Corey (E.J. Corey) (1928-)

Cory, an American chemist, founded the unique theory of organic synthesis-inverse synthesis analysis theory, which made the organic synthesis scheme systematic and logical. Based on this theory, he wrote the first computer-aided design program of organic synthesis route, which won the prize in 1990.

In 1960s, Corey created a unique method of organic synthesis-inverse synthesis analysis, which added new content to the realization of organic synthesis theory. Different from the early practice of chemists, the inverse synthesis analysis method is to start with small molecules, repeatedly try what kind of molecules they constitute-the structure of target molecules, and analyze which chemical bonds can be broken, thus breaking complex macromolecules into smaller parts, which are usually available or easy to obtain. It is very easy to synthesize complex organic compounds from these simple materials. His research has successfully made the synthesis of plastics, man-made fibers, pigments, dyes, pesticides and drugs easy, and the chemical synthesis steps can be designed and controlled by computers.

He also used inverse synthesis analysis to synthesize 100 kinds of important natural substances in test tubes. Before that, people thought that natural substances could not be synthesized artificially. Professor Corey also synthesized physiologically active substances that affect blood coagulation and immune system function in human body. The research results have prolonged people's life and enjoyed a higher level of life.

199 1 year

Ernst (R.Ernst) (1933-)

Swiss scientist Ernst won the prize for inventing Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. After his careful improvement, nuclear magnetic resonance technology has become a basic and necessary tool in chemistry, and he has also extended the application of research results to other disciplines.

In 1966, he cooperated with his American colleagues and found that the sensitivity of NMR spectrum can be significantly improved by replacing the slow scanning radio waves with short strong pulses. His discovery enables this technology to be used to analyze more kinds of nuclei and less matter. His second important contribution in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a technology that can study very large molecules in two-dimensional space with high resolution. Using his carefully improved technology, scientists can determine the three-dimensional structure of organic and inorganic compounds and biological macromolecules such as protein, study the interaction between biological molecules and other substances such as metal ions, water and drugs, identify chemical species, and study the chemical reaction rate.

1992

Marcus (R. Marcus) (1923-)

Marcus, a Canadian-born American scientist, expressed in a simple mathematical way how the energy of a molecular system is affected by intermolecular electron transfer. His research results laid the foundation of the theory of electron transfer process and won the 1992 Nobel Prize.

It has been more than 20 years since he discovered this theory and won the prize. His theory is practical. It can remove the corrosion phenomenon, explain the photosynthesis of plants and explain the cold light emitted by fireflies. Now if children ask the question "Why do fireflies glow" again, it will be easier to answer.

1993

Mi (short for meter)) Smith (1932-2000)

Smith, a Canadian scientist, won the 1993 Nobel Prize for inventing the method of "oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis" for recombinant DNA, that is, "directed mutagenesis" for the target gene. This technology can change the genetic information in genetic material and is the most important technology in bioengineering.

In this method, the normal gene is first spliced to make it into a single-stranded form of viral DNA, and then other small fragments of the gene can be synthesized in the laboratory. Except for mutated genes, synthetic gene fragments and the corresponding parts of normal genes are arranged in a row, just like the two sides of a zipper, both of which are worn on the virus. The rest of the second DNA strand can completely form a double helix. The DNA virus with this hybrid infects bacteria, and the regenerated protein is variable, but it can be selected and tested. This technology can change biological genes, especially grain genes, and improve their agronomic traits.

Smith's technology can change the amino acid residue (orange) of enzyme in detergent and improve the stability of enzyme.

Muhlis (1944-)

Muhlis, an American scientist, invented the method of "polymerase chain reaction (PCR)" to copy DNA fragments efficiently, and won the prize with 1993. Using this technology, a large number of DNA molecules can be produced from very small samples, which makes genetic engineering a new tool.

1985, Muhlis invented "polymerase chain reaction" technology. Thanks to this technology, many experts can copy a rare DNA sample into millions, which can be used to detect HIV in human cells and diagnose genetic defects. Some blood and hair can be collected from the crime scene for fingerprint identification. This technology can also produce a large number of DNA molecules from minerals, which is simple and flexible.

