Human understanding is always developing and classified step by step, from humanities to science, from philosophy to science, and so is the trajectory of higher education. Generally speaking, the ancient universities in China paid attention to human studies, while the ancient universities in the west went further in the study of nature. China's ancient higher education taught poetry, books, rites and music in the pre-Qin period. The ancient universities established by the government more than 1000 years after the Han Dynasty promoted orthodox Confucianism and ancient classics and trained political talents. Private schools, lectures, debates, self-cultivation. The early ancient academies in the west impart knowledge and cultivate talents who are proficient in politics and philosophy. In the Middle Ages, with the development of commerce and the rise of cities, universities also trained talents to serve various professional activities, and gradually made breakthroughs in the field of natural science. With the development of modern society and science and technology, the subjectivity education in universities is gradually established. After the establishment of research universities, it has greatly promoted the development of social science and technology. After China's defeat in the war with the great powers in modern times, actions of rejuvenating the country and making innovations have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, such as military rejuvenating the country, education rejuvenating the country, industry rejuvenating the country, science rejuvenating the country and so on. In terms of higher education, foreign language schools that translate and introduce western science and technology and are familiar with westernization have been initially established, and specialized schools that directly study western military technology and other specialized technologies have been established. Later, the educational circles gradually realized that the prosperity of a country depends on the quality of its citizens, and normal schools were valued and developed. Later, China's own modern university was conceived and developed.
This Brief Introduction of China University is intended to understand the universities and colleges in China, especially through the investigation of top universities in China, higher education in various periods in China, the best universities and model universities, and to understand the present situation and track of universities and higher education.
1840 after the opium war, the westernization movement rose, western learning gradually entered, and many new schools appeared. The new schools established in this period are mainly foreign language schools and military schools, such as Shi Jing Wentong Hall, Shanghai Cantonese Hall, Mawei Fujian Ship Administration School, Tianjin Navy School, Wuhan Hubei Military Equipment School and Nanjing Jiangnan Navy School. Different from Baoding Military Academy and Huangpu Military Academy in the Republic of China, the early military academies mainly focused on engineering technology. In addition, other types of schools have emerged, such as Shanghai Telegraph School, Nanjing Road and Mine School, Hubei Qiangzi School, Tianjin Chinese and Western School, Tangshan Road and Mine School, Shanghai Nanyang Public School, Sichuan Chinese and Western School, Hunan Current Affairs School and Nanjing Jiangnan Higher Education School. In addition, Western churches also set up schools in China. During this period, he mainly taught foreign languages and religions, such as Wenguang College in Shandong, Wenhua College in Wuhan, St. John's College in Shanghai, Chinese and Western College in Suzhou, Gezhi College in Guangzhou, Huiwen College in Beijing and Nanjing, etc. At the same time, modern academies in China began to teach western learning.
1895 after China defeated the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War, the call for political reform suddenly rose. At that time, Tianjin Chinese and Western School was transformed into Beiyang University Hall, and the first modern university in China was born. 1898, the Reform Movement of 1898 established Shi Jing University Hall, which was the first national university and comprehensive university in modern China. 1902 the articles of association of the newly appointed school were issued. At that time, there were three national universities in Shi Jing, Beiyang and Sanjin, and four excellent normal schools in Nanjing, Wuchang, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Guangxi and Shi Jing were established one after another. All over the country, the government and the private sector have seen the climax of running schools. In promoting the study of western science and technology, Shanghai Nanyang College, Tsinghua Preparatory School for Studying Abroad and Henan Preparatory School for Studying in Europe and America have successively become the three major preparatory schools for studying abroad in the early days.
During this period, many new schools or academies trained many modern talents, such as Hunan Current Affairs School, Shanghai Nanyang College, Tangshan Road and Mine School and so on, with remarkable achievements. Beiyang University Hall and Shi Jing University Hall were the two most important institutions of higher learning in China before 19 12, and Shi Jing University Hall was also the highest institution of higher learning in China at that time.
