So, Zhu explained "Mingde" and his strange remarks came out. First of all, we should understand that Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, which was called Neo-Confucianism by later generations, started from Teacher Zhu and Master Cheng (two brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao), is an academic trend of thought that suddenly rose after the mid-Song Dynasty. In the history of China's philosophical thought, it became a major academic department of Song Confucianism. In fact, the background of the rise of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty can be traced back, and the rise of Neo-Confucianism was not too sudden. Because the intellectuals since the Tang and Song Dynasties could not understand and could not stand the situation they were in at that time: that is, from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, due to the popularity of the teaching methods of Zen and Taoism, it spread to the upper and lower classes of all societies, almost eclipsing the traditional Confucian and Mencius. Therefore, after studying Buddhism and Taoism, it gradually formed the characteristics of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, centering on Confucius and Mencius, leaning left against Taoism and rejecting Buddhism and right. This is due to the stubborn prejudice of national consciousness and the ignorance of the whole human culture. But for the ancients, this kind of mind is solid and understandable. At the same time, they took an article by Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty as the original way, flaunting the traditional way inherent in China, which was inherited by "Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen (king), Wu (king), Kong and Meng". Although it was cut off by Mencius, it was re-enlightened by Rusong. Therefore, I often say that scholars of China's inherent traditional culture, old and new, are prone to commit a kind of self-esteem. They think that no one has been a real Confucian since Yao, Wrist, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Duke Zhou and Confucius and Mencius. In today's world, I am the only one who really understands Confucianism. I have come into contact with and seen too many such Confucianists for decades. Therefore, it is nothing more than understanding the mentality and motivation of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. But more importantly, besides The Original Road written by Han Yu, it was inspired by A Renaturation Book written by Li Ao, a disciple of Mr. Changli. Li Ao's Renaturation Book was inspired by his conversion to Yaoshan Zen Master in August. The enlightenment advocated by Zen Buddhism is rooted in the self-nature of all beings, and it is originally bright and pure. It is only because of inner habits such as desire and emotion that it degenerates into the cycle of life and death (the so-called cycle means cycle and rotation). As long as a person can recall the machine, clear his heart and see his true nature, he can return to his roots and become a Buddha. Similarly, Taoism after the Tang and Song Dynasties is also related to Zen. For example, the theme of the Taoist book Jing Jing also says: "People can always be quiet, and heaven and earth will be returned." In any era of life, it is absolutely impossible for thoughts, academics and life to live independently from reality. In particular, an intellectual Confucian scholar, such as Master Cheng and Mr. Zhu, learned the knowledge of Buddhism and Taoism at that time, then came back for perfection, reopened the Confucius Store, started his own business and started a family. This is understandable. As long as you read through the books of Cheng and Zhu and understand the historical evolution, these real materials can be seen everywhere. But what people can't agree with most is that they clearly borrowed other people's capital, or stole other people's capital, but pointed at other people's doors and cursed "heresy." This is really chilling, making people feel that hypocrisy is not as good as real villains. A probe into Zhu's theory of "emptiness and ignorance" Now let's see how Zhu interprets the meaning of Ming Ming's virtue and pro-(new) people. This note has been quoted in the previous chapter. Now, in order to facilitate the explanation and deepen the impression, we quote his comments again as follows. He said: "Ming, Ming is also. A wise man is like a sky, but he is not ignorant of emptiness. He should handle everything for various reasons. But when people are arrested and want to cover, they sometimes pass out. However, if its ontology is clear, some people never stop. Therefore, scholars made it clear when they were in the country, so as to restore their original status. The newcomer, changing his old name, said that his words speak for themselves and should be pushed to others, so that he can also get rid of the old pollution. " This passage can be said to be the highest philosophical theme of Zhu, the representative figure of Song Neo-Confucianism, and Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism. We try to make it clear in modern vernacular. He said, what is the connotation of mingde in "University"? In other words, the inherent essence of human life is illusory, it can have all reasons and adapt to the role of everything. Attention! This is what Zhu said. Natural human nature is inherently "empty and ignorant". Human nature is rational and can adapt to everything. However, the natural endowment of life, at the same time subject to the role of temperament, but also blinded by people's own desires, so sometimes it is unconscious, which can also be said to be irrational. However, the noumenon of human nature is still very clear and has not