The whole process is to pour the required compound into the test tube and heat and cool it continuously through multiple cycles. During the reaction, two components are added. One is a pair of synthetic short DNA fragments attached to both ends of the desired gene as "primers"; The second component is an enzyme. When the test tube is heated, the double helix of DNA is divided into two strands, and each strand has "information". When the temperature drops, the primers can automatically find the complementary proteins of their DNA samples and combine them. This technology can be said to be revolutionary genetic engineering.

Scientists successfully amplified the genetic material of an insect buried in amber 20 million years ago by PCR.

1994

Euler (G.A.OLA) (1927-)

Euler, an American born in Hungary, won the prize for his research on the chemistry of carbon cations, because he found a way to keep carbon cations stable. The research field belongs to organic chemistry, and its achievements in hydrocarbons are particularly outstanding. As early as 1960s, he published a large number of research reports and gained a good reputation in the international scientific community. He is an important figure in the field of chemistry. His basic research results have made great contributions to oil refining technology. This achievement has completely changed the research method of carbon cation, an extremely unstable hydrocarbon, and opened a new page for people to understand the cation structure. More importantly, his discovery can be widely used in various industries, from improving oil refining efficiency and producing unleaded gasoline to improving the quality of plastic products and researching and manufacturing new drugs, which plays an important role in improving people's lives.

1995

Roland (1927-)

Crutzen, Molina and Roland took the lead in studying and explaining the process and mechanism of ozone formation and decomposition in the atmosphere, pointing out that the ozone layer is extremely sensitive to certain compounds, and Freon used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and nitrogen oxides contained in jet aircraft and automobile exhaust will all lead to the expansion of the ozone hole. They won the prize in 1995.

Roland, an American chemist, found that artificial chlorofluorocarbon propellant can accelerate the decomposition of ozone layer and destroy it, which attracted the attention of the United Nations and banned the production of ozone-depleting gases worldwide.

Molina (Mr Molina) (1943-)

Crutzen, Molina and Roland took the lead in studying and explaining the process and mechanism of ozone formation and decomposition in the atmosphere, pointing out that the ozone layer is extremely sensitive to certain compounds, and Freon used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and nitrogen oxides contained in jet aircraft and automobile exhaust will all lead to the expansion of the ozone hole. They won the prize in 1995.

The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere of the earth's atmosphere, which can absorb most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun and protect the life on earth from harm. It is they who have clarified the chemical mechanism leading to ozone depletion and found evidence that human activities will lead to ozone depletion. Driven by these studies, the protection of the ozone layer has become a major environmental issue of worldwide concern. 1987 signed the Montreal protocol, which stipulates that the role of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorine, fluorine and hydrocarbons will be gradually banned worldwide.

Molina, an American chemist, won the 1995 Nobel Prize for her research on the decomposition of the ozone layer in 1970s. Molina and Roland found that some gases produced by industry would consume the ozone layer, which led to an international movement in the late 20th century to limit the widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons. Through the experiment of air pollution, he found that chlorofluorocarbon gas rose to the stratosphere and was decomposed into chlorine, fluorine and carbon by ultraviolet rays. At this time, each chlorine atom can destroy nearly 65438+ ten thousand ozone molecules before it becomes inactive. Molina is the main author describing this theory. The discovery of scientists has caused widespread controversy. In the mid-1980s, when the so-called hole in the ozone layer-the region where the ozone layer is depleted-was discovered over the Antarctic region, their theory was confirmed.

Crutzen (P. crutzen) (1933-)

Crutzen, Molina and Roland took the lead in studying and explaining the process and mechanism of ozone formation and decomposition in the atmosphere, pointing out that the ozone layer is extremely sensitive to certain compounds, and Freon used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and nitrogen oxides contained in jet aircraft and automobile exhaust will all lead to the expansion of the ozone hole. They won the prize in 1995.

The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere of the earth's atmosphere, which can absorb most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun and protect the life on earth from harm. It is they who have clarified the chemical mechanism leading to ozone depletion and found evidence that human activities will lead to ozone depletion. Driven by these studies, the protection of the ozone layer has become a major environmental issue of concern to the world. 1987 signed the Montreal protocol, which stipulates that the role of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons will be gradually banned worldwide.