The predecessor of Beiyang University Hall is Tianjin Chinese and Western School founded by Sheng Xuanhuai in 1895. 1895 was renamed Beiyang University Hall, and 1903 was renamed Beiyang University Hall. Mainly train engineering and technical personnel. Courses such as civil engineering, mining and metallurgy were set up in the early stage for four years. It is the originator of modern engineering discipline in China and the earliest engineering university in modern China. After several changes, it was renamed as National Beiyang Institute of Technology after 1929. During the Anti-Japanese War, he participated in the establishment of Xi Temporary University and National Northwest Institute of Technology, and was restored as National Beiyang Institute of Technology on 1942. 1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Beiyang University officially opened in Tianjin. 195 1 year, Beiyang University merged with Hebei Institute of Technology and was named Tianjin University.
1898 Shi Jing University Hall was born in the Reform Movement of 1898. It was the highest institution of learning at that time, and it was also the university hall and the highest educational administrative organ in China. Sun Jianai is the Minister of Management. It was destroyed by the Boxer Rebellion and rebuilt by Cecilia Cheung. Later, it was separated from the administrative function of education and became an independent school. 19 12 Shi Jing university was renamed Peking University, and Yan fu was the first president. 19 16 Cai Yuanpei served as the president of Peking University, "following the principle of freedom of thought and taking the meaning of inclusiveness", advocating democratic science and opposing old ideas and old ethics; Advocating vernacular Chinese and opposing classical Chinese, Peking University has rapidly developed into the best university in China. Peking University was not only the center of Chinese studies at that time, but also the birthplace of the national new culture movement and the center of Marxism. Launched the May 4th Movement, highlighting Peking University's consistent style of caring about the national movement. Set up Chinese Department, History Department, Philosophy Department, Economics Department, Mathematics Department, Physics Department, Chemistry Department and Geology Department. This is the earliest in China University. Although Peking University has changed in the following years, it is the same strain after all, and Peking University's spirit of freedom and democracy and its outstanding reputation will last forever.
From Beiyang University Hall to today's Tianjin University, from Shi Jing University Hall to today's Peking University, we have experienced complex changes. So are other universities. This kind of history silently tells the countless difficulties and twists and turns that China has experienced in the past century. Nevertheless, this precious tradition and spirit can be recognized and carried forward.
19 12 years, the war led to the decline of education, the year the Republic of China was founded. National Shi Jing University was renamed National Peking University. Soon, the whole country was divided into six school districts, six higher normal schools in Nanjing, Beijing, Guangdong, Wuchang, Chengdu and Shenyang. Soon, the movement of turning normal university into a big one began. Around 1920, normal universities in Nanjing, Guangdong, Wuchang, Chengdu and Shenyang were transformed into universities in Southeast, Guangdong, Wuhan, Sichuan and Northeast China respectively. Only Beijing Normal University adhered to the tradition and changed its name to Beijing Normal University. Tsinghua University was transformed into the National Tsinghua University on 1928, which was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ministry of Education. During this period, the earliest golden age appeared in universities in China.
19 10 in the middle and late period, six normal universities rose, especially Nanjing Normal University, which was called the highest institution in the south and merged with Peking University in the north to form "Peking University and South High". /kloc-the national university evolved from normal university reached its peak in the 1920s. In particular, the National Southeast University founded by Nangao became the best university in China at that time. 1In the middle and late 1920s, the National Southeast University declined, and teachers went north to the National Tsinghua. 1920s In the middle and late period, the National Tsinghua rose and became the new best university in China. Wuhan University, Sun Yat-sen University, Beijing Normal University, Sichuan University and Northeastern University also further established their positions in the field of education during this period. The famous universities in this period include National Peking University, National Beiyang University and National Shanxi University. In particular, the National Peking University, following the trend of Jingshi University Hall, remained the highest institution of learning in China in the early years of the Republic of China. As Wilson, an American scholar, said in his book Cambridge University in England, China University in the1920s was famous as "Peking University, Shanxi University, Beiyang University, Southeast University and Tsinghua University".
Nan Gao Dong Da and Tsinghua University are the two most dazzling institutions of higher learning in this decade.