stopped. Therefore, the way to learn is to understand it when it is inspiring and inspiring, and immediately restore it to its original appearance. Attention! Mencius believed that human nature is good. Of course Zhu knows, but he doesn't use the theory of "human nature is good" as a positioning, but uses the word "ethereal and ignorant" to explain human nature, which is incomprehensible! It means that monks don't believe in Buddhist scriptures and theories, and they specialize in learning all kinds of special functions as Buddhism. Virtual spirit is a kind of psychological state, which can also be said to be the mentality of perception or feeling formed by consciousness, the acquired phenomenon after parents are born, and the acquired character or so-so. If it is the innate nature of parents before they are born, then the problem is big! What's more, he inherited the saying of "empty spirit is not ignorant" from Zen and Taoism. Zhuangzi's "empty house gives birth to white, auspicious. Stop, stop. " The "brilliance" mentioned by Zen master Baizhang, and even the "clarity of one thought" used by Zen master, are all mental States presented in the process of meditation. How can you just stuff them in and point out that this is the inner meaning of "university" in Ceng Zi? All right! Let's admit that human nature is illusory! However, Zhu's temperament is very strong, which binds this virtual spirit and blinds human nature. Then, in the self-nature of a life, there are two demons, one is temperament and the other is human desire. Where did they come from? Does it really come from the self-ontology, as Master Zhu himself said? It is no wonder that later generations have argued about the Neo-Confucianism of Song Rucheng and Zhu, saying that it is a "dualism of principle and qi". In fact, he still can't explain the relationship between human desire and ontology, which can be said to be a ternary theory of "reason, qi and desire"! Zhu also said that the reason why the virtual spirit is not ignorant is clear in itself and has not stopped. As long as you understand its function when people want to start, you can return to the original virtual spirit! This is what the Neo-Confucianists call "the people want to be clean and justice prevails". As soon as Zhu's "restitution" was preserved, it came from Li Ao's Renaturation Book. If someone wants to ask: since it is the beginning, will it always be in vain? Here comes the question: (1) That temperament (quality) enhances strength. It is bigger than your ignorance, is it arrested again, and ignorance is dragged down by it? (2) People should rely on the nature and temperament of Qi to help them. What should you do when your virtual spirit is not invincible but both attack together? If this sophistry continues, as western culture says, God is omnipotent, but Satan will never be destroyed. So Satan will always coexist with God, and omnipotence is incompetence! But we can only stop here and don't have to argue any more. As Zen master Deshan said: "If metaphysics is poor, it is too empty. Exhausting the cardinal's energy is like a drop of water thrown into a huge valley. " After all, speeches and debates are just "drama theory". Our most important conclusion is that Zhu's "ethereal" can only be said to be a kind of realm in the verification of "stop, settle, be safe and quiet" in The University, and it can't be used to interpret the annotation of "Mingde is ethereal". We can't regard it as the original noumenon of human nature. Otherwise, Zhu will be regarded as an authoritative scholar's arbitrariness, or at least a misuse of the sham as the genuine! Wouldn't it be a pity? (3) If a person can practice to the point of not being ignorant when he is alive, where will he go after death? Does it still exist? Still dead, it doesn't exist? Does it exist after death? Is this rational function biological or purely physical? Is noumenon a thing or a heart? Up to today, the whole human culture, whether religious, philosophical or scientific, has not been decided. Even if there is a conclusion, it is really a long story. Let's talk about it later. As for Zhu Ziqiang's changing the word "university" into a new word, although it is reasonable and serious, it is a far-fetched change after all. As I said before, there is no need to mention it here. In a word, we have discussed so much over and over again, and now we should come to an honest conclusion: what does Ming Mingde mean? A: It is a self-evident learning principle and an outline of "The Way of University". As for how to achieve the reality of clear virtue, we can prove it with the knowledge levels of "stop, settle, be quiet and worry" below. If we enlarge our minds, don't learn Song Confucianism, and turn Confucianism into religious exclusion, we can borrow his words to make a comparative understanding, which will be much easier to understand. For example, as Lao Tzu said, those who know others are wise, and those who know themselves are wise. It can be borrowed as a display of mingde. Because almost all people in the world suffer from ignorance. In other words, people lack self-knowledge. As the Zen master said, everyone doesn't know their true colors, so they can't see the Tao because they don't know their own minds. Another example is Guan Zhong, who was earlier than Confucius. He also said that "sages are afraid of ignorance, fools are afraid of brightness" and "cleverness is a matter, and virtue is born", so the way to learn lies in "Ming De". All right! The outline of "University" has been studied. Now let's discuss the following seven kinds of knowledge proofs: knowing, stopping, deciding, deciding, being safe, worrying and gaining. Category: Nan Title: Former University Whispers Author: Nan