Crutzen, a Dutchman, won the prize for proving that nitrogen oxides can accelerate the decomposition of stratospheric ozone to protect the earth from solar ultraviolet radiation. Although his research results were not widely accepted at first, it opened the way for other chemists to study the atmosphere in the future.

1996

H.W. Kroto ( 1939-)

H. clotho, together with smalley (R.E.Smalley) and Carl (R.F.Carl), won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the third existing form of carbon-C60 (also known as fullerenes and buckyballs).

Smali (1943-)

R.E. Smali, R.F. Karl and H.W. clotho won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the third existing form of carbon-C60 (also known as fullerene and buckyball).

Cole (R.F. Karl) (1933-)

American R.F.Carl, American R.E.Smalley and British H.W.Kroto won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the third existing form of carbon-C60 (also known as fullerene and buckyball).

1967, architect R.Buckminster Fuller designed a spherical building for the Montreal World Expo, which provided an inspiration for the carbon family structure after 18. Fuller uses hexagons and some pentagons to create a "curved" surface. The winner assumes that the cluster "C60" containing 60 carbon atoms contains 65,438+02 pentagons and 20 hexagons, with one carbon atom at each corner. This carbon ball is the same shape as a football. They call these new carbon spheres C60 "Buckminster fullerenes", and these carbon spheres are called "buckyballs" in spoken English.

Kruto's special interest in red giant stars rich in carbon led to the discovery of fullerenes. For many years, he thought that long-chain molecules of carbon could be formed near red giant stars. Cole suggested cooperating with smalley, using smalley's equipment, evaporating substances with laser beams and analyzing them.

1985 In the autumn, after a week of intense work, Cole, Kruto and smalley were very surprised to find that carbon can also exist in spherical form very stably. They call these new carbon spheres fullerenes. These carbon spheres are formed when graphite evaporates in inert gas. They usually contain 60 or 70 carbon atoms. Around these balls, a new type of carbon chemistry developed. Chemists can embed metals and rare inert gases into carbon spheres to make new superconducting materials and create new organic compounds or new polymer materials. The discovery of fullerenes shows what amazing and fascinating results scientists with different experiences and research goals can create.

Cole, Kruto and smalley have long thought that it is possible to put metal atoms into fullerene cages. In this way, the properties of metals will be completely changed. The first successful experiment was to embed rare earth metal lanthanum into fullerene cages.

After slightly improving the preparation method of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, the smallest tube in the world, can now be made from pure carbon. The diameter of this tube is very small, about 1 nm. Both ends of the pipe can be closed. Because of its unique electrical and mechanical properties, it will be applied in electronic industry.

In the six years since scientists were able to obtain fullerenes, more than 1000 new compounds have been synthesized and their chemical, optical, electrical, mechanical or biological properties have been determined. The production cost of fullerenes is still too high, which limits their application.

Nowadays, there are more than 100 patents on fullerenes, but they still need to be explored before these exciting fullerenes can be widely used in industry.

1997

Jens Sku (19 18-)

1997 chemistry prize was awarded to three scientists, namely, Paul Podel (USA), John E. Walker (UK) and Incesko (Denmark), in recognition of their breakthroughs in the study of ATP, the energy currency of life.

Ince Sco first described the ion pump, which is an enzyme that drives the directional transport of ions across the cell membrane, which is the basic mechanism in all living cells. Since then, experiments have proved that there are several similar ion pumps in cells. He discovered sodium and potassium ions-adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that maintains the balance of sodium and potassium ions in cells. The concentration of sodium ions in cells is lower than that in surrounding body fluids, while the concentration of potassium ions is higher than that in surrounding body fluids. Sodium ion and potassium ion-adenosine triphosphatase plasma pumps must work continuously in our body. If they stop working, our cells will swell or even rupture, and we will lose consciousness immediately. It takes a lot of energy to drive the ion pump-about one-third of adenosine triphosphate produced by human body is used for ion pump activities.

John E. Walker (194 1-)

John E. Walker and two other scientists won the 1997 Nobel Prize in chemistry. John E. Walker crystallized ATP in order to study its structural details. He confirmed that Podel's idea about how to synthesize adenosine triphosphate, namely "molecular machines", was correct. In 198 1, John E. Walker identified the protein gene (DNA) encoding adenosine triphosphate synthase.