The former site of Liangjiang Normal School was founded by Li Ruiqing, an old man in Qing Dynasty 19 1902, and was established in 2005, with Jiang Qian as the first principal. 1920, Nangao established the National Southeast University, and Guo Bingwen, then the president of Nangao, was the first president. Southeast University was later renamed Central University and Nanjing University. At that time, Nangao Dongda initiated the scientific research work in China, which was the birthplace and base camp of modern science in China, the birthplace of academic balance, the center of humanities and social sciences, and the center of academic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, with a growing reputation and more attention from the world. He is the originator of many disciplines in China, such as establishing the first biology department, meteorology department, aviation department, physical education department, art department, business administration department, accounting department, financial management department and international trade department in China. Nantah, Dongda, Zhong Da and Nantah come down in one continuous line, and its fame and prosperity of arts and sciences today are based on this. In China, the credit system, course selection system and teaching methods are first implemented. Develop into a truly modern university. Liang, a professor of history in Peking University, commented in the article A Record of Peking University (Attached to Dongda University): "The departments of literature, history and geography, mathematics, physics and chemistry, and … established by Dongda University are all very neat", "Peking University is famous for its literature and history philosophy, while Dongda University is famous for its science, but its professors of literature, history and philosophy are no less than Peking University". Si Tuleideng, a famous educator, thinks it is the first modern national university in China. In his memoir "Fifty Years of China", he said that "Southeast University was the first modern national university, and naturally it was the best university at that time".
Tsinghua University started as Tsinghua School in 19 1 1 year, and was originally a preparatory school to study in the United States. Tsinghua University set up the undergraduate department in 1925 and began to recruit four-year college students. 1928 was established as the national Tsinghua University. From 193 1, Luo Jialun was the first president and Mei Yiqi was the president. At that time, Tsinghua University developed rapidly and became the highest-level university in China around 1930. There are four tutors in Chinese studies. Mathematics and physics are almost world-class. Ye, Wu, Sabendong, Ren Zhigong, Zhou Peiyuan, Xiong Qinglai, Sun Guangyuan, Feng Kang and Hua are all famous teachers, and some of them are even world-famous. Since then, it has established Tsinghua University's reputation and status as a top university.
1927, the northern expedition gradually won. In memory of former Prime Minister Sun Yat-sen, the National Government built four national Sun Yat-sen universities in four ancient cities that were occupied successively. Guangzhou, Wuhan and Nanjing were rebuilt on the basis of the former National Guangdong University, National Wuchang University and National Southeast University. In Hangzhou, it was founded on the basis of Zhejiang University of Technology and Zhejiang Agricultural College. Later, the national university district system was implemented, and the University of the Republic of China was established in June 1927. According to the original designated provinces, several university areas were named after their provinces and special zones. First, it was tried out in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Nanjing No.4 Sun Yat-sen University changed its name to Jiangsu University. Due to the opposition of all teachers and students, it was asked to change its name to National Nanjing University, and then it was named National Central University. Hangzhou Third Sun Yat-sen University was renamed as Zhejiang University, and later renamed as National Zhejiang University. And receive the management authority of the education department of the provincial government. The first Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou was renamed Sun Yat-sen University, and the second Sun Yat-sen University in Wuhan was renamed Wuhan University. The university campus system was strongly opposed in the whole country, especially in Jiangsu, so it was closed on 1929. These two or three years of war and the reorganization of universities by the government have greatly damaged the vitality of higher education. Later revived. At 1937, the university is thriving.
1The best university in China in the early 1930s was undoubtedly the National Tsinghua University. Since the decline of National Southeast University in1920s, National Central University has been in a low ebb. It was not until 1932 that Luo Lun Jia became the president that he recovered and developed. By the middle of1930s, it had become the highest institution of learning in China. The top universities in this period include National Peking University, National Wuhan University, National Zhejiang University, National Sun Yat-sen University and Jiaotong University.
Jiaotong University is the second famous engineering university after Beiyang University, and it is also one of the most noteworthy universities in this period. Jiaotong University developed in the 1920s and 1930s, and has evolved into many universities, which can be roughly divided into three main lines: Shanghai Nanyang College, founded in 1896, named Nanyang University, Shanghai College of Jiaotong University, First Jiaotong University, etc. , and evolved into Shanghai Jiaotong University and Xi Jiaotong University in 1959; Shanhaiguan Beiyang Railway School, founded in 1896, has been named Tangshan Road and Mine School, Tangshan College of Jiaotong University, Tangshan Jiaotong University, the Second Jiaotong University, Tangshan Institute of Technology, Tangshan Railway Institute and so on. Now it has evolved into Southwest Jiaotong University. Beijing Railway Management Institute, founded in 1909, was originally named Beijing Jiaotong University, the Third Jiaotong University, and Northern Jiaotong University. Now it has evolved into Beijing Jiaotong University. It was once unified as national chiao tung university and China Jiaotong University. 1928, Nanjing National Government was established. The following year, Li, vice minister of the Ministry of Railways, became the president of Jiaotong University. From this time to 1936 before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, it was the golden age of Jiaotong University. There are civil engineering colleges, mechanical engineering colleges, electrical engineering colleges and auxiliary liberal arts departments. In the spirit of "seeking truth from facts, seeking truth from facts and being pragmatic", Jiaotong University has trained many outstanding engineering and technical talents for China, which is an ideal choice for young people who are interested in "saving the country through industry".
