese, it is not a mathematical work. According to its content, it is too old to be translated into elements of metaphysics. Matteo Ricci said that Chinese "metaphysics" is called "Geo" in English, which originally meant Greek land survey. Can you find a word with similar pronunciation and meaning in Chinese vocabulary? Xu Guangqi looked up more than a dozen phrases, but none of them were satisfactory. Later, he remembered the word "Geometry" and thought it was close to the sound of "geo". Matteo Ricci was very satisfied with his suggestion to translate the title into Elements of Geometry. 1607, the first six volumes of Elements of Geometry were officially published, which immediately aroused great repercussions and became a must-read for those engaged in mathematics in the late Ming Dynasty, which played a great role in the development of modern mathematics in China. Later, although Xu Guangqi failed to translate the last nine volumes of Elements with Matteo Ricci, he wrote many other scientific works one after another. In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli (1607), it was closed and reviewed by the Hanlin Academy. Soon after, he lost his father and returned to his hometown to keep the system. In the thirty-eighth year of Wanli (16l0), Xu Guangqi returned to Beijing to resume his post. Since then, except for a few temporary errands, he has been reviewing in the relatively idle Hanlin Academy. Different from ordinary literati and officials who were keen on pen and ink entertainment at that time, Xu Guangqi spent more time on scientific and technological research such as astronomy, algorithms, agriculture and water conservancy, and engaged in many translations and writing in this field. In a letter to relatives, Xu Guangqi said to himself, "Yesterday I pushed the calendar by mistake because of my verbosity ... but I want to try my best to associate with all literature and ink. who is it? There are thousands of speakers in this world, but no one has done what I have done. Although the calendar is useless, it is not necessarily useless for today's poetry. The study of calendar calculation done by my younger generation is becoming more and more popular, and there are hundreds of useful classes. Now I occasionally talk about several ways of using water, which makes it convenient for civil affairs ... Most of the people that my brother has destroyed in recent years have been taken away by this incident. " (Collection of Letters from Xu Guangqi to His Old Family) The "Water Law" refers to the Taixi Water Law co-translated with the missionary S. de Ursis in the 40th year of Wanli (16 12), and introduces the western water conservancy engineering practices and various water conservancy machinery. During this period, Xu Guangqi also cooperated with missionaries to revise the Elements of Geometry again and published the second edition. At the same time, he also wrote prefaces for works such as Arithmetic Finger translated by Li Zhizao and Matteo Ricci (this book introduces western written mathematics) and Introduction to Astronomical Instruments by Xiong Sanba, such as A Brief Introduction. These prefaces express Xu Guangqi's views on western scientific and technological knowledge. While learning scientific knowledge from missionaries, Xu Guangqi also assisted them in missionary activities, helped them to print religious books and sheltered their activities. Many actions of Xu Guangqi were misunderstood by courtiers and disagreed with other officials, so he quit his job and bought land in Tianjin to grow rice, flowers and medicinal materials. During the forty-one to forty-six years of Wanli (16L3- 16 18), he engaged in agricultural experiments in Tianjin, and spent the rest of his time between Beijing and Tianjin. During this period, Xu Guangqi wrote "Manure Regulation" (Fertilization Method) and the compilation outline of his later agricultural masterpiece "Agricultural Administration". In the forty-sixth year of Wanli (16 18), the northern Jin army attacked the border. Xu Guangqi was recommended to be ill by the Ming court. Xu Guangqi wrote in a letter to Jiao Hong: "This country has been unarmed for a long time. Once it starts, there is nothing to say. Qi Cai's Ministry is not suitable for a soldier to fight, but he takes the kindness of the country and the teachings of his master without hesitation. "He not only died himself, but also encouraged others to give up their comfortable life and go to the national disaster together. In the third year of the Apocalypse (162 1), Xu Guangqi engaged in selecting soldiers for training. During this period, Jiao Hong recommended Xu Guangqi to Governor Yuan Keli of Denglai in the same year, and Xu Guangqi's talent in weapons was fully appreciated by Yuan Keli. Later, both of them advocated strengthening control over North Korea strategically, but in the fourth year of the Apocalypse, they were both excluded by eunuchs and left their jobs one after another. At this time, although he is nearly 60 years old, his loyalty to defend his country is obvious and he is not allowed to mature. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (16l9), Xu Guangqi trained a new army, with a new rank of Zhan Shifu and less Zhan Shi, who supervised the imperial history in Henan Province. He advocated that "the way to use soldiers is all about selecting and practicing" and "selecting needs to be selected and practicing needs to be practiced". During this period, he wrote various military scripts, rules and laws. Most of them were later compiled into Xu Ci. However, due to the shortage of funds, the training plan was not smooth, and Xu Guangqi was overworked. In March of the first year of the apocalypse (162 1), I returned to Tianjin to "recuperate". In June, Liaodong was defeated and he was called to Beijing, but in the end he resigned from Tianjin again because he could not make weapons and training plans. In order to win people's hearts, Wei Zhongxian proposed to appoint Xu Guangqi as the right assistant minister and assistant director of Zhan Shifu's affairs in imperial academy. However, Xu Guangqi refused to take office, which caused dissatisfaction among eunuchs and was disintegrated. The emperor ordered him to "live with the crown", so he returned to Shanghai (1624). In his "leisure time" in Shanghai, he wrote A Complete Book of Agricultural Management (1625- 1628). Xu Guangqi's collection of military essays, Xu Ziyan, was also published at this time. In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), eunuchs impeached Xu Guangqi for training troops as "Meng Lang is not right", "Cheating officials and stealing salaries" and "deceiving the country and the king". The publication of Xu Yi Yan is an answer to these false words. Emperor Chongzhen acceded to the throne, killed Wei Zhongxian and castrated the party. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Xu Guangqi was reinstated. In August, he served as a full-time official and banquet official, and was the teacher of the emperor. In the second year of Chongzhen, he was promoted to Zuo Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Rites, and in the third year, he was promoted to Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites, which was already an important official of the court. During this period, Xu Guangqi put a lot of energy into reclamation, training and salt administration, but the main energy was spent on revising the calendar. Prior to this, Xu Guangqi paid attention to astronomical calendars from the beginning of his contact with missionaries. Forty years of Wanli (16l2), it was suggested that Xu Guangqi revise the calendar, but it failed. At this point, in the second year of Chongzhen (1629), there was a solar eclipse in May, and Xu Guangqi returned to Western France. The result was even more secret than that of Qin. In September, the court decided to change the calendar and let Xu Guangqi preside over it. Xu Guangqi compiled the almanac of western astronomy, made instruments and observed it carefully. Since the fourth year of Chongzhen (163 1), the books and works compiled have been submitted in five times. This is the famous Chongzhen almanac, with 46 kinds, 137 volumes. Others witnessed and described this period of his life, saying that he "cleaned the room and sat up, writing endlessly, there was no spine on the sofa ... no stove in winter, no fan in summer ... calculating latitude, and I didn't study hard until midnight." (Preface written by Zhang Pu for the Book of Agricultural Administration) At this time, Xu Guangqi was 70 years old, but his enthusiasm for research was undiminished. He personally practices, writes books visually, and combines Chinese and western styles, which is worthy of the demeanor of a generation of scientists. In the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), in June, Xu Guangqi joined the cabinet, served as the minister of rites and the university student of Dongge, and attended the confidential meeting. "Working hard every day and never stopping shaking hands" and "going home at night, explaining in detail, sorting out the outline and pointing out the details" are exactly the portrayal of his busy life as a prime minister and scientist. He was so busy that he soon became ill. In November this year, Xu Guangqi was added as the Prince. In August of the sixth year of Chongzhen (1633), Xu Guangqi Prince Taibao was added, and he was a college student and did not go to book. So far, he has become a very important minister. 1 1 month, when he was dying, he was still struggling to write "I am struggling to lean on the couch, but I am still struggling to grasp the almanac" and told his family to "compile agricultural books and hand in papers quickly in order to complete my ambition". In the sixth year of Chongzhen (1633) 1 1 July 7, a generation of philosophers died at the age of 72, and the cemetery is now in Shanghai Xujiahui Guangqi Park. On1October 1 1 day, Prince Shaobao of the Ministry of War, born in the same year as Xu Guangqi, died in Suizhou, Henan. Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, the commodity economy in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which is dominated by agriculture and handicrafts, has developed significantly. In this social environment, the status of individuals and families in society has risen and fallen. It has changed a lot. Xu Guangqi's home, from his great grandfather's time, was in the sixties and seventies. Experienced three ups and downs. Xu Guangqi happened to be born at the bottom of the third backward family, and his family was not good. But this family is familiar with agricultural, handicraft and commercial production activities. Xu Guangqi's father abandoned business for agriculture. He is well-read and knows everything by heart, and has learned many books about Yin and Yang, medical skills, astrology, Zhan Hou and Er Shi. Everyone talks about it all day and explains it. "And Xu Guangqi's mother is' diligent in sexual intercourse, spinning in the morning and evening, and not stopping in cold and heat'." Every funeral incident (instigating invasion) is very detailed, and officials have to deal with it that day. What should they do? "(see Xu Guangqi's" First Test "and" Walk First "). Such family and parents had a good influence on Xu Guangqi's later study of science and technology, paying attention to farmers and soldiers, respecting practice, being thrifty all his life, being content with poverty and so on. Xu Guangqi's16th generation grandson is a soldier. He has a granddaughter named Ni, who is the mother of the Song sisters who shocked the modern history of China. Niguizhen inherited the style of his ancestors, was a devout Christian, and was still good at mathematics. The great influence of her daughters on China's modern society can be regarded as an important manifestation of the Shanghai civilization initiated by Xu Guangqi.

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