Podel (19 18-)

1997 chemistry prize was awarded to three scientists, namely, Paul Podel (USA), John E. Walker (UK) and Incesko (Denmark), in recognition of their breakthroughs in the study of ATP, the energy currency of life. Paul Podel and John E. Walker explained how ATP synthase produces ATP. Adenosine triphosphate synthase exists in chloroplast membrane, mitochondrial membrane and plasma membrane of bacteria. The hydrogen ion concentration difference between the two sides of the membrane drives adenosine triphosphate synthase to synthesize adenosine triphosphate.

Paul Pojer proposed the mechanism of ATP synthase by chemical method. Adenosine triphosphate synthase is like a cylinder composed of α subunit and β subunit alternately. There is also an asymmetric γ subunit in the middle of the cylinder. When the γ subunit rotates (100 rpm), the structure of β subunit will change. Paul Podel called these different structures open, loose and tight.

1998

John A. Pople (1925-)

John pope, an American, proposed the wave function method and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. He developed chemical calculation methods based on different descriptions of wave functions in Schrodinger equation. He created a theoretical model chemistry, in which a series of more and more accurate approximations were used to systematically promote the correct analysis of quantum chemical equations, so as to control the accuracy of calculation. These technologies are provided to researchers through Gaussian computer programs. Today, this program is used to calculate quantum chemistry in all chemical fields.

Walter kohn) (1923-)

Walter kohn, an American, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his density function theory.

As early as 1964- 1965, Walter Cohen proposed that the energy of a quantum mechanical system is only determined by its electron density, which is much easier to handle than the complex wave function in the Schrodinger equation. He also provided a method to establish the equation, from which the electron density and energy of the system can be obtained. This method is called density functional theory, which is widely used in chemistry because it is simple and can be applied to larger molecules.

1999

Ahmed Zewail (1946-)

Ahmed Zewail 1946 was born in Egypt on February 26th. After that, he obtained a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in science and technology from the University of Alexandria. He also received a doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania. 1976 has been teaching at California Institute of Technology. 1990 became the head of the chemistry department of California Institute of Technology. Now he is a member of American Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Philosophy, Third World Academy of Sciences, European Academy of Art and Anthropology and many other scientific institutions.

1998, Egypt also issued a stamp with his own portrait in recognition of his achievements in science.

1999 the nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Ahmed H.Zewail, an Egyptian scientist, in recognition of his application of ultrashort laser flash imaging technology to observe how atoms in molecules move in chemical reactions, thus helping people understand and anticipate important chemical reactions and bringing a revolution to the whole chemistry and its related sciences.

As early as 1930s, scientists predicted the mode of chemical reaction, but with the technical conditions at that time, doing an empirical study was tantamount to dreaming. In the late 1980s, Professor Xavier did a series of experiments. He used the fastest laser flash lamp in the world to photograph the process of chemical bond breaking and atom new formation in chemical reaction for one hundredth of a second. This kind of camera uses laser to flash at the speed of trillions per second, and can capture the image of an atom oscillating in the reaction. The physical chemistry he founded is called femtosecond chemistry, which means femtosecond (one trillionth of a second), that is, using a high-speed camera to photograph molecules in the process of chemical reaction and record their images in the reaction state to study chemical reactions. People can't see the chemical reaction process between atoms and molecules. Now we can study the motion process of a single atom through the femtosecond chemical technology pioneered by Professor Xavier in the late 1980s.

Xavier's experiment used ultra-short laser technology, namely femtosecond optical technology. Just as TV shows watch the wonderful scenes of football matches in slow motion, his research results allow people to observe the transition state of atoms and molecules in the chemical reaction process through "slow motion", which fundamentally changes our understanding of the chemical reaction process. Xavier's "Pioneering Research on Basic Chemical Reactions" enables human beings to study and predict important chemical reactions, thus bringing a revolution to chemistry and related scientific fields.