1937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way, China suffered a national disaster, and the eastern and central universities were forced to move westward one after another. National universities, Central University moved to Chongqing, Zhejiang University moved to Guizhou, Wuhan University moved to Leshan, Jiaotong University moved to Chongqing, Sun Yat-sen University moved to Sichuan, Shaanxi Province, and Tongji University moved to Sichuan. Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai University finally moved to Kunming to form Southwest United University. Beiping University, Beiping Normal University and Tianjin Beiyang Institute of Technology finally moved to Shaanxi and merged with local schools to form Northwest United University. Soon after, Northwest Institute of Technology, Northwest Agricultural College, Northwest Normal University and Northwest Medical College were established independently. 1939 Northwest Associated University was renamed National Northwest University. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, some teachers and students returned to the east to rebuild Beiping Normal University and Beiyang Institute of Technology. Private universities have also moved inward. For example, cheeloo university, yenching university, Jinling University and Jinling Women's University, as missionary universities, moved westward to Sichuan and gathered in Huaxi Dam, Chengdu. The westward movement of universities has promoted education in the southwest and northwest. Universities are also actively adjusting to support the country's protracted war. In this period of national disaster, despite the intrusion of Japanese bombers and the threat of war, universities moving to the relatively safe southwest have made great progress.
The top universities in this period are National Central University, National Southwest Associated University and National Zhejiang University. In fact, despite the difficult times, these three universities may have trained more talents during the eight years of the Anti-Japanese War than at any other time, and their research work has been fruitful. Explain that the national disaster is not terrible, work hard, and the people of China will work hard with their own perseverance. National Central University, National Southwest Associated University, National Zhejiang University and National Wuhan University were regarded as the four famous universities in China at that time. Most candidates apply for four universities, especially the National Central University, which has a high reputation, and two-thirds of college entrance examination candidates choose this school as their first choice.
The democratic atmosphere in The National SouthWest Associated University is the most striking phenomenon in this period. At that time, especially in the later period, despite the foreign war of resistance, the internal struggle between the red and white sides was not calm. The National Central University is also the focus of the work of the * * * production party. Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong came to participate in this activity, but after all, it was not so easy under Chiang Kai-shek's nose. But at that time, under the protection of Long Yun, the president of Yunnan Province, who had always opposed Chiang Kai-shek, Kunming was a unique scene: freedom of speech and prevailing social and political activities. The National SouthWest Associated University thus became the rear bastion of the * * * production party's struggle for democracy from the Kuomintang at that time, leaving a brilliant page in the history books after 1949.
1930 the rise of national Zhejiang university in the middle and late period is one of the most noteworthy things in this period.
Zhejiang University was founded in the former site of Qiushi Academy in 1927. It became one of the four largest Sun Yat-sen universities in China at that time, and initially established the position of Zhejiang University in the national education pattern. From 65438 to 0936, Zhu Kezhen became the president of the National Zhejiang University, recruiting teachers, especially the alumni of South High School and East High School in early Zhu Kezhen. At that time, the National Zhejiang University was full of famous teachers and made great achievements. Many subjects, mainly arts and sciences, have made great progress, especially mathematics. Needham is known as "Oriental Cambridge". National Zhejiang University and National Tsinghua University were both high-level comprehensive universities at that time, but they were split into engineering universities after 1952, so later generations are often regarded as "northern Tsinghua and southern Zhejiang University".
