1759 After graduating from high school, he studied medicine in Toulouse, Bordeaux and Paris.
1765 went to England to study medicine in London and Newcastle.
/kloc-in 0/776, he returned to Paris after receiving a doctor's degree in medicine from the University of St. Andrews, and became a doctor in the personal guard of his brother Count Theus (the future French king Charles X). Mara belongs to the younger generation who grew up under the influence of enlightenment and has a strong desire to explore the development of science and human society. As a doctor, he is famous for his research on chronic gonorrhea and eye diseases, and has published some medical papers in these fields. He also tried to do research in natural science and philosophy, and published "Research on the Characteristics of Electricity" and "Thesis on Electrotherapy" successively, which won the award of Lyon Academy of Sciences.
1784 published the book "Basic Knowledge of Optics".
1785, Newton's optical principles were translated and commented.
1July 793 13 Mara was assassinated at the age of 50. After Mara died, she was awarded a martyr's funeral by the National Association, and her body was sent to the Pantheon, but she moved out soon after. In addition to studying medicine and physics, Mara is also very concerned about the political situation in France, and has attracted people's attention through his political activities, especially his political works. He has published articles in British Review, London Magazine and Monthly.
1774 in may, he published a pamphlet "the chains of slavery" anonymously in Britain, analyzed the essence of the monarchy and lashed out at its harm (the book was not published in France until 1792, titled "Les Chaines dez, Esclavage"), and made a historical analysis of the monarchy and the means used by the government, resulting in a huge society. This is the first interpretation of Mara's main thought during the French Revolution: all political power, whether people's or people's oppression, should be continuously supervised; Only when political power is continuously criticized by independent newspapers can freedom become a reality rather than an illusion.
1775 received the doctor's degree in medicine from Dingburg University in Judah.
1777, when Mara returned to France, she was already a famous scholar and doctor in Europe and had a certain reputation. Soon he witnessed the luxury and cruelty of feudal nobles, which increased his hatred of feudal autocracy. Mara began to study law and wrote a book, Draft of the New Criminal Law, which was well received. From 65438 to 0777, Mara published the French Criminal Legislation Plan. This is a more subversive work in the eyes of contemporary people: it attacks the social hierarchy and demands that the happiness of all people be the only legitimacy of a country's existence; It confirmed the arbitrariness of the laws still in use and accused property rights, and the book was sealed immediately after publication. It was not until 1783 that this book was published again in the Series of Legislative Philosophy edited by brissot in an unobtrusive way. 1783 Mara abandoned medicine and went into politics.
1789 In February, Mara published a pamphlet "Dedicated to the Motherland", expounding his views on the Constitution. He believes that only institutions representing the people have the right to formulate, amend, supervise and protect the Constitution. As a democratic thinker, Mara is a disciple of Rousseau. He believes that people's ignorance is the most fundamental condition for the existence of authoritarian system, and the deception and hypocrisy of jurists and religions have caused people's ignorance. Mara also pointed out that once the tyrant is overthrown, some people who oppose the tyrant hope to implement equality at all levels, while others hope to maintain their privileges. The biggest difference between Mara and those politicians who play politics is that he is a serious politician.
1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Mara plunged into the revolutionary torrent. In September of the same year, he founded the newspaper Friends of the People, which exposed the treason of the royal family against the revolution and external contacts and launched a fierce attack on the autocratic forces and the enemies of the revolution. At the same time, he criticized the compromise policy of constitutional monarchy and encouraged and called for people's uprising. In June 5438+10, Mara was imprisoned for one month.
After being released from prison, Mara went underground, continued to oppose the constitutional monarchy, was wanted again, and was forced into exile in London. Soon, he secretly returned to France. In order to publish People's Friends in time, he hid in the basement, starved day and night, and kept writing and editing manuscripts. He shouted in the newspaper: the poor and the rich are nationals, why should we abuse the poor? Mara shouted out the voices of the middle and lower classes and won the overwhelming trust of the general public. Therefore, people call him a "friend of the people".
/kloc-in the summer of 0/790, "Friends of Human Rights Society" was established, and Mara became the main person in charge. He firmly advocated the protection of human rights, insisted that all laws must be approved by the people, and emphasized the principle that sovereignty belongs to the people, which was supported by the people. After Louis XVI escaped and was arrested, the constitutional monarchy was still defending the king. Mara and robespierre stood firmly by the people and attacked the betrayal of constitutional monarchy. In the newspaper Friends of the People, he reminded: Fellow citizens, strengthen your's strength, heighten your's vigilance, and expel those nobles and bishops who do not represent the people from the National Assembly when a new uprising breaks out. Mara was persecuted for this and fled to London again. 1792 On September 22nd, after the birth of the First Republic of France, Mara was elected as the representative of the National Assembly. When there was a fierce dispute in the National Assembly about whether to try King Louis XVI, Mara stepped forward and shouted at the meeting: "In order to save the motherland, we must cut off the tyrant's head." And mercilessly exposed and opposed Gironde's compromise policy. Louis XVI was guillotined, but Mara was regarded as a thorn in gironde's side.
On April 3rd, 1793, 13, the National Association, which was manipulated by gironde, passed a decree to refer Mara to the court for trial. After hearing the news, the people of Paris came to the rescue from all directions. So in court, Mara, as the defendant, became the plaintiff instead. The public, the judge and the president forgave him, and Mara was acquitted. The man who came to save him sent him back to the National Association. Since then, Mara has been more loved by the people.
In order to overthrow gironde's rule, Mara once again stated his position in the newspaper: If the elected representatives of the people abuse people's trust and betray people's rights and interests, the people should regain power and punish them. Mara and several other leaders in jacobins decided to hold an uprising. June 1 Sunday night. Mara came to the city hall and went to the bell tower herself to sound the alarm. On June 2, the people of Paris surrounded the National Assembly, demanding the surrender of the named and dismissed representatives. Mara encouraged the insurgents to say, "Don't show weakness, and you will never leave until you give people to you." Finally, under the threat of artillery, the National Assembly passed a decree and arrested four representatives of gironde. From then on, gironde's rule was overthrown, jacobins won the struggle, and the French Revolution entered the period of jacobins's revolutionary democratic dictatorship. At that time, no one in Paris knew about Charlotte Cordé. She was 25 years old in 1793 and lived in a small town in Kang En, a distant Normandy region. This woman will shake the whole Paris.
On July 1793, Charlotte Cordé was guillotined.
Death of marat shook the whole of France. On July 1793, the people of Paris held a grand funeral for him. Patriots all over the world cast commemorative medals and built Mara tombs to express their grief for him. The National Council made a resolution to give Mara the honor of being buried in Paris as a saint.
Mara's life is closely related to the French Revolution. He stood at the forefront of the struggle from beginning to end. He has a keen sense of political smell, radical views, unique views and uncompromising. In this respect, he is worthy of being a loyal revolutionary. Mara also has a strong incitement, enjoys a high position in the people's minds, enjoys great love and occupies a place in the government, so he is also a successful politician. However, Mara is also a vengeful person, jealous and ruthless, who killed many political opponents and even revolutionaries. He was also a failed scientist who supported the outdated phlogiston theory before his death. Later, he resented that he was criticized by the great chemist lavoisier, which eventually led to his execution to a certain extent. This is also a big stain on Mara's life.