In 2000,

Alan Heeger? (1936-)

Alan Heeger? (Allen -J- Haig), an American citizen, aged 64, 1936 was born in Sioux City, Iowa. He is currently the director of the Institute of Solid Polymers and Organics at the University of California and a professor of physics.

Reason for winning the prize: He is a pioneer in the research field of semiconductor polymers and metal polymers. At present, semiconductor polymers that can be used as luminescent materials are mainly studied, including photoluminescence, light-emitting diodes, light-emitting electrochemical cells and lasers. Once these products are successfully developed, they will be widely used in many fields such as high-brightness color liquid crystal displays.

Allen -G- Marc Diamid (1929-)

Allen -G- mark Diarmid of the University of Pennsylvania is 7 1 year old. He was born in New Zealand and studied at the University of New Zealand, the University of Wisconsin and the University of Cambridge. From 65438 to 0955, he began to teach at the University of Pennsylvania. He was one of the earliest scientists engaged in the research and development of conductive plastics.

Reason for winning the prize: He began to study the technology that can make polymer materials conduct electricity like metal from 1973, and finally developed the organic polymer conductor technology. The invention of this technology is of great significance to the research of physics and chemistry, and its application prospect is very broad.

He has published more than 600 academic papers and owned 20 patented technologies.

Hideki Shirakawa (1936-)

Hideki Shirakawa, 64, has retired and is now an honorary professor at the University of Tsukuba. Shirakawa graduated from tokyo institute of technology Institute of Technology with a major in chemistry 196 1. He worked as a teaching assistant in the Institute of Resource Chemistry, 1976 studied at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, 1979 worked as an associate professor at the University of Tsukuba after returning to China, and 1982 was promoted to professor. 1983, his research paper "Research on Polyacetylene" won the award of Japan Polymer Society, and he also wrote books such as Introduction to Functional Materials and Frontier Fields of Material Engineering.

Reason for winning the prize: Hideki Shirakawa has made outstanding contributions to the discovery and development of conductive polymers. This polymer has been widely used in industrial production at present. Therefore, he shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with two other American colleagues.

200 1 year

William knowles (19 17-+07-)

The 200 1 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American scientist william knowles, Japanese scientist Noyori Ryori and American scientist Barry Sharples for their achievements in asymmetric synthesis. The discovery of the three winners opened up a new research field for the synthesis of molecules and substances with new characteristics. Now antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and heart drugs are all made according to their research results.

According to the press release of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, many compounds are enantiomers, just like human left and right hands, which is called chirality. This property also exists in drugs. In some pharmaceutical ingredients, only some of them have therapeutic effects, while others have no curative effects or even toxic and side effects. These drugs are racemic, and their left and right forms have the same molecular structure. In Europe, pregnant women take racemic drugs as analgesic or cough medicine, which leads to a large number of embryo malformation "thalidomide" tragedies and makes people realize the importance of splitting racemic drugs. The winners of the 200 1 chemistry prize have made important contributions in this respect. They use an enantiomer reagent or catalyst to remove the useless part of the molecule, and only use the effective part, just like separating the left and right enantiomers, and then use the effective enantiomer as a new drug. This is called asymmetric synthesis.

Knowles' contribution is that in 1968, he found that transition metals can be used to hydrogenate chiral molecules to obtain chiral molecules with specific mirror images. His research results were quickly transformed into industrial products, such as levodopa, a drug for Parkinson's disease, which was made according to Knowles' research results.

In 1968, Knowles discovered a new method of enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation with transition metals, and finally obtained an effective enantiomer. His research was soon used to produce drugs for Parkinson's disease. Later, Noyori Ryori further developed the enantioselective hydrogenation catalyst. Sharpless won the prize for discovering another catalytic method-oxidation catalysis. Their discovery has opened up a new field of molecular synthesis, which is of great significance to academic research and new drug development. Its achievements have been applied to the development of cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics, hormones, anticancer drugs and central nervous system drugs. At present, the curative effect of chiral drugs is several times or even dozens of times that of the original drugs, and introducing biotransformation into the synthesis has become the key technology of pharmaceutical industry.

Knowles and Noyori Ryori shared half of the Nobel Prize in chemistry. Sharpless is now a professor of chemistry at the Scripps Institute in the United States and will receive the other half of the prize.