1945, with the victory of the eight-year anti-Japanese war, major universities moved back one after another, and their vitality reappeared. Then the civil war broke out. At that time, the better universities were located in Beijing, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Chengdu and other major cities in China. During the Republic of China, although political forces infiltrated in different periods, on the whole, universities were quite independent and academically free. At that time, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, Wuhan and Central University, the highest institutions of higher learning, were also called the five famous universities in China. National Sun Yat-sen University, national chiao tung university, National Beiyang University, National Chongqing University, National Sichuan University, National Yunnan University, National Northeastern University, National Northwest University, National Shanxi University, National Shandong University, National Henan University, National Hunan University, etc. Moreover, some specialized colleges are quite outstanding.
Before 1949, the best universities in China included not only national universities, but also missionary universities. There are almost no records in front of the church university. Although missionary universities are generally regarded as a phenomenon of colonial infiltration and have its side effects, in fact, they have also made great contributions to China's education and technology. Ordinary Christian universities evolved from early academies. St. John is an early missionary school and the best one in the early days. Soochow University was founded in 1902. After more than ten years, more than ten missionary universities in China were established one after another, and later schools such as Jinling and Yanjing became famous. On the present situation of missionary universities, Yuji kuya of the University of California made an evaluation of missionary universities in China in 1928, which was divided into three categories. Jinling University ranks in Class A, while yenching university ranks in Class B. Other missionary universities, such as St. John's University, Lingnan University, Soochow University, Hujiang University, cheeloo university, Huaxi University, Huazhong University, Aurora University and Zhijiang University, all belong to Class C and are regarded as China. Church universities can even compete with state universities. For example, Jinling University is comparable to Central University in Nanjing, yenching university to Peking University and Tsinghua in Beijing, and St. John's University to Jiaotong University in Shanghai. Christian universities usually specialize in and pay attention to the development of some traditional dominant disciplines, so they are full of individuality. Concord, Xiangya, Huaxi, St. John's Medicine, Jinling Agronomy, Qilu Medical Astronomy, Yanjing Chinese Studies Journalism and Soochow Chaoyang Law are all excellent. There are also some famous schools with distinctive characteristics, such as Union Medical College, which are single subjects, such as Jinling Women's University. In fact, the teaching quality of top missionary universities is not inferior to that of national universities. These can be models of universities or places where models can be found. Of course, the tuition fees of missionary universities are generally higher. At that time, the top missionary universities were all aristocratic universities, with many children of capitalists, landlords, officials and celebrities. Unlike national universities, there are rich and poor, and as long as they are admitted, they can continue their studies. In the early missionary universities, religion was compulsory, almost all worship and teaching were in foreign languages, most teachers and teaching materials came from foreign countries, and school administration was controlled by outsiders. Around the1920s, there was a vigorous movement to reclaim educational sovereignty, which was gradually improved. These also gave birth to some local private universities, such as Guanghua University in St. John's and Fudan University in Aurora.
Private universities in China, that is, private universities outside the church, also developed during the Republic of China. Most notably, Nankai University belongs to the north and Xiamen University belongs to the south. Private universities could have learned more about academic independence and free development. However, the society at that time was not very stable and the environmental factors were not mature. For example, employment opportunities in those days were not as ubiquitous as they are now, and unemployment after graduation was a common phenomenon at that time. Even some missionary universities and state universities have not been spared, which is a big problem that is deeply troubled by private universities. At that time, private universities were under great pressure to survive, such as Fudan University, which has now become a national key university. It was a private university at that time, and the road was tortuous. Because of the pressure of funds, a large number of students were enrolled, most of whom were from Adventure Island. They complained bitterly and finally changed to another state to survive. The teaching quality of private universities is mixed, and many universities are short of funds, so it is very difficult to survive and even go bankrupt halfway. Take Nankai University, which was generally regarded as the best private university at that time, as an example. Zhang Boling, the president of Nankai University, was a famous educator at that time, and he was closely related to President Jiang Zhongzheng. Therefore, during the Anti-Japanese War, he was able to form a joint university with Peking University and Tsinghua, the two most famous national universities in the north. However, the last batch of graduates in The National SouthWest Associated University were allowed to choose their graduation schools freely. As a result, hundreds chose Peking University Tsinghua, and only a few dozen chose Nankai. It can be seen that the disparity in social status of private universities is not easy to develop. On this historical topic, we met again in China in the 2 1 century.
From 65438 to 0949, the civil war basically ended and People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded. National Central University was renamed National Nanjing University. The national university abolished the word country. Beiyang University was renamed Tianjin University. All private universities, including missionary universities, have been transformed into public universities. 1952 abandoned the European and American university model, adopted the Soviet model, compiled Soviet textbooks, and the national universities made major adjustments to their departments. China's universities have suffered a disastrous blow. Many universities represented by Tsinghua and Zhejiang University have been adjusted beyond recognition. Many universities represented by Nanjing University, Wuhan University and Sun Yat-sen University have been greatly weakened. A few universities such as Harbin Institute of Technology and Fudan University have achieved unprecedented enrichment after the adjustment of departments. Peking University, Nanjing University, Tianjin University, Sun Yat-sen University, etc. All moved away from the original site. Almost all the original private universities, including missionary universities, have been abolished. Dalian Institute of Technology, Northeast Institute of Technology, Nanjing Institute of Technology, South China Institute of Technology, Huazhong Institute of Technology and other engineering colleges, as well as Beijing Institute of Aeronautics, Beijing Medical College, Beijing Agricultural College, Beijing Forestry College, Nanjing Agricultural College, Dalian Maritime College, East China Institute of Water Conservancy, East China Institute of Chemical Technology, Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology, Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel, Beijing Institute of Posts and Telecommunications and many other single-discipline professional colleges. At that time, Tsinghua, Tianjin University, Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Jiaotong University and Chongqing University were all similar to engineering colleges in essence. Universities such as Northwestern Polytechnical University, which focuses on aerospace, and Tongji University, which focuses on civil architecture, are similar to junior colleges in essence. Peking University, Jilin University, Nankai University, Shandong University, Fudan University, Nanjing University, Xiamen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Wuhan University, Sichuan University and Lanzhou University are comprehensive universities of arts and sciences. 1949, China Renmin university was established on the basis of north university of china; 1953 Harbin established the Institute of Military Engineering (later evolved into National University of Defense Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, etc. ); 1958 the China academy of sciences established the Chinese university of science and technology, and gained key construction to train cadres and theoretical talents, military and national defense technical talents and cutting-edge scientific and technological talents respectively. From 65438 to 0958, some universities began to cancel the academic titles of lecturers, teaching assistants, associate professors and professors, collectively referred to as faculty members. During the period of 1966, the central government thought that the postgraduate examination system was the product of the old society, and college graduates did not engage in graduation design or write graduation thesis. Generally speaking, in the thirty years after 1949, China's higher education was severely damaged, and many humanities and social sciences were extinct. Universities are regarded as pure tools and subordinate to the administrative departments. Teaching often fails, and scientific research is greatly impacted. During this period, some specialized colleges, engineering colleges and some comprehensive universities of arts and sciences have successively become key construction institutions, and many universities are concentrated in Beijing, and scientific research has also made some progress.
In this long time, higher education has been far from being compared with before 1949. Just like the imperial rule of Qing Dynasty before 19 12, the closed centralization of power can not tolerate free academic research. In fact, this is not only the loss of university spirit, function and mechanism. For example, those engineering colleges, including engineering universities, are very different from Beiyang and Jiaotong University before 1949. As far as teaching is concerned, at that time, Jiaotong University and Beiyang not only gave students professional education in engineering technology, but also supplemented by good humanities education to cultivate complete people. For example, the former universities have a good integration of disciplines, which is not available in the so-called comprehensive universities in China. In fact, even if a school gathers all disciplines, it is not well integrated into teaching and scientific research, and it does not give students basic humanities and scientific literacy, which is only equivalent to the mechanical stacking of many colleges. It is not a real comprehensive university, and it can't train real college students. These problems continue to this day to varying degrees. Later, the college was changed into a university. For example, Huazhong University of Science and Technology was renamed Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology was renamed Southeast University, Dalian University of Technology was renamed Dalian University of Technology, and South China University of Technology was renamed South China University of Technology. As a result, the name was changed, the priorities were clear, and it became large and complete, with fewer features. Similarly, although many universities are now named after Jiaotong University, it is difficult to find out all the universities that used to be in the shape of Jiaotong University. However, at that time, there were also many scholars who worked hard in some universities, such as China University of Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Fudan University and the National People's Congress. At that time, there were famous teachers, and many talents have emerged so far.