Noyori Ryori (Renoyeli) (1938-)

The 200 1 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American scientist william knowles, Japanese scientist Noyori Ryori and American scientist Barry Sharples for their achievements in asymmetric synthesis.

According to the press release of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, many compounds are enantiomers, just like human left and right hands, which is called chirality. This property also exists in drugs. In some pharmaceutical ingredients, only some of them have therapeutic effects, while others have no curative effects or even toxic and side effects. These drugs are racemic, and their left and right forms have the same molecular structure. In Europe, pregnant women take racemic drugs as analgesic or cough medicine, which leads to a large number of embryo malformation "thalidomide" tragedies and makes people realize the importance of splitting racemic drugs. The winners of the 200 1 chemistry prize have made important contributions in this respect. They use an enantiomer reagent or catalyst to remove the useless part of the molecule, and only use the effective part, just like separating the left and right enantiomers, and then use the effective enantiomer as a new drug. This is called asymmetric synthesis.

In 1968, Knowles discovered a new method of enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation with transition metals, and finally obtained an effective enantiomer. His research was soon used to produce drugs for Parkinson's disease. Later, Noji further developed the enantiomer hydrogen.

In 2002

The Royal Swedish Academy announced on 200219 October that it would award the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to American scientist john fenn, Japanese scientist Kenichi Tanaka and Swiss scientist Kurt Wüthrich in recognition of their contributions in the field of biomacromolecules research.

The 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry commended two achievements respectively. One is that john fenn and Tanaka Kenichi "invented the method of confirming and analyzing the structure of biological macromolecules" and "invented the mass spectrometry analysis of biological macromolecules", and they will enjoy half of the 2002 Nobel Prize in chemistry. The other is that Swiss scientist Kurt Wüthrich "invented the method of measuring the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance", and he will win the other half of the 2002 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

In 2003

In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre and roderick mackinnon, American scientists, respectively, in recognition of their pioneering contributions to the discovery of water channels in cell membranes and the study of the structure and mechanism of ion channels. The cell membrane channel they studied is the "city gate" that people speculated before.

In 2004

The 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Israeli scientists aaron ciechanover, avram hershko and American scientist owen ross for their discovery of ubiquitin-regulated protein degradation. In fact, their achievement is to discover an important mechanism of protein's "death".

In 2005

The three winners are Yves Chauvin of French Petroleum Research Institute, Robert Grabs of California Institute of Technology and Richard R. Schrock of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They won the prize for their contribution to the study of olefin translocation in organic chemistry. Olefin metathesis reaction is widely used to produce drugs and advanced plastics, which makes the production efficiency higher, the products more stable and produces less harmful waste. The Academy of Science of the Royal Swedish Academy said that this is an important example of basic science benefiting human beings, society and the environment.

In 2006

Roger kornberg, an American scientist, won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to the field of "Molecular Basis of Eukaryotic Transcription". The Royal Swedish Academy said in a statement that kornberg revealed how cells in eukaryotes use information stored in genes to produce protein, and it is of "fundamental" medical significance to understand this, because many human diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, are related to the disorder of this process.

In 2007

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to German scientist gerhard ertl in recognition of his contribution to the study of "chemical processes on solid surfaces". His prize money will reach 6.5438+million Swedish kronor (about 6.5438+0.54 million US dollars).

the year of 2008

Three American scientists, Osamu Shimomura of Woodhole Marine Biology Laboratory, martin chalfie of Columbia University and Roger Y. Tsien of the University of California, San Diego (Qian Yongjian, nephew of Qian Xuesen) won the prize for discovering and developing green fluorescent protein (GFP).

Osamu Shimomura, 1928, was born in Kyoto, Japan, and 1960 received his doctorate in organic chemistry from Nagoya University, Japan. He is an honorary professor at Woodhall Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) and Boston University School of Medicine. Martin chalfie, born in 1947, grew up in Chicago, USA. 1977 received his Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard University, 1982 served as a professor of biology at Columbia University. Qian Yongjian, 1952 was born in new york, USA. 1977 received his Ph.D. in physiology from the University of Cambridge, England. 1989 has been a professor at the University of California, San Diego.